Winter Wheat Cultivation Research Articles

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТА ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ СТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЫ РСО–АЛАНИЯ

The results of the application of growth biological preparations on winter wheat crops in the steppe zone of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania are presented. The purpose of research is to study the effect of biological preparations Edagum SM, Furolan Zh, Vitazim VR in order to increase the yield of winter wheat with high quality indicators. Objectives: to determine the characteristics of the growth and development of winter wheat, depending on the use of the studied preparations; to establish the influence of the studied plant growth regulators on the yield and quality of the products obtained; to give an economic assessment of the use of growth regulators Edagum SM, Furolan Zh, Vitazim VR in the cultivation of winter wheat. The studies were carried out in 2020–2022 on the experimental fields of the Vladikavkaz Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, located in the Mozdok Region of North Ossetia–Alania. The soils of the experimental plot are calcareous chestnut, according to their mechanical composition they are classified as heavy loamy coarse silt-silt. The content of humus, depending on the mechanical composition, ranges from 2.22 to 3.45 %. The introduction of growth regulators made it possible to obtain a high yield with quality indicators of grain. The biological product Edagum SM turned out to be the best in terms of yield, the increase in comparison with the control variety Grom was 1.36 t/ha, Furolan Zh – 0.99, Vitazim VR – 0.69. Similar indicators of yield increase in the Yumpa variety are 1.35 t/ha, 0.99, 0.77 t/ha, respectively. When plants are treated with biological preparations, the quality indicators of winter wheat grain are improved, where the gluten content for the studied varieties increases by 4.4%, with the use of Furolan Zh biological preparations by 4.0 % and Vitazim VR – by 1.2 %. The use of Edagum SM increased profitability by 54.8 %, Furolan Zh – by 28.5, Vitazim VR – by 12.6 %. When growth regulators are introduced, the level of profitability increases by 15.8–40.3 % compared to the control (Yumpa variety).

The influence of fertilisation and crop rotation structure on soil moisture availability and water consumption by winter wheat

Purpose. To investigate the influence of fertilisation and crop rotation on the accumulation of moisture in the soil and water consumption by winter wheat crops. Меthods. Long-term field and analytical. Results. Research data on the effect of fertilisers and crop rotation on soil moisture supply and water consumption by winter wheat is presented. It was found that the use of organic–mineral fertilisation systems in grass and grain crop rotation ensured the best conditions for the accumulation of moisture in the soil in the spring and its effective use by winter wheat crops. Conclusions. Cultivation of winter wheat in a grass and grain crop rotation resulted in the highest amount of moisture accumulation in the soil in the spring. The reserves of productive moisture in one- and one-and-a-half-meter layers of leached chernozem in the spring were higher than in grain and row crop rotation by 15–25 mm, and in row crop rotation by 9–19 mm. In grass and grain crop rotation, winter wheat used soil moisture most effectively under the conventional organic-mineral fertilisation system. Applying N53Р42K42 + 6.7 t of manure per 1 ha of crop rotation ensured the water consumption by winter wheat of 282 m3/t, which was 141 m3/t less than in the control without fertilisers. Application of N53Р42K42 per 1 ha of crop rotation + by-products was determined to be effective: moisture consumption by winter wheat decreased by 110 m3/t compared to the control without fertilisers for an absolute indicator of 313 m3/t. In terms of crop rotation, the organic-mineral fertilisation systems reduced water consumption 1.5–1.7 times compared to the control without fertilisers.

