Crystal Violet Research Articles

Application of R. Palustris in simulated wastewater purification and the degradation mechanism of crystal violet.

Azo dyes and triphenylmethane dyes poses a large threat to human health, There are many ways to degrade dyes while biodegraded are considered simpler, environmentally friendly, and economical. This study have researched the ability of Rhodopseudomonas palustris (R. palustris) to degrade multiple dyes. In this study, the ability of R. palustris to degrade multiple dyes was investigated. Specifically, the degradation efficiency of R. palustris for crystal violet (CV), malachite green (MG), congo red (CR), as well as COD, inorganic phosphorus, nitro, and nitroso compounds in simulated wastewater was evaluated using colorimetric methods. CV was selected for further analysis, and its intermediate metabolites were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, GC-MS, and HPLC-MS. Additionally, the gene expression levels of key enzymes involved in CV degradation were analyzed by RT-PCR, and a potential degradation pathway for CV was proposed. The results demonstrated that the degradation rates of CV, MG, and CR in simulated wastewater reached 97%, 92%, and 58%, respectively. Meanwhile, the degradation rates of COD, inorganic phosphorus, nitro, and nitroso compounds were up to 89.51%, 92.83%, 86.49%, and 85.91%, respectively. The intermediate metabolites of CV degradation by R. palustris included leucocrystal violet, triphenylmethane, and phenol. Notably, the gene expression levels of NADH-QO, NADH-FO, P450, Mett, and Nir were upregulated in the presence of CV. Based on these findings, a potential degradation pathway for CV by R. palustris was proposed: CV undergoes deamination via nitroreductase, followed by triphenylmethane cleavage into benzene and methylbenzene through oxidoreductases. Methylbenzene is then converted to phenol by methyltransferase. Although a potential degradation pathway for CV by R. palustris has been proposed, it remains a hypothesis. It still need to comprehensively investigate the genes associated with dye degradation in R. palustris through transcriptomics and to further validate the crystal violet degradation pathway proposed in this study.

Chlorogenic acid targets SIRT6 to relieve UVB - induced UV damage.

Skin photoaging, one of the most critical types of exogenous skin aging, occurs when the skin is exposed to excessive ultraviolet radiation, leading to a series of skin-aging problems. The objective of this study was to utilize keratinocytes (HaCaT) treated with medium wave ultraviolet (UVB) as a photoaging model to investigate the anti-photoaging activity of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and preliminarily elucidate its underlying mechanism. The crystal violet assay shows that both 100 and 150 µM of CGA can significantly suppress the cell damage induced by 21.6mJ/cm² UVB. Furthermore, the results of comet electrophoresis and Western Blot (WB) experiments demonstrate that CGA and OSS-128,167 (SIRT6 inhibitor) can effectively inhibit DNA damage caused by UVB, thereby alleviating cell apoptosis. The co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) and WB results suggest that CGA and OSS-128,167 can effectively suppress the activity and expression of the deacetylase of SIRT6, thus enhancing the expression of DDB2 and activating the nucleotide excision repair (NER) of cells to achieve the anti-photoaging effect. The aforementioned results imply that CGA activates NER repair and protects cells from UVB-induced damage by inhibiting the deacetylation activity of SIRT6 and subsequently decreasing the deacetylation modification of DDB2. The study elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of CGA on skin photoaging and establishes a theoretical basis for the development of CGA based sunscreen formulations.

PotF Affects the Antibacterial Activity of Plantaricin BM-1 Against Escherichia coli K12 by Modulating Biofilm Formation and Cell Membrane Integrity.

