Crystal Violet Research Articles

Growth mechanism and SERS effect of Ag nanowire arrays prepared by solid-state ionics method

Solid-state ionic method has attracted more and more attention due to its simple operation and controllable preparation, but its growth mechanism is still uncertain. In this work, Ag nanowire (Ag NW) arrays prepared by solid-state ionics method at 5 μA impressed currents using fast ionic conductor RbAg4I5 films and different metal electrodes were reported. The conduction mode of Ag+ in RbAg4I5 films, the growth mechanism of Ag NW arrays prepared by solid-state ionics method and the effect of microscopic morphology on surface-enhance Raman scattering (SERS) performance were investigated. The results show that Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with diameters from 40 nm to 70 nm were attached to the surface of Ag NW arrays with diameters of 80–150 nm prepared with different metal electrodes, which lead to Ag NW arrays have high surface roughness. The conduction velocity and stability of Ag+ in RbAg4I5 films are closely related to the morphology of Ag NW arrays. The irregular electrode interface and apical growth advantage resulted in the fractal dimension of Ag NW arrays prepared with Ag electrodes is 1.69 due to macroscopic dendritic structure. Ag NW arrays have excellent SERS performance due to the many Ag NPs attached to the surface of the closely aligned Ag NWs, the limit of detection (LOD) for Basic Fuchsin (BF) and Crystal Violet (CV) detected by Ag NW arrays SERS substrates prepared with Ag electrodes are as low as 10−11and 10−14mol/L, respectively. This paper provides a reference for the preparation method of metal nanostructures, Ag NW arrays have good potential for application in the field of trace analysis.

Carbon monoxide refines ovarian structure changes and attenuates oxidative stress via modulating of heme oxygenase system in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: An experimental study

Background: Carbon monoxide (CO), influences ovarian function, pregnancy, and placental health. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and its products, including CO, exhibit protective and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: This study investigates the protective effects of CO released by the carbon dioxide-releasing molecule (CORM)-2 against oxidative stress, functional and structural changes of the ovaries, and HO-1 expressions in female rats suffering from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 24 Rattus norvegicus var. Albinus female rats (180–200 gr, 8 wk) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 6/each): control, CORM-2 (10 mg/kg), PCOS (induced by 4 mg/kg, intramuscular injection and a single dose of estradiol valerate), PCOS + CORM-2. Ovary histological changes were evaluated by crystal violet staining. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of ovarian tissue were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HO-1 expression was evaluated using Western blot. Results: Corpus luteal formation significantly decreased in the PCOS group and was significantly restored with CORM-2 administration compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The expression of ovarian HO-1 protein was reduced in the PCOS group compared to controls (p < 0.01), and administration of CORM in PCOS rats significantly increased its expression (p < 0.0001). In addition, CORM administration markedly reduced ovarian MDA levels and restored SOD activity (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: CORM-2 administration to PCOS rats created protective effects by reducing oxidative stress (reducing MDA level and restoring SOD activity) and increasing ovarian HO-1 protein. Key words: PCOS, Rat, Oxidative stress, Heme oxygenase, CORM.

Adsorption behavior of cationic dyes on starch nanocrystals: Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic insights from single to multi-component systems

The adsorptive potential of starch nanocrystals (SNCs) was evaluated for the elimination of methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and malachite green (MG) from aqueous media in single, binary, and ternary dye systems using batch mode experiments. SNCs were extracted using mild acid hydrolysis to remove the amorphous parts of native granular starch, and they were characterized using different physicochemical methods, such as FESEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, TGA, and pHZPC. The results revealed that the optimal pH for dye removal in both single and mixed dye systems was found to be 9.0. The equilibrium time increased from 5 to 20 min when the system was changed from single to binary, and then further increased to 30 min when the system was changed to ternary. The equilibrium data for single-dye systems exhibited a good fit with the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.98, SEE <3.52 mg g−1), whereas for binary and ternary dye mixtures, the extended Langmuir model provided an accurate representation of the experimental data (R2 > 0.99, SEE <1.33 mg g−1). Among the single, binary, and ternary systems, the highest adsorption capacities were observed for MB, MB in the (MB + MG) binary system, and MB in the (MB + CV + MG) ternary system. The respective adsorption capacities were recorded as 79.55 mg g−1, 61.91 mg g−1, and 43.59 mg g−1. The adsorption of dyes onto the SNCs was inherently spontaneous and endothermic, and adhered to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model in single dye systems as well as mixed dye systems. It can be concluded that the SNCs are capable of being utilized for five consecutive cycles in the adsorption-desorption process for single dye systems and three consecutive cycles for mixed dye systems. This suggests that the SNCs have potential as a sustainable and efficient option for dye removal in mixture systems.