Enhancing the effect of phosphorus fertilizers, taking into account liming, taking into account liming in winter wheat cultivation on sod-podzolic soil

In long-term field experience on sod-podzolic heavy loamy soil, a significant return was revealed from the use of zinc, copper, magnesium fertilizers, the microbial preparation Bisolbifit together with phosphorus fertilizers in connection with liming in winter wheat crops. The beneficial effect of the studied techniques on grain quality, payback of fertilizers, consumption and utilization rate of phosphorus by plants was noted. On highly acidic, untreated soil with a high content of mobile aluminum (about 130 mg/kg), caused by the systematic introduction of physiologically acidic potassium chloride and ammonium nitrate, phosphorus fertilizers (on average for all the years of the study from 2017 to 2023) provided an increase in winter wheat yield by 69% at a dose of 11.5 tons of lime/ha of medium acid in the soil by 2.2 times, on slightly acidic (19.0 tons of lime/ha) – by 2.7 times, together with the use of trace elements and Bisolbifit – by 2.4 and 2.9 times from the average background level of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers (2.38 t/ha). At the same time, the payback of phosphorus fertilizers with winter wheat grain on slightly acidic soil from the introduction of micro fertilizers and Bisolbifit increased 2.7 times (up to 15.7 kg/kg), the protein content in the grain increased by 1.3%, phosphorus removal by 3.8 times (up to 70.7 kg/ha), the use of phosphorus by winter wheat plants by 2.7 times.

Efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers: research results in long-term field experiments in Russia, Great Britain and China

The results of research in long-term field experiments on the effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizers are presented. All experiments were based on the classical scheme and included, in addition to the control variant (without fertilizers), a nitrogen-potassium background, on which the effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizers was studied. At the same time, regional specifics were taken into account in each experiment: liming at the Experimental Station of the All-Russian Research Institute of Agrochemistry (Russia), the effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizers at increasing doses of nitrogen N100–300 at the Rothamsted Experimental Station (Great Britain), a combination of phosphorus fertilizers with manure at the Chinese National Soil Fertility Monitoring Base. In long-term experiments, the dynamics of changes in the content of mobile phosphorus, as well as individual fractions, taking into account the emerging balance of P2O5, are presented. It is shown that the redistribution of phosphorus between different soil fractions is reversible, and the direction of the processes depends on the emerging balance of P2O5. Phosphorus accumulated in more firmly held forms can subsequently be released and absorbed by cultivated crops. In all field experiments an increase in the yield gap between NK and NK + P variants was observed over time. On the one hand, this is due to a significant decrease in the phosphorus content in the background NK variant (in acidic soils – also an increase in Al mobility), in which phosphorus removal significantly exceeds control (without fertilizers), on the other – a significant increase in the content of P2O5 in the soil with a positive balance. In a long-term experiment at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Agrochemistry, the difference coefficient of phosphorus utilization from fertilizers was 25–27, at the Rothamsted station – 25–41, at the Chinese National Soil Fertility Monitoring Base – 45%. Attention is drawn to the high payback of phosphorus fertilizers in experiments at the Rothamsted experimental station (Great Britain) – 22–39 kg of grain/kg of P2O5 (when cultivating winter wheat in crop rotation). The main method of increasing payback in this case was the use of high doses of nitrogen – up to 200 kg N/ha. Studies have shown that liming acidic soils to a slightly acidic reaction, the use of zinc micronutrients, as well as phosphate-mobilizing microorganisms, are essential methods to increase the effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizers.

The Influence of the Depression Zone of Forest Shelterbelts on the Productivity and Profitability of Winter Wheat

