Enhancing the effect of phosphorus fertilizers, taking into account liming, taking into account liming in winter wheat cultivation on sod-podzolic soil

In long-term field experience on strongly acidic, poorly cultivated sod-podzolic soil, high efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers combined with magnesium and liming in the cultivation of winter wheat of the Moskovskaya 56 variety was revealed. Under these conditions, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium in plants in the flowering phase increased. Improving the mineral nutrition of plants in this case provided the highest yield (75.3 c/ha), exceeding the background level of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers by 2.7 times, the payback of mineral fertilizers (NPK) increased by 2.5 times, reaching 16.7 kg/kg. The use of phosphorus fertilizers on highly acidic soil increased yields by 65% at 27.5 c/ha against the background of nitrogen-potassium fertilizers. On calcified soil with a slightly acidic reaction of the medium, the yield from the use of phosphorus fertilizers increased by 19% compared to the background of 58.1 kg/ha. Yield increases when using magnesium fertilizers against the background of full fertilizer (NPK) decreased as soil acidity decreased and were significant: on medium acidic soil – 4.9 and slightly acidic – 6.1 c/ha. At the maximum yield of winter wheat, due to the use of phosphorus and magnesium fertilizers and a decrease in the acidity of sod-podzolic soil, the removal of nutrients by the winter wheat harvest increased: nitrogen – by 3.5, phosphorus – 3.7, potassium and magnesium – 3 times.

Influence of mineral nutrition on yield yield and quality of winter wheat surflower

В длительном полевом опыте СШ-27 (заложен в 1966 г.) на слабоокультуренной сильнокислой тяжелосуглинистой дерново-подзолистой почве проведены исследования по совместному внесению фосфорных и медных удобрений при различной кислотности почвы. Установлена наиболее высокая эффективность применения фосфорных и медных удобрений на слабокислой почве (рНKCl 5,4), урожайность озимой пшеницы сорта Московская 56 повышалась в 3,1 раза в сравнении с урожайностью на фоне NK (2,20 т/га) сильнокислой почвы (рНKCl 4,1). Медные и фосфорные удобрения на среднекислой (рНKCl 4,7) и сильнокислой почвах повышали урожайность в 2,6 и 1,9 раза соответственно. При совместном внесении медных и фосфорных удобрений на слабокислой почве формировалась максимальная урожайность озимой пшеницы (6,82 т/га) и возрастала окупаемость минеральных удобрений (N120P90K90) прибавкой зерна в 3,5 раза, достигая 15,3 кг/кг. Совместное внесение фосфорных и медных удобрений на слабокислой почве приводило к возрастанию выноса элементов питания из удобрений растениями озимой пшеницы: азота – в 2,6; фосфора – в 2,7 и калия – в 2,4 раза по сравнению с выносами на сильнокислой почве. За счёт медных удобрений увеличивался коэффициент использования фосфора от 5,2 до 8,1%. Применение медных удобрений на слабокислой почве увеличивало содержание белка и клейковины в зерне озимой пшеницы по сравнению с их содержанием на фоне NK сильнокислой почвы на 1,0 и 2,9% соответственно. In the long-term field experiment SSH-27 (established in 1966) on weakly cultivated strongly acidic heavy loamy soddy-podzolic soil, studies were carried out on the joint application of phosphorus and copper fertilizers at different acidity. The highest efficiency of the use of phosphorus and copper fertilizers on slightly acidic soil (рНKCl 5.4) has been established, the yield of winter wheat variety Moskovskaya 56 increased by 3.1 times in comparison with the yield on the background of NK (2.20 t/ha) of strongly acidic soil (рНKCl 4.1). Copper and phosphorus fertilizers on moderately acidic (рНKCl 4.7) and strongly acidic soils increased the yield by 2.6 and 1.9 times, respectively. With the joint application of copper and phosphorus fertilizers on slightly acidic soil, the maximum yield of winter wheat (6.82 t/ha) was formed and the payback of mineral fertilizers (N120P90K90) increased by 3.5 times, reaching 15.3 kg/kg. The combined application of phosphorus and copper fertilizers on slightly acidic soil led to an increase in the removal of nutrients from fertilizers by winter wheat plants: nitrogen – by 2.6; phosphorus – by 2.7 and potassium – by 2.4 times compared with the removals on strongly acidic soil. Due to copper fertilizers, the phosphorus utilization factor increased from 5.2 to 8.1%. The use of copper fertilizers on weakly acidic soil increased the content of protein and gluten in winter wheat grain compared to their content against the background of NK strongly acidic soil by 1.0 and 2.9%, respectively.