The Marine Antimicrobial Peptide AOD with Intact Disulfide Bonds Has Remarkable Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity.

American Oyster Defensin (AOD) is a marine peptide that is derived from North American mussels. It has been demonstrated to exhibit potent antimicrobial activity and high safety in both in vitro and in vivo models. In this study, to facilitate synthesis, mutants of AOD with fewer disulfide bonds were designed and subjected to structural, antimicrobial, and anti-biofilm analysis. The antimicrobial activity of AOD-derived peptides decreased after reduction in the disulfide bond, and among its three derivatives, only AOD-1 inhibited very few bacteria with a MIC value of 64 μg/mL, whereas the others had no inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria. The findings demonstrated that full disulfide bonds are indispensable for bactericidal activity, with the α-helix playing a pivotal role in inhibiting bacterial membranes. Furthermore, the results of the ATP, ROS, membrane potential, and membrane fluidity assays demonstrated that intracellular ATP, reactive oxygen species, and membrane fluidity were all increased, while membrane potential was reduced. This indicated that AOD resulted in the impairment of membrane fluidity and induced metabolic disorders, ultimately leading to bacterial death. The inhibitory effect of AOD on the biofilm of S. epidermidis G-81 was determined through the crystal violet and confocal microscopy. The results demonstrated that AOD exhibited a notable inhibitory impact on the biofilm of S. epidermidis G-81. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of AOD on S. epidermidis G-81 was 16 μg/mL, and the minimum biofilm scavenging concentration was 32 μg/mL, which exhibited superior efficacy compared to that of lincomycin. The inhibitory effect on the primary biofilm was 90.3%, and that on the mature biofilm was 82.85%, with a dose-dependent inhibition effect. Concurrently, AOD cleared intra-biofilm organisms and reduced the number of biofilm-holding bacteria by six orders of magnitude. These data indicate that disulfide bonds are essential to the structure and activity of AOD, and AOD may potentially become an effective dual-action antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent.

Green synthesis of novel Z-scheme SnS2/HAp nanocomposite using Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract and investigation of its photocatalytic activity.

The present study focuses on the green synthesis of a novel Z-scheme SnS₂/HAp photocatalyst using Ocimum tenuiflorum (tulsi) leaf extract as a stabilizing agent. This approach not only emphasizes sustainability but also adds value to waste by extracting hydroxyapatite (HAp) from Labeo rohita fish scales, addressing the challenge of their disposal. The synthesized photocatalyst was thoroughly characterized using a range of analytical techniques to evaluate its crystal structure, optical properties, morphology, and elemental composition. The photocatalytic activity of the SnS₂/HAp composite was assessed through the degradation of gentian violet (GV) dye, a representative organic pollutant. Various reaction parameters were optimized to enhance the degradation efficiency, and the photocatalyst's performance was further tested across different water matrices. Under optimal conditions, the SnS₂/HAp photocatalyst achieved a maximum photodegradation efficiency of 97.49% with a rate constant of 0.0494min- 1 for GV dye. Additionally, it exhibited an efficiency greater than 70% against other emerging pollutants via advanced oxidation processes (AOP). The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the formation of a Z-Scheme heterojunction between SnS2 and HAp, which enhanced the charge separation efficiency and delayed the charge recombination. The study also demonstrated the photocatalyst's remarkable reusability, maintaining high performance over five cycles and across various water environments. This highlights its potential as a sustainable solution for the removal of organic pollutants from aqueous streams. Finally, a Z-scheme electron transport mechanism is proposed to explain the photodegradation process of GV dye using the SnS₂/HAp photocatalyst.