Background: The article presents the results of a study which is characterizing the impact of a forest shelterbelt on the productivity and profitability of winter wheat of the dry steppe zone of Volgograd region (Russia). The relevance of the problem was due to the fact that most of the agriculture is used to be concentrated in the steppe and forest-steppe natural zones. It is known that these territories were used to be forest reclamation facilities in the form of a network of protective forest belts. Also it touched the research aimed n need to evaluate the efficiency of winter wheat production within depression zones. The hypothesis means that the soil and climatic conditions of dry steppe regions, were utilizing these depression zone for arable land which significantly reduced the productivity and profitability of winter wheat cultivation. Methods: The work presents the biological productivity which was taken into account by using the method of meter-long plots in triplicationand a soil moisture was determined by the thermostat-weight method and grain quality was determined by using an infrared analyzer “InfraLUM FT-12”. The territory was visualized by using an unmanned aerial vehicle and chemical analyzes of soil samples were performed in the soil analysis laboratory of the FSC of Agroecology RAS by using generally accepted methods in soil science. Result: The research determined that depression zones arise in the steppe and dry steppe zones on the territory of agroforest landscapes near protective forest plantations. The areas of these zones occupy 4-8% of the total arable land area. Observations have shown that soil moisture in the depression zone in the meter-long layer is lower than in the inter-strip space. At the same time, the lack of mineral nutrition elements leads to a significant decrease in biometric indicators and the quality of winter wheat grown.

The Economic Impact of Different Soil Tillage Methods and Soil Improvers on Winter Wheat Crops

Key words: mineral fertilizers, biohumus, bentonite, plowing, application timing, profit The article presents the results of calculations on the economic efficiency of grain and straw yields in winter wheat crops under the influence of various soil tillage methods, mineral fertilizers, equivalent doses of biohumus, and the timing of bentonite application. Based on the results of three-year studies (2022-2024), it was substantiated that, in the conditions of rainfed farming in the village of Fantan, Hrazdan region of Kotayk Province, the most effective soil tillage method for cultivating winter wheat is loosening the soil to a depth of 10-12 cm. Compared to conventional plowing (22-25 cm) and no-tillage, this method helps improve the soil's water-air properties and regulate its nutrient regime, which in turn increases the yield of grain and straw from winter wheat. Due to the achievement of high yields, this soil tillage method provides the highest profit – 117.2 thousand drams, which is 21.8 thousand drams more than the no-tillage method and 74.6 thousand drams more than conventional plowing. At the same time, calculations revealed that the equivalent doses of mineral fertilizers and biohumus applied in all three soil tillage methods, along with the autumn application of bentonite, were more effective and economically efficient than its spring application.

Annual winter wheat mapping dataset in China from 2001 to 2020

Winter wheat is a major staple food grown worldwide. China contributes about 19% of the winter wheat production in the world. Therefore, quickly and accurately acquiring winter wheat distribution in China over long time periods is critical to achieve grain safety and understand the spatiotemporal patterns of winter wheat. However, there is a lack of widely available, high spatial resolution, long-term, and large-scale remotely sensed maps on winter wheat cultivation in China. In this study, we utilized a phenology-based algorithm to identify winter wheat location. The algorithm integrated three key growing features of winter wheat into one variable to calculate the planting probability of winter wheat. Here, we produced a long-term winter wheat map dataset at 30-m resolution for China from 2001 to 2020 using the fusion dataset. The resultant maps achieved high accuracy based on field survey samples, with user’s, producer’s, and overall accuracies of 91.17%, 90.92%, and 91.6%, respectively. Furthermore, the mapped winter wheat area aggregated to municipal- and county-levels exhibited good correlations with agricultural statistical data.

DNA-metabarcoding of cyanobacteria and microalgae in chernozem soils of temperate continental climate of the forest-steppe zone of Eurasia under different degrees of agrotechnology intensification.