Plantaricin BM-1 exhibits antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the function of PotF, a putrescine-binding protein, in regulating the antibacterial activity of plantaricin BM-1 against E. coli K12. The antibacterial activity of plantaricin BM-1 against E. coli K12 and JW0838 cells was assessed using growth curves. The differences in biofilm formation between the two E. coli strains were evaluated by crystal violet staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The effects of plantaricin BM-1 on E. coli morphology and cell membrane integrity were investigated by electron microscopy and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Proteomics was used to screen for differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) that are potentially involved in regulating the antibacterial mechanism. The null mutation of potF enhanced the antibacterial effects of plantaricin BM-1 on E. coli, and caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the biofilms of E. coli JW0838. The plantaricin disrupted the cell membrane of E. coli JW0838. Proteomic analysis revealed that potF mutation significantly affected several DEPs involved in biofilm formation. Plantaricin BM-1 exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity against biofilm-associated gene mutants compared to wild-type E. coli K12. These findings enhance our understanding of the bacteriostasis of class IIa bacteriocins against Gram-negative microorganisms.

Adefovir anticancer potential: Network pharmacology, anti-proliferative & apoptotic effects in HeLa cells.

Cervical cancer presents a significant healthcare challenge due to recurrent disease and drug resistance, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Network pharmacology facilitates drug repurposing by elucidating multi-target mechanisms of action. Adefovir, an acyclic nucleotide analog, has shown promising potential in cervical cancer treatment, particularly in HeLa cells. In vitro studies have demonstrated that adefovir inhibits HeLa cell proliferation by enhancing apoptosis while maintaining a low cytotoxicity profile at therapeutic concentrations, making it an attractive candidate for further exploration. A combined network pharmacology and in vitro study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanism of adefovir against cervical cancer. Potential gene targets for adefovir and cervical cancer were predicted using database analysis. Hub targets were identified, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed. Molecular docking assessed adefovir's binding affinity to key targets. In vitro cytotoxic assays, including 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet assays, were performed using 96-well plates to evaluate anti-proliferative effects in HeLa cells. Apoptosis was assessed via p53 immunocytochemistry Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ELISA (VEGF ELISA) was used to measure cell proliferation. Venn analysis identified 144 common targets between adefovir and cervical cancer. Network analysis revealed key hub targets involved in oncogenic pathways. Molecular docking demonstrated strong binding between adefovir and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 (MAPK3) and SRC proteins. In vitro, adefovir significantly suppressed HeLa cell viability, with an Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) of 7.8 μM, outperforming 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Additionally, it induced apoptosis via p53 activation and inhibited cell proliferation through VEGF suppression. These integrated computational and experimental findings suggest that adefovir exerts multi-targeted effects against cervical cancer. Its promising preclinical efficacy warrants further investigation as a potential alternative therapy.

Isolation, Chemical Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Pseudocyphellaria faveolata

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, highlighting the urgent need for novel antimicrobial agents. Among the mechanisms of resistance, bacteria can release drug-degrading enzymes and express efflux pumps, as well as grow in protected aggregates known as biofilms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are among the most prevalent biofilm infections in chronic wounds, respiratory and urinary tract infections, and device-associated infections. Pseudocyphellaria faveolata (Delise) Malme is a lichen with metabolites with unexplored antimicrobial potential. Aims: To identify and characterize the major metabolites present in Pseudocyphellaria Faveolata and to determine their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: The molecules were purified by column chromatography and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of the compounds was determined in terms of proliferation, adhesion, and viability against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus by the broth microdilution method and crystal violet staining. Viability was determined by the resazurin reduction assay on normal human fibroblasts to determine cytotoxicity over human cells. Results: The major metabolites were spectroscopically characterized and identified as physciosporin and methyl virensate. Physciosporin showed antimicrobial activity on S. aureus, with a MIC of 32 μg/mL and MBC of 128 μg/mL, and prevented biofilm formation from 16 μg/mL. Methyl virensate also had antimicrobial activity on S. aureus (MIC = 64 μg/mL). None of these metabolites significantly affected P. aeruginosa proliferation, viability, or adhesion. Cytotoxicity of physciosporin at 16 ug/mL on normal human fibroblasts was below 20%. Conclusions: This is the first report on the study of the antimicrobial activity of these compounds. Physciosporin showed promising activity in preventing the formation of S. aureus biofilms, which are responsible for chronic infections. These findings provide a foundation for exploring the antimicrobial potential of other lichenic depsidones.