Crystal violet removal from waste water by sulfonated poly (glycidyl methacrylate) nano-adsorbent: optimization by response surface methodology, isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies

Crystal violet removal from waste water by sulfonated poly (glycidyl methacrylate) nano-adsorbent: optimization by response surface methodology, isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies

Zidovudine in synergistic combination with nitrofurantoin or omadacycline: in vitro and in murine urinary tract or lung infection evaluation against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Limited treatment options and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae present a significant therapeutic challenge, underscoring the need for novel approaches. Drug repurposing is a promising tool for augmenting the activity of many antibiotics. This study aimed to identify novel synergistic drug combinations against K. pneumoniae based on drug repurposing. We used the clinically isolated GN 172867 MDR strain of K. pneumoniae to determine the reversal resistance activity of zidovudine (AZT). The combined effects of AZT and various antibiotics, including nitrofurantoin (NIT) and omadacycline (OMC), were examined using the checkerboard method, growth curves, and crystal violet assays to assess biofilms. An in vitro combination activity testing was carried out in 12 isolates of K. pneumoniae. In vivo murine urinary tract and lung infection models were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects of AZT + NIT and AZT + OMC, respectively. The fractional inhibitory concentration index and growth curve demonstrated that AZT synergized with NIT or OMC against K. pneumoniae strains. In addition, AZT + NIT inhibited biofilm formation and cleared mature biofilms. In vivo, compared with untreated GN 172867-infected mice, AZT + NIT and AZT + OMC treatment decreased colony counts in multiple tissues (P < 0.05) and pathological scores in the bladder and kidneys (P < 0.05) and increased the survival rate by 60% (P < 0.05). This study evaluated the combination of AZT and antibiotics to treat drug-resistant K. pneumoniae infections and found novel drug combinations for the treatment of acute urinary tract infections. These findings suggest that AZT may exert significant anti-resistance activity.

Inkjet Printing Patterned Plasmonic SERS Platform with Surface-Optimized Paper for Label-Free Detection of Illegal Drugs in Urine.

Rapid quantitative testing of illegal drugs is urgently needed for precisely cracking down on drug crimes. Herein, an optimized paper-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform with patterned printing of plasmonic nanoparticles was constructed for the on-site quick testing of illegal drugs in urine. The filter paper was first coated with a layer of positive-charged chitosan, so as to reduce its roughness by filling the holes of the cellulose matrix and enhance the adhesion of negative-charged silver ink. Subsequently, hydrophobic modification was performed based on the binary silylation reaction, which could obviously improve the sensitivity of the paper-based SERS substrate by concentrating the amount of analyte. Meanwhile, SERS-active silver ink was fabricated and further printed on the surface of the above modified paper with custom-designed pattern (3 × 6). The performance of this SERS platform was assessed by using crystal violet (CV) as a model tag, and the obtained results proved it possesses excellent sensitivity and reproducibility, in which the relative standard deviation (RSD) dropped remarkably. More importantly, as a proof of concept, rapid detection of standard methylamphetamine (MAMP), one of the most widely abused drugs, was achieved with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.43 ppb using a portable Raman spectrometer. And it also had a good capability in human urine sample detection, with a correlation index (R2) up to 0.9927. This optimized paper-based SERS platform was easily manufactured, cheap, and portable, providing a new strategy for the on-site detection of illicit drugs.

Transfer of beef bacterial communities onto food-contact surfaces.