Chernozem soil is a valuable resource and contains a great diversity of microorganisms that play a global role in the process of soil formation, the species diversity of which has changed over the last five years under the influence of different agrotechnologies. For the first time, under the conditions of the Central Chernozem region, grain and fallow crop rotation, studies using the DNA-metabarcoding method were carried out to study the taxonomic structure of bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, and microalgae communities in the arable horizon of typical medium loamy chernozem under winter wheat cultivation. A comparative analysis of the composition of the genotypes showed significant differences in the presented level of mineral nutrition of the soil NPK (60) and NPK (100) compared with the control variant. After processing the 16S and 18S rRNA datasets, a similar trend of decreasing numbers of pro- and eukaryotic species was found from 6296 (control without MF) to 5310 with NPK (60) and to 4643 with NPK (100), respectively. The Chao1 index indicated that the expected diversity within the prokaryotic group was higher in the control without MF at 211, but decreased to 182 and 193 with NPK (60) and NPK (100) fertilizers, respectively. Analysis of the eukaryotic group revealed a 2.6- and 2.9-fold decrease in diversity by class and genus, respectively, depending on the nutritional levels in agrotechnologies, owing to the use of MF. In the prokaryotic community, Alphaproteobacteria microorganisms predominated at an amount of 14.20-14.46%, with Cyanophyceae accounting for 5.2-9.9%. The diversity of eukaryotes was smaller than the number of classes of prokaryotes; the main dominant were Zygnematophyceae 19.5-41%, Chlorophyceae occupied 10.4-15.8%. On the other hand, the doses of fertilizers used contributed to the emergence of dominant species adapted to high doses of mineral nutrients for plants.

Convolutional neural network for the early identification of weeds: A technological support to biodiversity and yield losses mitigation

Weeds are a major constraint for crop production and food security. Chemical management, the most utilized method for weed control, has serious drawbacks. In this context, the development of more sustainable methods like site-specific weed management (SSWM) is highly deemed. With this study, we assessed the possibility of applying two convolutional neural networks (CNN) for the recognition of different classes of weeds in a winter wheat (T. aestivum) cultivation based on RGB images. By using this methodology, we were able to recognize with a high average precision (AP > 0.6) some species whose abundance and distribution in the field was correlated with the final wheat yield. We demonstrated that where the presence of R. raphanistrum, A. arvensis and P. rhoeas was high at the tillering stage and weed biodiversity indexes were low (Menhinich's Index, Simpson's Reciprocal Index and Shannon's Index), wheat yield was significantly reduced. In contrast, higher weed biodiversity mitigated yield losses. Therefore, CNN is a useful tool for early evaluation of the impact that weeds may have on yield, and it can be used as SSWM classifier for an early mapping of weeds, which is critical to improve our understanding of weed ecology dynamics in agricultural fields.

Влияние регуляторов роста нового поколения на урожайность озимой пшеницы

In the formation of grain crops, an important place is given not only to the problem of nutrition, but also to the ability to manage the processes of growth and development in order to fully realize the vital potential of plants. Therefore, the introduction of new progressive technologies with the use of growth regulators is highly relevant, as it will allow to obtain stable yields of grain crops of good quality even under adverse weather conditions. The purpose of the research was to identify the effectiveness of using new generation growth regulators in the cultivation of winter wheat with different seeding rates, as one of the elements of agricultural technology in the conditions of the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The research was carried out in 2021-2024 at the experimental field of the laboratory of technology for the cultivation of winter cereals and fertilizer application systems of the Technological Center for Agriculture of the Nemchinovka Agricultural Center (Moscow region, Marushkinskoye settlement of Moscow, Sokolovo village). The maximum photosynthetic potential was set in the variant with the combined use of Moddus with Anti-leaching at a seeding rate of 550 pcs/m2 and was equal to 2784 thousand m2 day/ha, that is, 538 thousand m2 day/ha more than the minimum value, in the control variant without the use of growth regulators with a seeding rate of 500 pcs/m2. The maximum amount of dry biomass was set on the variant with the combined use of a Moddus with an Anti-leaching agent at a seeding rate of 550 pcs/m2 and was 10.35 t/ha, that is, 2.79 t/ha more than the minimum value. The maximum net photosynthesis productivity was set for the Moddus variant with a seeding rate of 550 pcs/m2 and was equal to 1.56 g/m2 per day. The maximum economic yield of winter wheat on average for 2022-2024 was set on the option of joint application of Moddus with Anti-leaching at a seeding rate of 550 pcs/m2 and was equal to 7.47 t/ha, that is, 1.36 t/ha more than the minimum value.

