Cucumber Extract Research Articles

Phytochemical, Nutritional and Medicinal Profile of <i>Cucumis sativus</i> L. (Cucumber)

Current studies were performed to review the phytochemistry, nutritional benefits, medicinal/therapeutic value, and cosmetic importance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Cucumber fruits are an important part of the human diet, often used in salads, pickles, and sauces, due to their nutritious qualities and health benefits. They are a good source of vitamins, minerals, soluble carbohydrates, proteins, etc. The leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, and bark of cucumber are rich in various phytoconstituents, including phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, phytosterols, phytoestrogens, saponins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, resins, and vitamins. Cucumbers are traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases, including high blood pressure, blood sugar issues, cancer, high cholesterol, kidney stones, constipation, Alzheimer's disease, eczema, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes-related problems. The therapeutic/pharmaceutical value of cucumbers may be attributed to their laxative, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, analgesic, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-diarrheal, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, thrombolytic, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, free radical scavenging, and wound-healing properties. Cucumbers also improve skin quality, promote skin whitening and smoothness, enhance natural beauty, regulate hydration, aid in weight loss, and reduce fat. They are used in cucumber creams, perfumes, face packs, and facials. Cucumber extract is incorporated into several formulations for topical skin treatments. This review article aims to explore the traditional uses, phytochemical contents, nutritional value, cosmetic applications, and pharmacological and therapeutic potential of cucumbers. It will be highly beneficial for a wide range of readers, including the general public, researchers, physicians, farmers, and agricultural stakeholders.

Common Home Remedies Do Not Deter Argentine Ants, Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), from a Preferred Harborage.

In two laboratory trials, natural products, including freshly picked leaves from spearmint, rosemary, and tansy plants, a water extract from soybean plants, peels from a common cucumber, and 1% peppermint oil in hexane, were placed in a moist harborage preferred by Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr), and the number of ants entering the harborage after two and four hours was counted. None of the recommended home remedies (tansy, cucumber, or soybean extract) deterred ants from an attractive, moist harborage in either trial, even when the quantity of these treatments was increased 4- to 10-fold. Freshly picked leaves from rosemary and spearmint plants deterred ants from harboring, and the 1% peppermint oil was the most deterrent of all treatments.

Antibacterial synergistic effect of sea cucumber extract and kelulut honey combination

Natural products remain one of the major sources of new drug molecules today. The combination of sea cucumber extract with stingless bee honey holds great potential for health supplement. However, the specific results of the combination have yet to be determined. In this study, the antibacterial activity of kelulut honey and Phyllophorus spiculata sea cucumber extract samples individually and in combination were assessed with disk-diffusion assays and broth dilution method. Most of the samples exhibit small or absence of inhibitory activity using disk-diffusion assay method. Only kelulut honey sample with 100% concentration has a positive antagonism effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. For the broth dilution method, Gram-positive bacteria were found to be more susceptible as compared to Gram-negative bacteria species, with lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of kelulut honey, sea cucumber or combination sample. The growth of gram-positive S. epidermidis is inhibited by sea cucumber extract at MIC value of 0.031 mg/mL, kelulut honey at MIC value of 0.063 mg/ mL and combination sample at MIC value of 0.063 mg/mL, all of which are of lower MIC value as compared to E. coli inhibition. The absorbance at optical density (OD) 600nm wavelength was also measured to monitor the growth of bacteria in solution. From the results, broth dilution proves to be a more effective method to assess the antibacterial activity in the combination samples. Two combinations showed the best antibacterial synergy (OD600 value of 0.000) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which were (1) ½ sea cucumber: ½ kelulut honey combination and (2) ¾ sea cucumber: ¼ kelulut honey combination. This preliminary evidence on their antibacterial synergistic activities is promising and shows possible commercialization potential.

Identification of novel anti-obesity saponins from the ovary of sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus)

The potential anti-obesity effects of sea cucumber extract have been reported. However, the individual saponins responsible for these effects are yet to be isolated and characterized. This study aimed to identify the most effective sea cucumber body part for inhibiting lipid accumulation in adipocytes and to elucidate the compounds responsible for this effect using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Sea cucumber ovary 80 % ethanol extract (SCOE) demonstrated remarkable efficacy in inhibiting adipocyte differentiation compared to other sea cucumber body parts with 50 % or 80 % ethanol extracts. SCOE anti-obesity effect was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet, which revealed significant reductions in body weight, serum lipids, adipose tissue, and liver weight. Using column chromatography, eight saponins were isolated from the SCOE, four of which exhibited potent inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation. Of these, three active saponins, holotoxins A, B, and D1, were newly identified. These findings highlight the potential of SCOE and its saponins as effective anti-obesity agents.