Regeneration of Pinus patula-derived biochar employed in crystal violet removal in water

Biochar (BC) is a promising adsorbing material used to eliminate different contaminants from water, including dyes. However, the applicability and cost-effectiveness of this adsorbent also depend on its regeneration capacity. Several approaches to BC regeneration are known, each yielding variable efficiencies, risks of generating secondary pollution, difficulties of application, and contrasting cost/benefit ratios. Chemical regeneration is one of the adsorbent regeneration techniques yielding the best results in contaminant desorption from the BC surface. The present study evaluated the regeneration of Pinus patula pellet-derived BC employed in Crystal Violet (CV) adsorption from water using several acids, bases, and solvents. The tested desorption agents included solutions of hydrochloric acid (HCl) 0.1 M, acetic acid (CH3COOH) 1 M, 75 % ethanol (C2H6O), and two 95:5 mixtures of ethanol (75 % and 96 %) and concentrated acetic acid. The 95:5 mixture of 96 % ethanol-concentrated acetic acid was the best-performing solvent with a desorption efficiency of 21.1 %. Therefore, it was chosen as the desorption agent and used for six consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. After these cycles, the BC removal efficiency decreased up to 54.4 %. This work revealed that the BC used has a good regeneration capacity, which could reduce the costs of implementing water decontamination process having a positive impact on sustainable development by aligning with circular bioeconomy principles.

Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Licania tomentosa Benth (Oiti) Leaf Extract: Characterization and Applications for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye

Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Licania tomentosa Benth (Oiti) Leaf Extract: Characterization and Applications for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye

Reversible Thermochromic and Fluorescent Poly(methyl Methacrylate) Nanocapsules for Wearable Devices, Thermal Energy Regulation, and High-Security Anticounterfeiting Inks.

Encapsulated phase change materials have gained significant interest in thermal energy storage in recent years. Herein, novel thermochromic and fluorescent nanoencapsulated phase change materials were developed by coencapsulation of crystal violet lactone, bisphenol A, cetyl alcohol or 1-dodecanol, and hexadecane into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) shell cross-linked by a fluorescent coumarin cross-linker through miniemulsion polymerization. Different ternary thermochromic mixture to PMMA shell ratios were selected to elucidate their effect on the final properties of the dual thermochromic and fluorescent nanocapsules. Encapsulation of the core materials and the cross-linker structure were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The nanometric size, core-shell morphology, and relatively uniform particle size distribution of the nanocapsules were confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy confirmed the thermochromic properties and thermal fatigue resistance of the nanocapsules over 10 cooling-heating cycles, and fluorescence spectroscopy illustrated the fluorescence properties of the nanocapsules. Thermal properties and encapsulation efficiencies of the nanocapsules were measured by using differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal stability of the prepared nanocapsules was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis. The sample with a 3:1 ratio of the encapsulated ternary thermochromic mixture to the PMMA shell containing 1-dodecanol was selected as an optimal sample for different applications due to its high thermochromic stability and color change rate in -16 to 26 °C. The optimized nanocapsules were used as anticounterfeiting inks in security documents and packaging to distinguish between original documents and products and their counterfeit counterparts. In addition, they were used to prepare thermal-energy-regulating windows and coatings for buildings. The windows can be used for temperature regulation in buildings and to embellish interior spaces in architectural design. The nanocapsules were also used in wearable devices that adjust the ambient temperature around the body by absorbing, storing, or releasing a significant amount of latent heat during the phase change process.

Molecular Insights into Crystal Violet Removal Using Natural Clay: A Statistical Physics and PSD/AED Analysis Within the Grand Canonical Ensemble Framework

Molecular Insights into Crystal Violet Removal Using Natural Clay: A Statistical Physics and PSD/AED Analysis Within the Grand Canonical Ensemble Framework

Development of moringa seed powder-modified slag geopolymers for enhanced mechanical properties and effective dye removal