Влияние предпосевной обработки семян и агрохимикатов на урожайность озимой пшеницы

High yields cannot be achieved without the use of fertilizers, but how much they can pay off in modern economic realities and in drought conditions is unknown. In this regard, it is important to have new knowledge about effective systems of application of mineral fertilizers and agrochemicals in winter wheat cultivation in the zone of chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to study the effect of growth stimulants in pre-sowing seed treatment and leaf fertilization with liquid fertilizers on the productivity of winter wheat in the Volgograd region. On average for 2021-2023 years, the minimum photosynthetic potential of winter wheat - 1288 thousand m2 day/ha was formed on plots without UAN 32 and growth regulators, and the highest - 2063 thousand m2 day/ha on plots with two fertilizers UAN 32 and growth regulator Emistim. Autumn fertilization with UAN 32 increased dry aboveground biomass of winter soft wheat in the variety Kamyshanka 6 at earing phase by 13%, two and three fertilizations by 26 and 27%, respectively. Growth regulator Polidon increased dry aboveground biomass of winter wheat at earing phase by 4%, Alfastim by 7%, Emistim by 12%. In the phase of milk ripeness dry biomass from growth regulator Polidon increased by 6%, Alfastim by 11%, Emistim by 14%. The lowest plant height of the variety Kamyshanka 6 was formed on the control - 0.89 m, the highest was on plots with two fertilizers and all variants on factor B and averaged 0.94 m, which is 0.05 m higher than the control. Spikelet length in the experiment was maximum in plots with two fertilizers and growth regulator Emistim. The minimum biological yield of winter wheat Kamyshanka 6 - 4.04 t/ha was obtained in the control variant, the maximum yield - 5.66 t/ha was observed in plots with two fertilizers UAN 32 and application of Emistim.

Long-term annual mapping and spatial-temporal dynamic analysis of winter wheat in Shandong Province based on spatial-temporal data fusion (2000-2022).

Winter wheat, as one of the world's key staple crops, plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and shaping international food trade policies. However, there has been a relative scarcity of high-resolution, long time-series winter wheat maps over the past few decades. This study utilized Landsat and Sentinel-2 data to produce maps depicting winter wheat distribution in Google Earth Engine (GEE). We further analyzed the comprehensive spatial-temporal dynamics of winter wheat cultivation in Shandong Province, China. The gap filling and Savitzky-Golay filter method (GF-SG) was applied to address temporal discontinuities in the Landsat NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) time series. Six features based on phenological characteristics were used to distinguish winter wheat from other land cover types. The resulting maps spanned from 2000 to 2022, featuring a 30-m resolution from 2000 to 2017 and an improved 10-m resolution from 2018 to 2022. The overall accuracy of these maps ranged from 80.5 to 93.3%, with Kappa coefficients ranging from 71.3 to 909% and F1 scores from 84.2 to 96.9%. Over the analyzed period, the area dedicated to winter wheat cultivation experienced a decline from 2000 to 2011. However, a notable shift occurred with an increase in winter wheat acreage observed from 2014 to 2017 and a subsequent rise from 2018 to 2022. This research highlights the viability of using satellite observation data for the long-term mapping and monitoring of winter wheat. The proposed methodology has long-term implications for extending this mapping and monitoring approach to other similar areas.

Effect of Phosphorus and Magnesium Fertilizers on Mineral Nutrition and Yield of Winter Wheat depending on Liming of Sod-Podzolic Soil