Measuring the impact of dietary supplementation with citrus or cucumber extract on chicken gut microbiota using 16s rRNA gene sequencing

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplements, citrus (CTS) and cucumber (CMB), on the jejunum and cecum microbiota of 14- and 28-days old broiler chickens to evaluate their impact on the gut health and assess their role as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (ABGPs). 16SrRNA gene sequencing revealed the overall bacterial microbiota composition was significantly affected by the gut site (p?<?0.001) but not by either of the dietary supplements, CTS and CMB, at both 14 and 28 days of age. However, as a result of Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSE), CTS dietary supplements significantly increased the counts of Lactobacillus (p?<?0.01) and decreased the counts of Enterococcus (p?<?0.01) and Clostridium (p?<?0.05) in the jejunum, whereas the counts of Blautia were increased (p?<?0.01) and Enterococcus were decreased (p?<?0.05) in the cecum at both ages. Only minor CMB effects were identified in the cecum and non in the jejunum. The use of CTS dietary supplements has been shown to be associated to the reduction of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Enterococcus and Clostridium) and to the growth of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Blautia) which are known to have positive effects on chicken health in terms of nutrients absorption, stimulation and production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Therefore, this study suggests that the use of a CTS supplemented diet could promote gut health while no clear advantages have been identified with the use of CMB as a dietary supplement.

Evaluation of the potential of Stichopus Herrmanni extract in inhibiting cervical cancer cell proliferation

BackgroundSea cucumbers, particularly Stichopus herrmanni, are known for their medicinal value in Asian traditional medicine owing to the abundant presence of saponins, terpenoids, and phenols. Investigations on these bioactive compounds have revealed their cytotoxic propensity against various cancer cell lines, indicating their therapeutic potential. However, limited research exists on the potential application of sea cucumber extracts specifically in cervical cancer. PurposeThis study aimed to identify the bioactive components of Stichopus herrmanni extract, determine their association with potential targets in cervical cancer, and evaluate their cytotoxic effects on cervical cancer cells. Study DesignThis experimental study employed both in vitro and in silico methods to evaluate the potential cytotoxic effects of Stichopus herrmanni extracts on cervical cancer cells. MethodsLiquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify and quantify the bioactive constituents of Stichopus herrmanni crude extract. An in silico approach was used to identify the active components, potential targets, and signaling pathways of the extract. Furthermore, the MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the extract. ResultsLC-MS analysis identified the presence of rengyol, eucommiol, ganoderic acid, and 6-isoinosine in the extracts. An in silico study based on structural analysis identified ganoderic acid and isoinosine as crucial active components capable of regulating majority of the targets associated with cervical cancer. Overlapping targets, namely, CASP3, CAT, FASLG, IL24, TP53, TP53BP1, ALB, BDNF, and COX2 between cervical cancer and the extract highlighted new therapeutic prospects for cervical cancer following protein-protein interaction network screening. The in vitro cytotoxic effects of the extracts were established in HeLa cells. ConclusionResearch indicates that Stichopus herrmanni may be a valuable source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in the treatment of cancer and the induction of apoptosis

Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeONPs) and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs) Produced with Aerial Part Extract of Cucumber

Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeONPs) and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs) Produced with Aerial Part Extract of Cucumber

Fabrication of sustainable, antioxidant, and antibacterial PVA nanomembranes loaded with plant extracts for dermal applications

Nanotechnology is unfolding its enormous abilities due to its unique attributes, such as large surface area, increased entrapment sites, and high surface energy. Similarly, nanotechnology-based products are replacing conventional ones due to their superior effectiveness. We have developed a dry, biocompatible, anti-oxidative, and antibacterial electrospun nanomembranes loaded with Cucumber (C. Sativus) and Aloe vera (A.B Miller) extract into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) that can be utilized as dermal/skin patch. Various physiochemical characterizations are performed, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), drug release, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity on the developed membranes to ensure their productivity. Optimal nanofiber diameters were determined to be 396 nm and 371 nm at 8% wt./wt. and 100% extract concentration. The average particle size of extracts was 155 & 177 nm, as determined by the Zeta sizer. The hydrophilicity of all developed nanomembranes is confirmed by having a water contact angle (WCA) of <60° and water absorption exceeding 550%. In addition, the nanomembranes exhibit burst drug release of > 72%, excellent biocompatibility, up to 92.8% cell viability, 86% anti-oxidative activity, and 99.8% effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. Lastly, nanomembranes can withstand a tensile strength of 53.88 N, an elongation of 1.72%, and an air permeability of 16.98 mm/sec, making them an ideal choice for multipurpose cosmetic/skin patches.