Resource conservation with respect to nitrogen (N) was compared in organic and conventional cultivation of winter and spring wheat. Sustainability was measured in the nitrogen use efficiency of plant‐available N. The amounts of N entering each system and the amounts removed in the harvested crop and remaining as unused mineral nitrogen in the soil at harvest were determined. Net surpluses and losses during the growing season were also monitored, and the environmental variables influencing N harvest in the different cultivation systems were identified. The study was carried out in three different cultivation systems: conventional animal production (CONV), organic animal production (ORG1), and organic cereal production (ORG2). On average for all years and sampling occasions in winter wheat, there were approximately 60 kg more mineral nitrogen left in the soil during the growing season in CONV than in ORG1, and coefficients of variation were higher in CONV. The maximum values were considerably higher in CONV than in ORG1 (p=0.06–0.09), which increased the risk of leaching in the former, particularly in winter wheat cultivation. Nitrogen use efficiency in winter and spring wheat cultivation was 74% in whole crop conventional winter wheat and 81% in organic. Nitrogen use efficiency in harvested winter wheat grain was 44% for CONV and 49% for ORG1. ORG1 spring wheat was as efficient as ORG1 winter wheat, whereas ORG2 spring wheat used 73% of N in the whole crop and 39% in grain. Multivariate regression analysis showed that climate affected CONV and ORG1 winter wheat differently. High temperature in May increased grain yields in ORG1, but the converse was true for CONV. Large unused mineral N reserves at harvest coincided with large N harvest in CONV winter wheat. Residual fertility effects from the preceding crop produced high yields in ORG1 winter and spring wheat but had no effect in CONV. Generally, an increase in N reserves between plant development stages 13 and 31 was positive for both CONV and ORG1 winter wheat. Both winter and spring wheat require most N during this period, so the potential for improvement seems to lie in increasing mineralization (e.g., by intensified weed harrowing early in stage 13 in winter wheat and between stages 13 and 31 in spring wheat). Cultivation of winter wheat in ORG1 was a more efficient use of nitrogen resources than CONV. CONV efficiency could be improved by precision fertilization on each individual field with the help of N analysis before spring tillage and sensor‐controlled fertilization.

Winter wheat is one of the most important agricultural crops with high yield potential, for a more complete implementation of which at the present stage requires the creation of flexible science-intensive cultivation technologies, which will include new low-cost elements and, undoubtedly, will increase the gross grain harvest. The reviewed article presents the results of field studies conducted in the Non-Chernozem soil of central region of Russia. The purpose of the work was to study the effect of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of winter wheat varieties, aimed at evaluating the reaction of winter wheat varieties according to cultivation technologies at a different level of intensity, to develop a cost-effective resource-saving cultivation technology and to determine the optimum conditions of winter wheat cultivation. Applying mineral fertilizers in the correct dose is fundamental to increasing the yield and quality of winter wheat in the Non-Chernozem Zone of central Russia. The nutrient-deficient soils in this region justify the use of mineral fertilizers. The authors reviewed existing studies on the use of mineral fertilizer and the quality and yield of winter wheat in the Non-Chernozem soil conditions in the central region of Russia. Various indicators were assessed, such as the winter wheat yield and the gluten, fibrin, and crude protein contents. The research outcome reveals a positive correlation between the appropriate use of mineral fertilizers and the increase in winter wheat yield and grain quality in the Non-Chernozem Zone of Central Russia.