In long-term field experience on strongly acidic, poorly cultivated sod-podzolic soil, high efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers combined with magnesium and liming in the cultivation of winter wheat of the Moskovskaya 56 variety was revealed. Under these conditions, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium in plants in the flowering phase increased. Improving the mineral nutrition of plants in this case provided the highest yield (75.3 c/ha), exceeding the background level of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers by 2.7 times, the payback of mineral fertilizers (NPK) increased by 2.5 times, reaching 16.7 kg/kg. The use of phosphorus fertilizers on highly acidic soil increased yields by 65% at 27.5 c/ha against the background of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers. On calcified soil with a slightly acidic reaction of the medium, the yield from the use of phosphorus fertilizers increased by 19% compared to the background of 58.1 kg/ha. Yield increases when using magnesium fertilizers against the background of full fertilizer (NPK) decreased as soil acidity decreased and were significant: on medium acidic soil – 4.9 and slightly acidic – 6.1 c/ha. At the maximum yield of winter wheat, due to the use of phosphorus and magnesium fertilizers and a decrease in the acidity of sod-podzolic soil, the removal of nutrients by the winter wheat harvest increased: nitrogen – by 3.5, phosphorus – 3.7, potassium and magnesium – 3 times.

Enhancing Winter Wheat Representation in Noah‐MP‐Crop for Improved Dynamic Crop Growth Simulation in the North China Plain

AbstractExplicitly representing the world's most frequently cultivated winter wheat in land surface model (LSM) is important for understanding carbon and energy cycling over cropland and its interactions with climate, which is crucial for global food security. However, in the latest version of Noah‐MP‐Crop LSM, winter wheat is significantly underrepresented. This study improved the winter‐wheat parameterization in Noah‐MP‐Crop model by optimizing the phenological scheme, incorporating vernalization process, and calibrating several key parameters associated with winter wheat photosynthesis and carbon allocations. Focusing on the North China Plain as area representative region, model performance in simulating crop dynamic growth, carbon flux, and energy fluxes was validated at both site and regional scales. Results showed that the simulated phenological development matched well with the real‐world phenological records. A comparison between the simulated results by the default and developed parameterizations revealed the significant improvements in the reproductions of leaf area index (LAI) and gross primary production (GPP). The determination coefficient (R2) value of GPP was increased from 0.15 to 0.46 to 0.39–0.91. Simulations of energy fluxes showed smaller improvements, with R2 values increasing from 0.46 to 0.67 to 0.61–0.84 for latent heat (LE) and 0.18–0.55 to 0.25–0.61 for sensible heat. Additionally, the mean average error of net radiation was reduced. Improvements in spatial and temporal variations of LAI, GPP, and LE in regional simulation were also observed. This work can facilitate incorporating winter wheat cultivation and its interactions with climate system, particularly when coupling the Noah‐MP‐Crop model with the widely used Weather Research and Forecasting model.

The Influence of Precursors and Technology Elements on the Efficiency of Winter Wheat Cultivation in the Arid Conditions of the Volga Region

The Influence of Precursors and Technology Elements on the Efficiency of Winter Wheat Cultivation in the Arid Conditions of the Volga Region

Эффективность использования куриного помета при выращивании зерна озимой пшеницы

In this paper, the possibility and effectiveness of using chicken manure as an organic fertilizer "Soil improver (UP-1)" is studied. "Soil improver (UP-1)" was obtained by adding the plant growth regulator "Mephosphone" to chicken manure. The drug "Mephosphone" is intended for the cultivation of grain crops, as well as the production of organic products. Experimentally, the prospects of using the drug "Mephosphone" to accelerate the processing of organic waste have been revealed. As a result of the research, field data were obtained on the cultivation of winter wheat of the Kazanskaya 560 Elite variety in the fields of JSC Agrofirma Ak Bars - Pestretsy. The introduction of chicken manure - "Soil improver (UP-1)", treated with the drug "Mephosphone" was carried out according to the described method. The local variety of winter wheat "Kazanskaya 560" Elite with a seeding rate of 280 kg/ha was used as an experimental crop. The predecessor was perennial herbs. Before the experiment and after harvesting, soil was selected for analysis from both experimental fields with an area of 300 hectares from 6 random plots at a layer depth of 0-20 cm. As a result of field tests, an increase in the yield of grain of the Kazanskaya 560 Elite variety was recorded when applying chicken manure. In the experimental plots, the yield was 33.5 and 36.0 c/ha. The grown grain with the use of chicken manure treated with the preparation "Mephosphone" meets the basic quality requirements and is practically not inferior to the grain of the control group, which allows it to be freely used for processing into flour of proper quality. Analysis of the indicators of experimental soil samples shows that they do not exceed the requirements of scientific and technical documentation. Thus, the resulting soil is safe for humans and agricultural production. The proposed technology for processing poultry waste will improve the environmental situation around modern poultry farms, reduce the use of unprocessed chicken manure as fertilizers, replacing it with higher-quality and environmentally friendly organic fertilizers formed as a result of anaerobic disposal of manure.