Food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria on food-contact surfaces, especially biofilm-forming strains, can transfer to meats during processing. The objectives of this study were to survey the bacterial communities of beef cuts that transfer onto two commonly used food-contact surfaces, stainless steel (SS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and identify potentially biofilm-forming strains. Top round, flank, chuck, and ground beef were purchased from 3 retail stores. SS and HDPE coupons (approximately 2cm × 5cm) were placed on beef portions (3h, 10°C), after which, the coupons were submerged halfway in PBS (24h, 10°C). Bacteria from the beef cuts and coupon surfaces (n = 3) were collected, plated on tryptic soy agar plates and incubated (5 days, 25°C). Bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and assayed for biofilm formation using a crystal violet binding (CV) assay (72h, 10°C). Additionally, beef and coupon samples were collected for bacterial community analysis by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Sixty-one of 972 beef isolates, 29 of 204 HDPE isolates, and 30 of 211 SS isolates were strong biofilm-formers (Absorbance>1.000 at 590 nm in the CV assay). Strong-binding isolates identified were of the genera Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter, Carnobacterium, and Brochothrix. Coupon bacterial communities among stores and cuts were distinct (p < 0.001, PERMANOVA), but there was no distinction between the communities found on HDPE or SS coupons (p > 0.050, PERMANOVA). The bacterial communities identified on the coupons may help determine the communities capable of transferring and colonizing onto surfaces, which can subsequently cross-contaminate foods.

Adsorptive removal of toxic crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using buckwheat/Fe3O4 composites

Adsorptive removal of toxic crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using buckwheat/Fe3O4 composites

Magnetically separable Bi2O2CO3/MIL-101(Fe)/CoFe2O4 nanostructured catalysts for heterogeneous reductive remediation of nitrophenols and organic dyes

A new magnetically separable nanocomposite, Bi2O2CO3/MIL-101(Fe)/CoFe2O4, was successfully synthesized through a hydrothermal method. The composite was characterized through various analytical techniques. The nanocomposite demonstrated good catalytic efficiency in reducing nitroaromatic compounds and organic dyes by using NaBH4 reducing agent in aqueous solutions at room temperature. The apparent rate constant (kapp) values for 4-nitrophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 2-nitroaniline, and 4-nitroaniline were recorded at 0.457, 0.253, 1.52, and 0.564 min⁻¹, respectively, achieving complete conversion in just 2 to 9 min. Under similar conditions, methylene blue, methyl orange, rhodamine B, congo red, and crystal violet organic dyes were reduced to 98–100 % within 4 to 20 min, with kapp values ranging from 0.157 to 0.885 min⁻¹. Furthermore, the influence of catalyst dosage, NaBH4 concentration, and substrate concentration on the reduction process was examined. Importantly, the nanocomposite can be recovered using an external magnet and reused over four consecutive cycles without a significant reduction in catalytic efficiency.

Ecofriendly k-Carrageenan-Based Hydrogel with Strong Adsorption and Higher Abilities to Remove Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution: Thermodynamic, Isotherm and Kinetic Investigation

Ecofriendly k-Carrageenan-Based Hydrogel with Strong Adsorption and Higher Abilities to Remove Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution: Thermodynamic, Isotherm and Kinetic Investigation

Mycosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Aspergillus penicillioides for toxic metal removal and photocatalytic applications

Globally, heavy metal pollution, especially lead and nickel, is becoming a problem and is of great concern due to its adverse effects. This study focuses on the eco-friendly biosynthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Aspergillus penicillioides metabolites as capping and reducing agents. The myco-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized as oblate spherical and applied for photocatalytic removal of lead and nickel from industrial effluent. Optimal conditions for removal included lead and nickel concentrations of 60 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL TiO2 nanoparticle concentration, a pH of 6, and sunlight irradiation. The kinetics and isotherm of adsorption were explained. Effective degradation of lead and nickel by using TiO2 nanoparticles was confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The nanoparticles demonstrated effective photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye achieved a high of 86.9% in 4h and 25% in 2 h, respectively, and showed promising biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and protein leakage properties. The hemolytic assay confirmed their ecological sustainability for bioremediation. The study highlights the effectiveness of new bio-based TiO2 nanoparticles arbitrated by Aspergillus penicillioides as effective bioremediation agents.