The aim of the work is to highlight the results of a field experiment on the effectiveness of the preparations "Pop up Plants Humate Potassium" and "Regoplant" in the cultivation of winter wheat. Methods. The field experiment was conducted in 2020/2021 on the lands of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT (Kyiv agro-soil district of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe). Experience factors: factor A – tillage system (A1 – traditional, A2 – conservation, A3 – mulching, A4 – mini-till); Factor B – biological products "Potassium Humate + Regoplant" (B1 – control (without the use of preparations), B2 – the use of preparations for seed treatment and crop nutrition. When growing wheat, the traditional technology for the region was used, except for the elements of the experimental scheme. The effectiveness of the preparations was established by determining the biological yield of wheat and its structure compared to the control. Results. The use of humic preparations increased the weight of grain from the ear and the weight of 1000 seeds, which led to an increase in the biological yield of grain and the harvest index. The highest yield of wheat was observed in the traditional tillage system (A1), and the lowest – in the system of mini-till (A4). The largest increase in yield from the use of preparations (40 %) was observed in the version with a conservation tillage system (A2), and the smallest increase (20 %) – in the mulching tillage system version (A3). The experiment factors also influenced the growth of grain quality. In particular, the grain of the control variant contained 12.44 % of crude protein by weight of dry matter (seeds of the third class), and the grain of the experimental variant – 12.84 % of crude protein by weight of dry matter (seeds of the second class). There was also a decrease in the content of nitrogen-free extractive substances and crude ash. Conclusions. The use of "Pop up Plants Humate Potassium" and "Regoplant" had a positive effect on winter wheat yield and grain quality indicators. The average increase in the biological yield of winter wheat under different tillage systems was 30 % of the control. The superiority of the biological yield of winter wheat grain was noted in the variant with ploughing and biological fertilizers. The use of biological fertilizers also helped to improve grain quality indicators. Key words: Winter Wheat, Potassium Humate, Regoplant, Biological Yield, Tillage Systems.

The aim of the research was to study the effect of the inclusion of different types of perennial leguminous plants as winter wheat precursors in the crop rotation on the rate of accumulation of heavy metals in the soil compared to traditional winter wheat predecessors. The objectives of the research are to develop measures to reduce the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils under conditions of modern crop rotation, limited by the number of crops grown and winter wheat. The accumulations of heavy metals in soils were calculated during the cultivation of the main crops of crop rotation with intensive fertilizer. The concentration of heavy metals in the soil was determined before and after the cultivation of legume precursors. Field studies were carried out during 2013-2017. On gray podzolized medium loamy soils of the Agronomichesky Research Institute of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. We calculated the volumes of heavy metals with optimal rates of mineral fertilizer application for the most common types of crops grown in crop rotation. Four types of perennial grasses were sown: sowing alfalfa, meadow clover, horned lamb, sainfoin and eastern goatskin. After their four years of use, winter wheat was sown. The control was the predecessors in the following sequence: winter wheat - sunflower - winter wheat - corn. Laboratory studies of the content of mobile forms of heavy metals in soil were carried out in the Vinnytsia branch of the State Center for the Protection of Soil Fertility. Analysis of soil contamination with heavy metals during fertilization of major cereals showed that the amount of mineral fertilizers is from 257 kg/ha to 571 kg/ha for ammonium nitrate, from 175 to 225 kg/ha for double superphosphate and from 58 to 75 kg/ha on potassium chloride. According to the volume of mineral fertilizers used in the cultivation of winter wheat, 1944 mg / ha of lead and 339 mg / ha of cadmium enter the soil. Of these, with ammonium nitrate - 51.4% and 7.4%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41.3% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.3%. When growing corn per 1 ha with mineral fertilizers, 2357 mg of lead and 434 mg of cadmium are applied, of which with ammonium nitrate - 48.4% and 6.7%, respectively, with double superphosphate - 42% and 41% and with potassium chloride. - 9.6% and 51.8%. Cultivation of spring barley leads to the receipt of mineral fertilizers to soils 1458 mg/ha of lead and 327 mg/ha of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 35.2% and 4.0%, with double superphosphate - 52.8% and 42.8% and with potassium chloride - 12.0% and 53.2%. Mineral fertilization of winter rape leads to the entry into the soil per 1 ha of 2223 mg of lead and 390 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 51.4% and 7.4%, with double superphosphate - 39.6% and 41% and with potassium chloride - 9.0% and 51.5%. With mineral fertilizers for growing sunflower in the soil per 1 ha gets 2073 mg of lead and 427 mg of cadmium, of which with ammonium nitrate - respectively 41.4% and 5.2%, double superphosphate - 47.8% and 42.2 % and potassium chloride - 10.8% and 52.6%. The positive effect of growing leguminous perennial herbs on the decrease in the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and grain of winter wheat has been established. Under the conditions of intensive farming by Vinnitskaya, lead and cadmium fall into the soil for the use of mineral fertilizers in accordance with 1944 mg/ha and 339 mg/ha for growing winter wheat, 2357 mg/ha and 434 mg/ha for growing corn, 1458 mg/ha and 327 mg/ha when growing spring barley, 2223 mg/ha and 390 mg/ha when growing sunflower. The four-year cultivation of perennial leguminous grasses under intensive farming reduced the concentration of lead in the soil from 1.33 to 3.2 times and cadmium from 37 to 54 times compared with cereal crops, which contributed to improving the quality of winter wheat grain by reducing the concentration of lead from 1 7 to 2.4 times and cadmium from 1.4 times to 2.1 times. Key words: legumes, precursors, winter wheat, heavy metals, pollution.