Sustainability improvement of grain productivity of beet crop rotations in the foreststeppe of the Central Blackearth region

The purpose of the current study was to identify the effect of various crop rotations and rates of application of mineral fertilizers on productivity of winter wheat and spring barley, the productivity of crop rotations and the economic efficiency of cultivating crops. The study was carried out in a stationary field trial of the FSBSI “Kursk FARC” on typical heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem) in 2015–2023. Agricultural crops were grown in three crop rotations: 1 – grainrow fallow (black fallow, winter wheat, sugar beets, maize for silage, barley); 2 – grain-row green manure fallow (green manure fallow, winter wheat, sugar beets, maize for silage, barley); 3 – crop rotation (horse-bean for grain, winter wheat, sugar beets, white lupine for grain, barley). During the trial there have been compared two contrasting levels of mineral fertilizer application N30Р30К30 and N52Р52К52 per hectare of crop rotation area. The non-marketable portion of the harvest of all crops was used as fertilizer. Agricultural technology was generally conventional for the area. There has been established that, under all weather conditions, the highest yield of winter wheat at a low background of fertilization (N30Р30К300 per hectare of crop rotation area) is produced in green manure fallow, and at a high background of fertilization (N52Р52К52 per hectare of crop rotation area) in black fallow. There was found that the most favorable conditions for cultivating barley were created when cultivating with white lupine for grain. Fertilization increase led to productivity increase of the grain crops, but, at the same time, to a production profitability decrease. There has been determined that productivity of crop rotations with fallow forecrops is 14 % higher compared to crop rotations with a legume forecrop (horse-bean for grain). According to calculations, on average over the years of study, the most profitable was the winter wheat cultivation in black fallow, and spring barley cultivation in white lupine for grain. At the same time, the indicator of production profitability level decreased with an increase in the rate of mineral fertilizing, which results in production costs’ increase.

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO STABILIZING THE PHYTOSANITARY CONDITION OF WINTER WHEAT CROPS IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA

The main condition for obtaining high yields of winter wheat is agricultural productivity: the use of high-yielding varieties, the selection of predecessors, the best sowing dates, careful soil cultivation, as well as the use of mineral fertilizers and protective equipment. At the moment, a situation has developed in agriculture in the south of Russia that is important for the phytosanitary condition of grain crops and forms a certain composition of harmful organisms. Winter wheat occupies a large part in the structure of sown areas; repeated crops are often observed. A definitely important place is occupied by technological methods of cultivation in the formation of a harmful component of the grain field. Therefore, when cultivating winter wheat, fungal diseases become of great importance, which cause thinning of crops, lead to growth inhibition, disrupt the dynamics of plant organogenesis, impair the formation of crop structure elements, causing a significant decrease in the qua-lity of the resulting product. Surveys to identify the phytosanitary state of winter wheat crops are aimed at creating a system of effective measures that can ensure the containment of pathogenic organisms. The research is aimed at analyzing the factors influencing the formation of the phytosanitary state of grain crops, including winter wheat, to study the effectiveness of both individual control methods and their effective combinations.A set of methods that can effectively curb the development of pests includes: selection of zoned resistant varieties, compliance with crop rotation and selection of predecessors. An integral part of the technology for cultivating grain crops is the implementation of protective extermination measures to obtain high yields of high-quality products.