Kinetics Analysis of Crystal Violet Adsorption from Aqueous Solution onto Flamboyant Pod Biochar

The increasing presence of presistent synthetic dyes, like crystal violet (CV), in wastewater poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Biochar derived from agricultural waste offers a promising, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach for dye removal. This study explores the potential of flamboyant pod biochar (FPB) as a novel and sustainable adsorbent for CV removal. FPB offers a unique advantage as it utilizes readily available flamboyant pod waste, promoting waste valorization and a cost-effective approach. FPB was synthesized through a simple process involving milling, sun-drying, and pyrolyzing flamboyant pod waste at 300 °C. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of contact time and initial dye concentration on removal efficiency. Kinetic modeling using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models explored the underlying mechanisms governing the adsorption process. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited a superior fit (R² &amp;gt; 0.87) compared to the pseudo-first-order model, suggesting a chemisorption mechanism governing the adsorption process. These findings demonstrate the potential of FPB as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for CV removal from wastewater.

Use of Brushite as Adsorbent for the Removal of Anionic and Cationic Dyes Present in Aqueous Solutions

Currently, water pollution caused by dyes is a serious problem since they are toxic and carcinogenic to living beings. To reduce the presence of these contaminants, natural adsorbents have been considered as they are easy to obtain, inexpensive, and have high removal efficiency. In this work, the adsorption process using natural brushite (nDCPD) was studied for the removal of phenol red (PR), achieving a removal rate of 99.15% and an adsorption capacity of 82.24 mg/g, and gentian violet (GV), achieving a removal rate of 97.03% and an adsorption capacity of 74.22 mg/g. Equilibrium adsorption occurs for both dyes in multiple layers on the surface. The adsorption process is spontaneous for both dyes. The kinetics of the adsorption process involve using a single active site on the surface for PR adsorption, while for GV, two active sites on the surface are required. Analysis via FTIR, EDS, and XRD revealed various mechanisms that intervene in the adsorption process of both dyes on the surface of nDCPD, such as electrostatic forces, functional groups, physisorption, and ion exchange.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Iron Oxide Biochar Composite for Efficient Removal of Crystal Violet from Water

In the present study, Coconut Husk Biochar (CHB) was synthesise from widely available, locally sourced agro waste, coconut husk and characterized using different techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). CHB was tested for its ability to adsorb crystal violet (CV), a commonly used cationic dye, from water. It was capable of adsorbing more than 98% of CV from water and follows Freundlich isotherm model with pseudo second order kinetics though the overall process was unfavourable. Moreover, separation of CHB from water after adsorption is a cumbersome process. Thus, unmodified CHB is not suitable for use as an adsorbent for CV. Magnetic nano iron oxide Biochar Composite (MBC) was synthesized by deposition of nano iron oxide (Fe3O4) onto its surface by co-precipitation method and characterized using SEM, XRD and FTIR. SEM analysis provided visual evidence of this deposition which was further confirmed by XRD and FTIR analysis. MBC was also effective in adsorbing more than 90% of CV from aqueous solution though a decrease in adsorption capacity was observed. Adsorption data followed Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetics. MBC is superparamagnetic and is strongly attracted to a small bar magnet, facilitating easy removal from water after CV adsorption.

Exploration of supramolecular solvent-based microextraction for crystal violet detecting in water samples

This approach highlights the advantages of supramolecular solvents in a new microextraction model. The distinct properties and behavior of this supramolecular solvent provide enhanced extraction capabilities for detecting crystal violet (CV) in water samples. The methodical experimentation was executed to optimize the critical process parameters, providing maximum efficiency of crystal violet extraction at optimal conditions with pH set at 2.7, 186 μL of extraction solvent, extraction time of 3.5 min, and a salt amount of 3.1 % w/v, yielding the best results. Analytical data from extraction experiments under these optimal conditions demonstrated a high extraction percentage. The extraction model exhibited a linear response within the range of 10–800 ng mL−1 of crystal violet, with a detection limit of 2 ng mL−1. This model enables the measurement of CV in water samples with recovery rates exceeding 97 %, offering a straightforward and accessible approach for analysis.