Aim. The use of biological products in winter wheat cultivation technologies significantly improves plant adaptability to stress factors and increases their productivity. The priority task is to find innovative approa­ches to growing the crop while reducing the use of synthetic substances. The aim of this work was to find out the peculiarities of the effect of biological products on the stress resistance of winter wheat plants, yield and grain quality in Polissia. Methods. Field studies were conducted in a short rotation crop rotation during 2023-2024 on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil in Polissia. The research methods used were field, laboratory, statistical and comparative-calculated. Results. Crops were examined to diagnose the state of wintering of winter wheat plants and determine their viability under the influence of biological products. The high viability of winter wheat plants under the influence of the organo-mineral fertilizer Bactolive Sid, WP and the endomycorrhizal inoculant Endospor DM, WP was established. It was found that the use of biological products Bactolive Seed, WP and Endospor DM, WP for seed treatment before sowing provides an increase in the adaptive properties of plants, winter wheat grain yield and quality. Conclusions. The expediency of using the endomycorrhizal inoculant Endospor DM, WP and the organic-mineral fertilizer Bactolive Seed, WP for seed treatment before sowing in organic technologies of winter wheat cultivation has been proved. This makes it possible to obtain a winter wheat grain yield of 5.26-5.39 t/ha with a gluten content of 23.7-24.2% and a grain weight of 754.7 and 755.2 g/l. The results of this study can contribute to the improvement of organic technologies for growing winter wheat and the development of sustainable agriculture in the Polissia region of Ukraine.

In a long-term field experiment (61 years) on cultivated sod-podzolic loamy soil of the Central Non-Chernozem region high efficiency of the combined use of complexes of trace elements, growth regulators and mineral fertilizers was revealed. In this variant, the highest average yield for 2017– 2023 was formed for winter wheat of the Moskovskaya 56 variety – 80 c/ha and spring barley of the Vladimir variety – 60 c/ha at 40.1 and 33.8 c/ha, respectively, in the version without fertilizers. The use of microelement complexes Microel in 2017–2019 and Aquamix-ST in 2020–2023 provided an increase in the average yield of winter wheat compared to the background of mineral fertilizers by 12%, and spring barley by 8%. When introducing trace elements in combination with plant growth regulators (Melafen in 2017– 2019 and Zerebra-agro in 2020–2023), the yield increase was: winter wheat – 23%, spring barley – 18%, the payback of mineral fertilizers increased by 56–57%, and the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by plants – 1.5–1.7 times. The combined use of micronutrients, plant growth regulators and mineral fertilizers increased the protein content in winter wheat grain by 2.7%, crude gluten by 7.7%, and protein in barley grain by 2.1% compared to the control.