THE INFLUENCE OF MACRO- AND MICROFERTILIZERS ON THE YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT ON CHESTNUT SOILS OF THE VOLGOGRAD REGION

Background. Agricultural sustainability is fundamental to achieving Zero Hunger, one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Under current scenarios, foliar application of mineral nutrients has become an inevitable agricultural practice for sustainable crop production worldwide. The article presents the results of testing 7 varieties of winter wheat at two breeding centers of the Donskoy ASC and the Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2021-2022. The weather conditions at the demonstration plot in the autumn period were unfavorable (lack of moisture and high temperature) but did not have a great influence on the further development of plants in the spring-summer period due to the favorable conditions observed during the dormant phase in the winter. Methods. The technology for cultivating winter wheat varieties in field experiments was according to B. A. Dospehov and the methods of state variety testing of agricultural crops. To carry out a complete verification and reliability of the experiments carried out for 2020-2022, the processing and analysis of mathematical data was carried out in the Excel program. Results. During the testing process, we examined the main indicators of winter wheat varieties according to the following main indicators. In terms of productive stem growth, good indicators were noted for the varieties Kamyshanka 9 - 472 pcs./m2, Etude - 454 pcs./m2 and Ambar - 436 pcs./m2. When studying productivity, a pattern was revealed that high indicators of productive stems do not always correspond to high yields. In terms of yield, it is worth noting the varieties Ambar (5.6 t/ha) and Etude (5.0 t/ha), which feel confident in our conditions and provide a stable increase in the yield. Along with the Rostov selection, the Kamyshanka variety 4 selection of the Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences generated a yield of 5.0 t/ha. Conclusion. As studies have shown, not all varieties respond equally to additional nutrition with microfertilizers. The highest protein content corresponding to class 3 is formed in the varieties Volnitsa (13.7%), Elanskaya (13.6%) and Etude (13.3%). The use of macro- and microfertilizers increases the yield and improves the quality of grain.

WSTĘPNE OKREŚLENIE MOŻLIWOŚCI REDUKCJI NAWOŻENIA AZOTOWEGO POD WPŁYWEM PREPARATÓW BAKTERYJNYCH W UPRAWIE TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.

The use of microorganisms in agriculture is attracting increasing interest. Thus, the state of knowledge on this issue and biotechnological advances are significantly increasing. A field research was conducted during the 2022–2023 growing season to evaluate the influence of the combined application of bacterial formulation and mineral nitrogen fertilization on grain and straw yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the structure of the obtained yield. The factors of the conducted field experiment were bacterial formulations: control (no application of bacterial formulations), I – Azotobacter and Arthrobacter, II – Bacillus subtillis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus azotofixans, III – Bacillus azotofixans; B – mineral nitrogen fertilization: control (no mineral nitrogen fertilization), 43 kg N·ha−1, 86 kg N·ha−1, 130 kg N·ha−1. Research was conducted demonstrating the most favorable effects after applying a bacterial formulation containing Azotobacter and Arthrobacter bacteria. It was statistically significant increase in grain yield by an average of 17%, number of ears per m2 by 15%, ear length by 5% and thousand grain weight by 3% The application of other formulations also caused an increase in the analyzed traits, but they were lower than those given for Azotobacter and Arthrobacter bacteria. A gradual increase in the level of mineral nitrogen fertilization also had a positive effect on the analyzed traits. The research conducted in the field found a possible reduction in mineral nitrogen fertilization under the conditions of the conducted experiment by about 33% without yield losses when using a bacterial formulation containing Azotobacter and Arthrobacter. Thus, it is appropriate to recommend the use of these bacteria in winter wheat cultivation, but due to the possible variable effectiveness of application under different soil and climatic conditions, the presented research should be continued in different areas both in wheat and other crops.