Crystal violet (CV), a widely used dye in paints and textiles, poses a significant environmental threat due to its non-biodegradable nature. A modified slag-based geopolymer has been developed to address this issue by incorporating raw moringa seed powder (MSP), an agricultural waste. The geopolymers (SM1, SM2, and SM3) were created by adding different percentages of MSP (0.2%, 0.6%, and 1% by weight) to ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), using sodium silicate and 10 M sodium hydroxide as alkali activators. This combination enhances the geopolymer’s mechanical and adsorbent properties, making it more effective for CV removal. The geopolymer composites were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their mechanical properties were evaluated by conducting compressive strength and total porosity tests. Pore structure analysis was performed using nitrogen adsorption and desorption techniques, and the point of zero charges was determined. Additionally, batch experiments were carried out to investigate the adsorption of CV dye, employing two isotherm models and kinetic models for analysis. The SM1 mix, which is a modified slag-based geopolymer containing 0.2% MSP, exhibited the highest compressive strength at 73 MPa after 180 days, representing a 25.8% improvement compared to the control mix (100% slag). Furthermore, modified geopolymer mixes showed greater adsorption activity toward crystal violet compared to the control mix, with the SM3 mix achieving an adsorption capacity of up to 322.58 mg/g. The study demonstrates that adding MSP to slag-based geopolymer enhances mechanical strength and adsorption capacity. This indicates a positive impact on the composite’s surface properties and highlights the environmental benefits of utilizing industrial and agricultural waste in wastewater treatment.

Assessing the Antibacterial Potential and Biofilm Inhibition Capability of Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers via Crystal Violet Assay

Background/Objectives: Atorvastatin (ATR), an antihyperlipidemic drug with a potential antibacterial effect, was investigated in this study. Like other statins, ATR has been repurposed for several uses, ranging from anti-inflammatory to antimicrobial applications, and has demonstrated successful results. However, the efficacy of ATR is limited by its low solubility, indicating an opportunity for its encapsulation in a nanotechnology-based drug delivery system. Methods: Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulations were prepared using high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. The formulations were characterized, including their particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release. Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was evaluated using the growth curve (bacterial growth over time) and well diffusion methods (zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination). The crystal violet assay was employed to assess biofilm inhibition. Results: The NLC formulations were optimized, and the size and zeta potential of the blank nanoparticles were 130 ± 8.39 nm and −35 ± 0.5 mV, respectively. In comparison, the encapsulated NLCs had a size of 142 ± 52.20 nm and a zeta potential of −31 ± 1.41 mV. The average encapsulation efficiency was 94%, and 70% of the drug was released after 24 h. The ATR-loaded NLCs showed significantly enhanced antibacterial activity by reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration by 2.5-fold for E. coli, 1.8-fold for S. aureus, and 1.4-fold for MRSA, and promoting more effective bacterial growth inhibition. Notably, biofilm inhibition was significantly improved with ATR-NLCs, achieving 80% inhibition for S. aureus, 40% for E. coli, and 30% for MRSA, compared to free ATR (p &lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that NLC encapsulation enhances ATR’s antimicrobial efficacy and biofilm suppression. Conclusions: This study identified NLCs as successful carriers of ATR, significantly enhancing its antibacterial efficacy and biofilm inhibition capabilities. This formulation, which shows antimicrobial potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, should be further studied and developed against different resistant microbial strains.

Characterization of AI-2/LuxS quorum sensing system in antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity of non carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli

BackgroundAs a quorum sensing system, LuxS/AI-2 is closely associated with bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and virulence. As yet, it is not known how the luxS is associated with a diverse array of physiological activities in non- carbapenemase producing carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli (non-CP-CREC). The purpose of this study is to explore the characterization of AI-2/LuxS quorum sensing system in antibiotic resistance, pathogenicity of non-CP-CREC.MethodsA total of five non-CP-CREC isolates that did not have ompC and ompF deletions were collected from various clinical samples from January 2021 to December 2023. RT-qPCR was used to detect genes expression of luxS, acrA, acrB, tolC, mdtB, mdtC, mdtE, mdtF, ompA, ompX, IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α. Homologous recombination was used to create the luxS knockout strain. Transcriptome sequencing was utilized to analyze gene expression changes before and after the luxS knockout. Biofilm formation was detected using crystal violet staining. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was used to determine drug resistance. Bacterial growth curves were used to detect the influence of the luxS on bacterial growth. A cell infection assay was used to detect the impact of the luxS on bacterial adhesion and the inflammatory response it induces.ResultsOur results indicated that the expression of the luxS was significantly elevated in non-CP-CREC strains compared to the carbapenem antibiotics sensitive E. coli (CSEC), with CREC229 exhibiting the most pronounced difference. Consequently, CREC229 was chosen for the development of the luxS knockout strain (CREC229△luxS). The deletion of the luxS did not impact the growth of non-CP-CREC. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 82 genes were differentially expressed, with notable alterations observed in genes associated with biofilm formation regulation and outer membrane proteins in the ΔluxS strain. Our transcriptomic results show that the expression of bssS associated with biofilm formation is significantly reduced in the ΔluxS strain, which in turn reduces its capacity for biofilm formation. In addition, the luxS deletion increased the expression of adhesion-related genes, such as ompA and ompX, enhanced HCT-8 adherence to CREC229, and promoted the secretion of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. In terms of bacterial resistance, the deletion of luxS increased the sensitivity of non-CP-CRECs to aminoglycoside antibiotics.ConclusionsLuxS/AI-2 quorum sensing systems can alter pathogenicity and resistance in several ways.

Demonstration of Sperm Morphology in Mice and Lizard Using Aqueous Extracts of Lawsonia inermis Leaf, Bougainvillea spectabilis Flower and Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx

Spermatozoon is a mature male reproductive cell that is formed in the male reproductive system through a process called spermatogenesis. Available stains and techniques for sperm morphology are currently expensive with sophisticated procedures and synthetic dyes. The study aimed to demonstrate spermatozoa morphology in mice and lizards using aqueous extracts of Lawsonia Inermis leaf (LIL), Bougainvillea spectabilis flower (BSF), and Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx (HSC). The epididymal spermatozoa of mice and lizards were smeared on a glass slide, fixed, and stained with crystal violet, LIL, BSF, and HSC. Crystal violet showed complete staining of mice and lizard spermatozoa demonstrating both head and tail morphology. LIL, BSF, and HSC also showed complete staining of the tail in both animals. However, only the outline of the head was stained. Counterstaining the mice spermatozoa with eosin and haematoxylin produced a pink-stained and grey-stained head respectively. Counterstaining of lizard spermatozoa with eosin and haematoxylin did not improve head staining. In conclusion, the aqueous extract LIL, BSF, and HSC demonstrated both head and tail morphology of the spermatozoa in mice when counterstained with eosin. However, BSF and HSC stains did not show the head morphology in lizards even with counterstaining.

Synthesis of zinc oxide nano-rice decorated with silver nanoparticles for enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) trace detection of isoprocab and crystal violet.

The enhancement magnitude of the electromagnetic effects has consistently ranked among the highest research priorities in Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). This study introduces a novel facile synthesis method for zinc oxide nanorice (ZnONR) decorated with small silver particles (ZnONR-Ag). The semiconductor-noble nanomaterial is designed to enhance sensitivity and reproducibility when detecting isoprocarb (IPC) and crystal violet (CV) at trace levels using SERS. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess strong surface plasmon capability, which allows them to generate enhanced electromagnetic fields when excited by appropriate light. Integrating ZnONR and AgNPs at an appropriate mixing ratio can effectively generate a substantial number of plasmonic "hotspots" on the surface. This phenomenon was further analyzed through Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) simulations, demonstrating that the intensity of electromagnetic field (EM-field) is significantly ten times greater than that observed with pristine AgNPs or ZnONRs. This nanostructure helps prevent the loss of AgNPs during analysis and can be reused multiple times while maintaining good signal intensity stability. The length of ZnONR is about 100 nm to 120 nm, and the AR ratio is about 3:1. The formed silver nanospheres have a diameter of approximately 20 to 40 nm, randomly distributed on the ZnO surface. This novel rice-shape semiconductor-noble nanostructure served as a SERS substrate for detecting CV and IPC molecules at low concentrations, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.402 nM for CV and 0.147 pM for IPC, with a high enhancement factor (EF) of 2.48x109 and reproducibility (RSD of 5,98 %). Combining these nanomaterials offers wide applications for the future detection of probe molecules.&#xD.