The nitrogen and biological potential of the soil is largely determined by the amount of fresh plant material, its chemical composition and the nature of accumulation over time. Studies on the effect of sideration on the agrochemical properties of the soil, yield and grain quality of winter wheat were conducted during 2019–2023 in the link of crop rotation: sideral steam – winter wheat – corn for grain – barley. The territory of the experimental site is included in the foothill continental zone of a moderately warm climate with moderate humidification of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary medium–sized slightly washed clay chernozem on carbonate clays. The humus content is 4.6%. All the sideral crops (peas, spring vetch, white mustard, Sudanese grass) were plowed during the flowering phase. The object of research is the medium-ripened winter wheat variety Alekseich, zoned for the North Caucasus region. The results of a qualitative analysis of the plant mass of sideral crops with an assessment of the ratio C:N. It was revealed that the vegetable mass of white mustard is characterized by a narrower ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the experiment (11:1), which leads to an increase in the biological activity of the soil under the agrocenosis of winter wheat and the mineralization of organic substances. The Sudan grass is characterized by a wide C:N ratio in the experiment (19:1). An inverse correlation was found between the yield of winter wheat and the C:N ratio in the biomass of sideral crops (r = –0.91785), which means that the wider the C:N ratio in the plant mass of sideral crops entering the soil, the lower the level of nitrogen nutrition and yield in the first year of sideration. It is shown that the most favorable nitrogen regime of ordinary chernozem during the growing season of winter wheat Alekseich is characterized by variants of sideration with peas and white mustard: the excess nitrogen content of the control variant is 17%. According to the quantitative content of phosphorus and potassium in the soil of the agrocenosis of winter wheat during the growing season, the variants of sideration with peas and spring vetch are distinguished. In the pea sideration variant, the phosphorus content in the soil on average exceeded its content in the soil of the control variant by 54%, and in the spring vetch sideration variant by 42%. According to the potassium content in the pea and spring vetch cider variants, the excess potassium content in the control variant was 30.1 and 26.5%, respectively. White mustard sideration increased the phosphorus content in the soil by only 4.2% relative to the control variant, due to a lower intake of this element from the plant mass. On average, over three years, the yield of winter wheat of the Alekseich variety in the white mustard cider variant increased by 1.29 t/ha or 24%, with pea and spring vetch cider by 9 and 6%, respectively, relative to the control variant. The plowing of sideral crops increases the amount of nitrogen available to winter wheat plants, which is subsequently used by them in the reutilization of nitrogen from the leaves into the forming seeds, which improves grain quality. On average, over three years, the yield of winter wheat of the Alekseich variety in the white mustard cider variant increased by 1.29 t/ha or 24%, with pea and spring vetch cider by 9 and 6%, respectively, relative to the control variant. In the cider variants, the nitrogen content in the grain increased by 2–8%. The option of white mustard sideration provided the maximum yield of protein with a harvest in the experiment, exceeding the control values by 29%.

Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of forming winter wheat yield and grain quality, depending on fertilizer system and main tillage in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, mathematical and statistical (correlation, dispersion) using computer programs Microsoft Office Excel and Statistica 6.0. The researches were carried out during 2011–2017 in the stationary field experiment on the experimental field of the Educational and Scientific-Innovative Center for Agrotechnologies of LLC “Agrofirma “Kolos” (Skvyra district, Kyiv region). Results. The most 1,000 kernel weight was recorded for mineral fertilizer system. Lower indices were observed for organic fertilizer system and in variants with no fertilizer. Test weight of grain under mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems corresponded to the second class of quality (according to the State Standard 3768-10 at least 740 g/l) and was 740.2–742.7 g/l. Tillage did not significantly affect the test weight of winter wheat grain. In the variant of shallow low-tillage significant decrease of grain vitreousness was noted, which is explained by decrease of agrophysical and agrochemical indices of soil fertility. It has been established increase in protein content (by 1.4–3.5 %) in winter wheat grains under mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems, but use of shallow low-tillage resulted in decrease of this index (by 4.3 %) as compared with the control. Under mineral fertilizer system, winter wheat grain was formed with higher gluten content than under organomineral and organic systems. In the case of shallow low-tillage gluten content in grain declined significantly as compared to control (by 4.7 %). Falling number for winter wheat grain in mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems was quite high (in the range of 225–231 s) that is significantly higher as compared to the control in differentiated and alternating deep and shallow tillage. Under organomineral fertilizer system winter wheat yield did not differ significantly from that of the mineral system. The yield of winter wheat significantly decreased compared to the control (by 0.8 t/ha) with shallow low-tillage. Conclusions. Winter wheat grain quality indices were better under mineral and organomineral fertilizer systems. Under organic system they were worse owing to nitrogen deficit. The application of shallow low-tillage significantly reduced the winter wheat grain quality indices. The highest yield of winter wheat was received under mineral fertilizer system (6.8 t/ha), significant decrease was observed under organic fertilizer system.

The paper presents the study of the influence of ammophos, potassium magnesia and ammonium nitrate on the content of protein, gluten and grain unit of winter wheat using No-Till technology in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the southern zone of Rostov Region. It was shown that the application of mineral fertilizers to the surface soil layer during winter wheat cultivation using No-Till technology improves the grain quality. The highest grain quality parameters (protein content – 13.4% and gluten content – 25.3%, grain unit – 780.0 g/l) were obtained when ammophos and potassium magnesia were jointly added prior to sowing at a depth of 10 cm with double dressing of ammonium nitrate in the tillering and booting phases. High direct dependence of protein content in winter wheat grain on the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in soil in the booting phase was revealed in all test layers: 0–10 (r = 0.85), 10–20 (r = 0.72), 0–30 cm (r = 0.76). The gluten content in the grain and its grain unit significantly depended on the mobility of phosphorus in the surface soil layer – 0–10 cm (r = 0.66 and 0.52, respectively). Along with the quality improvement of winter wheat grain, the rational use of mineral fertilizers in the No-Till system increases its yield. There is a direct positive relationship between grain protein content and winter wheat yield (r = 0.93).

The results of the study of changes in winter wheat grain yield depending on the rotation length of crop rotations in the Lower Volga region are presented. As a result of 12 years of research (20082019) it was found that the maximum yield was obtained in four- and five-field crop rotations with the inclusion of leguminous crops - 2.73 and 2.79 t/ha, respectively. During the analysis of variance, different effects of growing conditions and rotation length on winter wheat yields were noted. The influence of vegetation conditions accounted for 98.6%. The effect of crop rotation was also significant (0.6%). Winter wheat grain yield significantly depended on the weather conditions, which allowed to fully evaluate the potential of winter wheat - fallow in crop rotations with a short rotation. When winter wheat was cultivated in four- and five-field crop rotations with the inclusion of leguminous crops, the yield increased both in wet and moderately wet years. With HTC greater than 0.9 in the five-field crop rotation the grain yield was 4.40 t/ha, in four-field - 4.31, in three-field - 4.02 t/ha. With HTC of 0.6 to 0.9 in four- and five-field crop rotations, the yield ranged from 2.78-2.84 t/ha, and in three-field crop rotations it was 2.52 t/ha. In dry years, no significant difference in winter wheat yield between crop rotations was found, which ranged from 0.98-1.07 t/ha. It can be concluded that winter wheat cultivation on the second field of short rotational crop rotations on fallow preceding crop in conditions of insufficient moisture is effective.