Ineffective Health Management for Family Hypertension Care in Sumberjambe Community Health Center

Background: The family is the smallest social unit in society that plays a role in reducing the risk of disease and increasing health status. Ineffective family health management occurs when the pattern of handling problems is not satisfactory enough to restore the health condition of family members. Purpose: This scientific work aims to identify healthcare problems with hypertensive families and provide interventions for families. Methods: This study used a case study method that described the health management of three families with hypertension in the Sumberjamber-Jember Health Center work area, then interventions were given in the form of health education, anti-hypertension exercises, and herbal cucumber juice therapy for three consecutive days. Results: After nursing care, it was obtained that there was an increase in knowledge related to hypertension seen from the pre-post test value, there was a change in blood pressure at 10 minutes before and after the anti-hypertension exercise, and no decrease in blood pressure was found after giving cucumber extract herbal therapy. Conclusion: Nurses can implement health education interventions, physical activity, and additional therapy in solving ineffective family health management problems.

Natural Peel-Off Mask Formulation and Evaluation (BY IJISRT)

Peel-off masks are used to treat problems like dead skin, and acne which involves whiteheads, and blackheads while providing nourishment to the skin. This article contains how rice granules, dried banana peel powder, cucumber extract, tragacanth gum, charcoal, gelatin, and neem bark can be used in peel-off masks. The properties of natural ingredients play an important role in removing impurities from the face and how they nourish, hydrate, and glow skin. From all the tests performed it was concluded that the 9th formulation gave the desired outcomes while others had some issues with the product.

The Addition Effect of Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopodidae) on the Quality of Snakehead Fish oil (C. striata) during Storage

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is one of the freshwater fish consumptions that has high economic value so that many people like it. Processing snakehead fish into fish oil can be an alternative to product diversification. Fish oil is an oil that contains high unsaturated fatty acids that are easily oxidized. Adding antioxidants to the oil can suppress oxidation so it is necessary to add antioxidant agents derived from natural ingredients such as sea cucumber extract (Stichopodidae). The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of sea cucumber extract antioxidants with the best concentration on changes in the quality of snakehead fish oil obtained from previous research during storage. The material used in this study was sea cucumber extract and snakehead fish oil. The study was carried out using experimental laboratories method using Split Plot in Time design where the difference in adding sea cucumber extract as the main plot and storage duration as a sub-plot for Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), Peroxide Value (PV), and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) tests. The treatment of this study was the addition of sea cucumber extract (0% as a control; 0.1%; 0.2%; 0.3%) with 2 storage points (0 and 5 days) for 3 repeats. Making sea cucumber extract extraction method using 96% ethanol. Parametric data were analyzed with Analysis of Variance tests (ANOVA) and Honest Real Difference (HRD) while non-parametric data were analyzed with Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney. The results of preliminary research obtained sea cucumber extract ration with 96% ethanol solvent of 16.1%, % inhibition of 80.30% and antioxidant activity of IC50 of 80.875 ppm (strong). The results of the main study obtained TBA values ranging from 0.07 to 0.27 mg. malonaldehyde/kg, PV range from 0.13 to 5.31 mEq/kg, and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) values range from 0.39 to 1.54%. Based on the results of the study showed that the interaction between the concentration of sea cucumber extract and the duration of storage had a real effect (p &lt; 0.05). 0% sea cucumber extract produced the lowest TBA sapling, which was 0.07±0.05 mg. malonaldehyde/kg, 0.1% yielded the lowest peroxide number at 3.40±1.25 mEq/kg, and 0.2% yielded the lowest FFA number of 0.58±0.00% on day 5. The results suggest that ethanolic extract of sea cucumber does not act as an efficient antioxidant agent to prevent fish oil degradation.