Nanoscale surface modifications on Titanium plates- A strategy to mitigate MRSA biofilm-mediated implant infections: A pilot study.

Nanoscale surface modifications on Titanium plates- A strategy to mitigate MRSA biofilm-mediated implant infections: A pilot study.

Utilization of Bonney's Blue Dye as an Adjunct to Orthognathic Surgery Augmented by Virtual Surgical Planning.

Virtual surgical planning (VSP) has revolutionized orthognathic and craniomaxillofacial surgeries by enabling precise 3-dimensional analysis, detailed osteotomy planning, and custom fabrication of surgical guides and fixation hardware. However, the visualization of registration holes-critical for accurate plate fixation-remains challenging, especially in a blood-filled surgical field. This paper presents a novel technique to enhance the visibility of registration holes using Bonney's blue dye. The technique involves injecting micro-aliquots of Bonney's blue dye (a mixture of crystal violet and brilliant green) into the registration holes before performing osteotomies. This approach ensures that the holes remain clearly marked despite potential visual contamination in the surgical field. The dye helps to identify screw placements and align patient-specific fixation plates more accurately. The proposed method addresses common difficulties in aligning registration holes with patient-specific plates during surgery. Bonney's blue dye provides a clear contrast against the bone, making the registration holes more visible and easier to locate. This improvement is particularly advantageous in a bloody surgical field and benefits less experienced surgeons by offering a straightforward solution to enhance accuracy and efficiency. The technique can also reduce overall operative time by minimizing the time spent locating and aligning the registration holes. Utilizing Bonney's blue dye in virtual surgical planning significantly improves the visibility and alignment of registration holes in orthognathic surgeries. This simple, cost-effective method enhances surgical precision and efficiency and can be applied to other computer-assisted surgical procedures in craniofacial surgery.

Clustered flower-like Mg/Al/Fe-LDHs-based material for highly efficient Fenton degradation of crystal violet wastewater.

Clustered flower-like Mg/Al/Fe-LDHs-based material for highly efficient Fenton degradation of crystal violet wastewater.

Factor VIII a coagulation co-factor is a relevant survival factor in bladder cancer cell lines.

Factor VIII a coagulation co-factor is a relevant survival factor in bladder cancer cell lines.

ZnCl2-modified almond shell-based biochar for highly efficient adsorption of crystal violet and methylene blue in water

ZnCl2-modified almond shell-based biochar for highly efficient adsorption of crystal violet and methylene blue in water

Adsorption of crystal violet on polystyrene microplastics in aqueous: optimization, modeling, and assessment of isotherms and kinetics

The global increase in plastic production has significantly contributed to the contamination of aquatic environments with MPs. This study examined the adsorption of CV dye onto PS MPs in aquatic ecosystems. BBD was utilized to optimize adsorption conditions and evaluate the effects of key independent variables on the adsorption process. The sorption experiments were conducted using reaction mixtures containing PS at levels ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 g/L and CV at concentrations of 5 to 20 mg/L. The pH levels of the samples were adjusted to range from 4 to 10, while the duration of interaction varied between 10 and 60 min. The findings revealed that the optimal sorption rate for CV (84.96%) was achieved at a CV level of 12.5 mg/L, a PS dosage of 1 g/L, a pH level of 7, and an interaction duration of 35 min. In this investigation, the ZP of PS particles transitioned from − 45.6 to − 16.8 mV following the sorption of CV. Furthermore, the kinetics of CV sorption were most accurately described by the pseudo-first-order model, demonstrating a high R2 value of 0.99. The Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.99) further confirmed the presence of significant interactions between the dye molecules and the surface of the sorbent, with the highest sorption capacity quantified at 6.25 mg/g. This study highlights the role of PS microplastics as carriers of harmful dyes, such as CV, in aquatic environments. It underscores the urgent need for further research into the environmental consequences of microplastic pollution and the development of strategies to mitigate their impact.