Density and spatial arrangement (rectangularity) effects on the competitive relationships, yield performance, and dynamics in canopy dominance of winter wheat and Italian ryegrass were evaluated using two addition series experiments. In experiment 1, combinations of six densities of each species formed the treatment matrix of addition series. In experiment 2, each species was tested at four densities and three rectangularities (RE) of winter wheat. In monocultures, crop density (plants per square meter) explained 82 to 85% of the total variation in the per-plant biomass of winter wheat in experiment 1. In mixtures of crop and weed, initial wheat density (N1) and initial ryegrass density (N2) and interaction of N1and N2explained 74 to 80% of the total variation in the per-plant biomass of winter wheat and 68 to 79% of Italian ryegrass in experiment 1. Intraspecific competition was apparent between 15 and 90 days after emergence (DAE) in winter wheat and between 90 and 170 DAE in Italian ryegrass. In mixtures, RE influenced plant size of Italian ryegrass up to 50 DAE only. Maximum winter wheat intraspecific competition occurred at 170 DAE, but maximum interspecific competition occurred during reproductive stages in mixtures. High RE increased seed yield, seed size, and harvest index of winter wheat and reduced biomass of Italian ryegrass. Grain yield of winter wheat was reduced up to 92% by competition from ryegrass. Even nine ryegrass plants in 100 winter wheat plants m−2reduced winter wheat grain yield by 33%. However, the extent of loss in winter wheat grain yield was less in RE 16 (wider spacing) than in RE 1 (square planting) or 4 (close row spacing). Winter wheat was the stronger competitor during vegetative stages, but Italian ryegrass became the stronger competitor during the reproductive stages of development. Winter wheat leaves dominated at the top canopy during the vegetative stage, but ryegrass dominated at the top canopy during the reproductive stages. In the top canopy of mixtures at 200 DAE, the leaf area indices (LAI) of ryegrass was 6.6 times greater than winter wheat at RE 1 compared to only 1.6 times at RE 16. Greater LAI of Italian ryegrass in the top canopy reduced photosynthetically active radiation available to winter wheat by 68% at booting stage.

This article examines the problems of climate change and the impact of fertilizers on the productivity and quality of winter wheat. As a result of research, it has been established that in recent decades the world has undergone significant climate change, which causes serious problems in the development of agriculture. The results of research show that the yield of winter wheat, which is obtained due to the potential fertility of soils, on average for 3 years was 2,5 t/ha. Systematic application of the fertilizers in crop rotation helped to increase the yield of winter wheat. After the treatment N60P60K60 the additions in 1,0 t/ha to the control have been received. On the plots where winter wheat was tested the aftereffect of manure 30 t/ha in combination with N60P60K60 increases the yield on 1,0 and 1,3 t/ha respectively. The highest yield of winter wheat obtained by application of mineral fertilizers in quantity N120P120K120 was 3,7 t/ha. On the control option the average protein content was 12,13. The record amount of protein observed after N120P120K120 application was 13,28. It should be noted that the quality of the gluten protein content and the winter wheat grain in all these tests is significantly higher compared with controls. The average gluten content in the control test was 20,3, while during the fertilizer using it varied in the range of 23,5–27,3. The highest protein was observed after N120P120K120 application 27,3. Besides that, the nitrate content in the grain and plants of winter wheat after different doses of mineral and organic fertilizers have been examined. It should be noted that the nitrate content in winter wheat grain is independent from the fertilizer and varied from 44,0 to 50,0 mg/kg, in the straw this dependence has been slightly observed. So if the control has 128,6 mg/kg nitrate content, in the fertilized tests it varied from 128,6 to 155,0 mg/kg. Maximum nitrate content was on the plot after the minimum N60P60K60 application and manure usage at 30 t/ha. Comparative study of the influence of mineral and organic fertilizers, as well as their combinations showed that after the application of organic fertilizer fewer nitrates accumulates in plants than after mineral and organic-mineral.