Sea Cucumber and Blueberry Extracts Suppress Inflammation and Reduce Acute Lung Injury through the Regulation of NF-κB/MAPK/JNK Signaling Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated C57BL/6 Mice.

Acute lung injury (ALI) represents a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality despite modern mechanical ventilators and multiple pharmacological strategies. Therefore, there is a need to develop efficacious interventions with minimal side effects. The anti-inflammatory activities of sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) and wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) extracts have been reported recently. However, their anti-inflammatory activities and the mechanism of action against ALI are not fully elucidated. Thus, the present study aims to understand the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of sea cucumber and wild blueberry extracts in the context of ALI. Experimental ALI was induced via intranasal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instillation in C57BL/6 mice and the anti-inflammatory properties were determined by cytokine analysis, histological examination, western blot, and qRT-PCR. The results showed that oral supplementation of sea cucumber extracts repressed nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, thereby downregulating the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the lung tissue and in the plasma. Wild blueberry extracts also suppressed the expression of IL-4. Furthermore, the combination of sea cucumber and wild blueberry extracts restrained MAPK signaling pathways by prominent attenuation of phosphorylation of NF-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) while the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly suppressed. Moreover, there was a significant and synergistic reduction in varying degrees of ALI lesions such as distorted parenchyma, increased alveoli thickness, lymphocyte and neutrophil infiltrations, fibrin deposition, pulmonary emphysema, pneumonia, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, and edema. The anti-inflammatory effect of the combination of sea cucumber and wild blueberry extracts is associated with suppressing MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby significantly reducing cytokine storm in LPS-induced experimental ALI.

Effect of an immune challenge and two feed supplements on broiler chicken individual breast muscle protein synthesis rate

Optimization of broiler chicken breast muscle protein accretion is key for the efficient production of poultry meat, whose demand is steadily increasing. In a context where antimicrobial growth promoters use is being restricted, it is important to find alternatives as well as to characterize the effect of immunological stress on broiler chicken's growth. Despite its importance, research on broiler chicken muscle protein dynamics has mostly been limited to the study of mixed protein turnover. The present study aims to characterize the effect of a bacterial challenge and the feed supplementation of citrus and cucumber extracts on broiler chicken individual breast muscle proteins fractional synthesis rates (FSR) using a recently developed dynamic proteomics pipeline. Twenty-one day-old broiler chickens were administered a single 2H2O dose before being culled at different timepoints. A total of 60 breast muscle protein extracts from five experimental groups (Unchallenged, Challenged, Control Diet, Diet 1 and Diet 2) were analysed using a DDA proteomics approach. Proteomics data was filtered in order to reliably calculate multiple proteins FSR making use of a newly developed bioinformatics pipeline. Broiler breast muscle proteins FSR uniformly decreased following a bacterial challenge, this change was judged significant for 15 individual proteins, the two major functional clusters identified as well as for mixed breast muscle protein. Citrus or cucumber extract feed supplementation did not show any effect on the breast muscle protein FSR of immunologically challenged broilers. The present study has identified potential predictive markers of breast muscle growth and provided new information on broiler chicken breast muscle protein synthesis which could be essential for improving the efficiency of broiler chicken meat production. SignificanceThe present study constitutes the first dynamic proteomics study conducted in a farm animal species which has characterized FSR in a large number of proteins, establishing a precedent for biomarker discovery and assessment of health and growth status. Moreover, it has been evidenced that the decrease in broiler chicken breast muscle protein following an immune challenge is a coordinated event which seems to be the main cause of the decreased growth observed in these animals.

Karakteristik Mutu Sabun Cair Alami Komposit Dengan Penambahan Kolagen Kulit Ikan Tuna (Thunnus albacores)

This study aims to analyze the quality of natural liquid soap extracts of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia S.) with the addition of tuna skin collagen (Thunnus albacores), describe the level of preference (hedonic) of panelists towards natural liquid soap and determine the selected product. This study consisted of two stages: the preliminary, which aims to obtain collagen. The main résearch aims to determine the formula of natural liquid soap with collagen concentration treatment of 1%, 3%, and 5% and characterize the quality of natural liquid soap. The parameters tested included collagen yield and chemical characteristics, which were analyzed descriptively, the hedonic value of soap, which was analyzed using Kruskal Wallis, and viscosity of liquid soap designed with RAL and analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan. The selected product was determined using Bayes' test, which was then tested for pH, foam stability, free fatty acids, and Total Plate Count (TPC), which were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that collagen yield is 5,021%, protein content is 76,89%, water content is 4,05%, fat content is 0,57%, and ash content is 0,20%. The results of the Kruskal Wallis test show that natural liquid soap with the addition of collagen has a significant effect on aroma, viscosity, and appearance but has no effect on the impression during its use, the imression after use, and the amount of foam. The ANOVA test shows that collagen has a significant effect on the viscosity of natural liquid soap. The characteristics of the selected natural liquid soap pH 7,41, foam stability 83,33%, free fatty acids 2,5%, and ALT 3,4×103, all of which meet the requirements of SNI (1996).