Green synthesis of Z-scheme CeO2 decorated ZnO nanocomposites for photodegradation of organic pollutants, antioxidant activity and its effects on seed germination

The present work aimed to report a green synthesis of CeO2@ZnO nanocomposites via co-precipitation method using azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract. The characterization of the prepared CeO2@ZnO nanocomposites were done using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDAX, UV–vis, and PL techniques to examine the structural properties, functional group, morphological and electronic properties. As prepared CeO2@ZnO nanocomposites have been used for photo degradation of Crystal Violet (CV), Methylene blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes in presence of solar light in aqueous solution. From structural analysis the mean crystallite sizes of the synthesized nanocomposites varied from 27 nm to 9 nm. The degradation of MB, CV and RhB dyes follows pseudo-first order reaction rate with the rate constantsk1 for MB is 10.09 × 10−3 min−1, k1 for CV is 8.71 × 10−3 min−1, k1 for RhB is 0.92 × 10−3 min−1.The characterized nanocomposites were used for seedling growth, physiological and biochemical responses during seed germination. In CeO2@ZnO nanocomposites treatments, significantly higher values of shoot length and root length were observed in CZ1 (0.5, and 1 mg/ml) treated seedlings as compared to other samples. Similarly, the activities of ɑ-amylase and protease enzymes were recorded to be maximum for CZ1 nanocomposites. For instance, the increased activity of α-amylase was observed to be 2.12, 2.09, and 1.33 folds higher in CZ1, CZ2, and CZ3 (1 mg/ml) treated seedlings as compared to the control. Similarly, the protease activity was reported to be increased by 0.011 folds in CZ1 nanocomposites (1 mg/ml) treated seedlings as compared to the control. Furthermore, all the CeO2@ZnOnanocomposites have excellent DPPH, and ABTS free radical scavenging activities, confirmed by the Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. The CZ1 nanocomposites showed the best results. The CeO2@ZnO nanocomposites were found to have no toxic effects on cellular division confirmed with improved mitotic index under different treatment regimens.

The Chitinous Skeleton of Ianthella basta Marine Demosponge as a Renewable Scaffold-Based Carrier of Antiseptics

The chitinous skeleton of the marine demosponge Ianthella basta exhibits a unique network-like 3D architecture, excellent capillary properties, and chemical inertness, making it highly suitable for interdisciplinary research, especially in biomedical applications. This study investigates the potential of renewable I. basta chitinous scaffolds for drug delivery and wound dressing. The scaffolds, characterized by a microtubular structure, were impregnated with selected commercially available antiseptics, including solutions with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. Evaluations against selected clinical strains of bacteria, as well as fungi, demonstrated significant zones of growth inhibition with antiseptics such as brilliant green, gentian violet, decamethoxine, and polyhexanide. Notably, the antibacterial properties of these antiseptic-treated chitin matrices persisted for over 72 h, effectively inhibiting microbial growth in fresh cultures. These findings highlight the considerable potential of I. basta chitin scaffolds as sustainable, innovative biomaterials for controlled drug release and wound dressing applications.

Tailoring the structural, optical and catalytic properties of ZnFe2O4 by rare earth metals doping and their incorporation into CNTs matrix

Photocatalysts play an important role in the effective removal of organic effluents and are considered the best material for this purpose. In the current study, zinc ferrite (ZF), strontium, and holmium co-doped zinc ferrite (SHZF) and composite with the CNTs (SHZF@CNTs) were prepared. Various characterization techniques were used to check their successful synthesis, catalytic activity, and electrochemical properties. The Debye Scherrer formula was used to calculate the crystallite size of the synthesized samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analysis was performed, and it showed that the prepared CNTs-based composite showed less resistance than bare and co-doped samples. Crystal violet (CV) and phenol were employed as model organic effluents. SHZF@CNTs showed 93.26 % and 57.64 % degradation of CV and phenol, respectively. SHZF@CNTs showed higher degradation efficiency than other as-fabricated samples due to the presence of carbon nanotubes. A radical trapping experiment was also performed to investigate which species are more active during the redox reaction for the photodegradation of organic compounds.