The Latest Research on 3 (Three) Types of Sea Cucumber Extract from Tegal Mas Island, Lampung

Sea cucumbers are deep-sea-dwelling invertebrate animals that are rich in nutrients and have been empirically used to prevent various degenerative diseases, especially due to their ability to dampen free radicals. The purpose of this study was to identify, and determine antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and toxic properties in extracts of several sea cucumber species originating from Tegal Mas Island, Lampung. The identification results of the three sea cucumber species were Stichopus vastus Sluiter (SV), Stichopus monotuberculatus Quay &amp; Gaimard (SM), and Stichopus quadrifasciatus Massin. (SQ). The extraction was performed by kinetic maceration against all parts of the sea cucumber using a 70% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity test using the DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrilhydrazyl) free radical suppression method and determination of the total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results showed that SV had the highest total phenolics and antioxidants with the lowest toxicity. However, optimisation of extraction between wet and dry sea cucumbers is still required. Extraction optimisation with various solvents can also be done to gain secondary metabolites more effectively.

A single-step method as a green approach to fabricate magnetite nanocomposite for removal of moxifloxacin and cadmium from aqueous solutions

The increasing pace of water resource contamination by heavy metal and pharmaceutical pollutants necessitates the use of advanced methods. Nanomaterials with unique properties are widely employed as adsorbents to address this issue. In this research, a single-step method was developed to coat the magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) on the sand to produce sand coated with MNPs (S-MNPs), then to use this nanocomposite for the removal of moxifloxacin (MFX) and cadmium (Cd(II)) from aqueous solutions. This method is intended to solve the problem of aggregation and difficulty in the separation of MNPs. The coating method was based on the green synthesis approach by coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions using green (polyphenolic) extract. The extract of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) peels was selected among six other types of vegetal peels. A trial and error procedure was performed to obtain the suitable amount of the extract to produce MNPs with higher stability and the desired surface functionality. It was found that 5 mL per 100 mL (extract/solution) is the best ratio. The synthesized MNPs were categorized by a set of tests. Then, the synthesized S-MNPs were used in a set of batch experiments with varying conditions to remove the contaminants, moreover, isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamic study were applied to study the ability of the manufactured nanocomposite to remove contaminants from aqueous solutions and to optimize its utilization. The experimental results proved that the synthesized S-MNPs have a good ability to remove the selected contaminants, with a removal capacity of 94 % and 80 % for MFX and Cd(II), respectively.

Effect of intra-alveolar delivery of Frondoside A on inflammatory response of delayed tooth replantation.

Frondoside A is a sea cucumber extract which is well known for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Frondoside A application in the alveolar socket on inflammatory responses after delayed replantation in rat teeth. Human periodontal ligament cells were cultured and exposed to Frondoside A. Cell-counting kit-8 assay was performed to evaluate the cell viability and nitric oxide assay was performed to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of Frondoside A. Molars were extracted from 32 Sprague-Dawley rats and randomly divided into control and Frondoside A groups. After 30 min of extra-oral dry time, molars were replanted. In the Frondoside A group, Frondoside A solution was applied in the alveolar socket before replantation. The animals were sacrificed after 28 days and histologically and immunohistochemically evaluated. 0.5 μM Frondoside A showed higher cellular viability at 6 h and lower production of nitric oxide compared with other Frondoside A solutions (p < .05). The Frondoside A group demonstrated lower inflammatory resorption scores in both middle 1/3 and apical 1/3 of root compared to the control group (p < .05). The Frondoside A group showed lower levels of expression in both cathepsin K and CD45 compared with the control group (p < .05). Within the limits of this study, intra-alveolar delivery of Frondoside A alleviates inflammatory root resorption in delayed replantation of rat teeth.

Anti-cancer Properties of Dietary Supplement CELNORM against Colon and Lung Cancer: An in vitro preliminary study

Cancer is a complex disease characterized by a cascade of events that culminate in the accumulation of several genetic alterations. Because of the high incidence and mortality rate, scientists began seeking novel medications that were harmful to cancer cells but not to healthy cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CELNORM and its various components individually in colon and lung cancer cells. Based on the LD50 value, colon and lung cancer cells were treated with two different dosages of curcumin, pepper, carrot and cucumber extracts, individually and CELNORM (formulation with all four ingredients). The cytotoxicity of each compound has been checked through morphological analysis and cell viability assay by using the CCK8 kit and statistically analyzed. qPCR-based Gene expression study has also been done to further validate the anti-cancerous properties of the compounds. Curcumin extract decreased cancer cell growth, as evidenced by cytotoxicity and morphological analyses, but pepper, carrot, and cucumber extracts showed a less significant reduction in cancer cell growth. CELNORM, on the other hand, had the highest significant effect in suppressing cell proliferation, indicating the novel health supplement CELNORM renders more efficacy than individual components. Gene expression analysis also verifies the anti-cancerous properties of CELNORM, though some gene expressions are not in the expected line. The morphological analysis and cell viability result has shown the efficacy of the CELNORM over the individual compounds of the CELNORM and gene expression analysis of proliferative genes such as Cyclin D, CDK6, PCNA and BCL-2 further validates the anti-cancerous properties of CELNORM and all four components.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of sea cucumber extracts collected from Lampung waters, Indonesia

Sea cucumbers are the most prevalent marine invertebrates in Indonesian waters, yet little research has been conducted on the bioactive substances found in the sea cucumbers harvested from these waters. To investigate the potential use of sea cucumber extracts and fractions such as antibacterial and antioxidant agents, five sea cucumber species were harvested from Lampung waters in Indonesia. The extraction process used the maceration method with methanol solvent, while fractionation was carried out with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol solvents. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method, and the antioxidant activity was assessed using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. The GC–MS method was used to identify the compounds in the methanol extract and butanol fraction of Holothuria lessoni. The results showed that only the n-hexane fraction of Stichopus quadrifasciatus and the methanol extract of H. lessoni had antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes, while the methanol extract of H. lessoni and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. leucospilota showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The n-hexane fraction of S. quadrifasciatus and the methanol extract of H. lessoni and Bohadschia marmorata recorded activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Among the tested extracts, Holothuria leucospilota showed the highest antioxidant activity in methanol extracts, with an IC50 value of 155.07 ​± ​3.05 ​μg/mL, followed by H. lessoni (163.83 ​± ​4.46 ​μg/mL), Stichopus vastus (209.45 ​± ​2.40 ​μg/mL), S. quadrifasciatus (245.85 ​± ​34.97 ​μg/mL), and B. marmorata (382.86 ​± ​45.37 ​μg/mL), respectively. Cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl- (C18H54O9Si9), cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl (C12H36O6Si), and cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- (C16H48O8Si8) were identified as the main compounds in the tested samples using GC–MS analysis. In conclusion, H. lessoni is a valuable source of natural antibacterial and antioxidant agents.

Antioxidant and antibacterial activity test on a crude extract of sand (Holothuria atra) in Lemukutan water, Bengkayang District

Sea cucumbers are soft-bodied marine invertebrates from the Holothuroidea class whose habitat is in sandy areas. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites in crude extracts of sea cucumber which have the potential as antioxidants and antibacterials. The type of sea cucumber used in this research is the sand sea cucumber (Holothuria atra). The research was carried out from October 2020-February 2021. Samples were taken using the exploratory method, the sea cucumber samples were processed with 5 treatments, namely cleaning and crushing sea cucumber samples, extraction using the maceration method, evaporation with a vacuum rotary evaporator, and drying using freeze-drying. The bioactive components found in sea cucumbers are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenols. The antioxidant activity found in sea cucumbers has an IC50 1194 ppm which is classified as a weak antioxidant. The antibacterial activity found intraday sand sea cucumbers E. coli gave the highest inhibition zone at a concentration of 20% with an inhibition zone diameter of 20.08 mm while S. aureus gave the highest inhibition zone at a concentration of 30% with an inhibition zone diameter of 22.17 mm.