Crushed Ice Research Articles

Study on water entry impact characteristics and parameter influence analysis of the vehicle passing through the thin crushed ice zone in a polar environment

The problem of water entry in polar environments holds significant research value for polar resource exploration and military applications. This study uses computational fluid dynamics and the discrete element method (CFD-DEM) to investigate the complex process of a vehicle entering water through a thin crushed ice zone. Experimental data validates the efficiency of the coupling algorithm. The primary focus of this study is to investigate the influence of crushed ice shapes, arrangement patterns, coverage densities, and sizes within thin crushed ice zones on the process of water entry. A comprehensive analysis is carried out to assess how the characteristic parameters of different thin crushed ice zones affect the dynamic behavior of the vehicle during water entry and the movements of the crushed ice. Concurrently, the influence of different velocities of the vehicle on the water entry process through a specific thin crushed ice zone is analyzed. The results show that when the crushed ice is in a regular arrangement, it exhibits a circular immersion phenomenon and a cross-shaped passive movement trend. The arrangement patterns, coverage densities, and sizes of the crushed ice have different effects on the water entry process. Of these factors, the complexity of the influence of crushed ice sizes on the water entry process stands out. Meanwhile, the water entry velocity plays a crucial role in determining the relative significance of the hydrodynamic force and the collision force of crushed ice on the total resistance of the vehicle during water entry. These insights provide valuable guidance for the planning and execution of missions in polar regions.

A coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method modeling for the dynamic behavior of the polar detector in a crushed ice environment during polar exploration

Investigating the dynamic behavior of polar detectors holds significance for the polar exploration of clean energy production. This paper uses computational fluid dynamics and the discrete element method, complemented by laboratory experiments, to systematically explore the water entry dynamics of a projectile passing through a zone of crushed ice accumulation. The research analyzes the influence of different crushed ice accumulation heights (ha) and water entry conditions on cavity formation, flow field distribution, and dynamic characteristics as the projectile passes through the crushed ice zone. Moreover, the influence of multi-body coupling on the movement of crushed ice and fluid is analyzed. The findings reveal alterations in the water entry behavior of the projectile due to the presence of the crushed ice accumulation zone. A notable two-way coupling mechanism between crushed ice and fluid is identified: crushed ice particles influence liquid level fluctuations and cavity evolution, while fluid flow impacts the movement of crushed ice particles. As the height of crushed ice accumulation increases, this coupling effect intensifies, leading to changes in the flow field distribution near the cavity and the hydrodynamic behavior of the projectile. While the alteration in water entry Froude number (Fr) may not significantly alter the evolution pattern of the liquid level flow field, it notably affects the distribution range and formation scale of the flow field characteristics. Additionally, the water entry Fr influences the load characteristics of the projectile as it passes through the crushed ice zone.

CFD-DEM analysis of oblique water entry under a polar environment

Research on the water entry behavior of detectors passing through crushed ice zones in polar environments is essential for the exploration of polar oil resources. This study integrates computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the discrete element method (DEM) with laboratory experiments to analyze projectiles' oblique water entry behavior through crushed ice zones. The investigation reveals that the unique polar environment, characterized by crushed ice accumulation, significantly influences the projectile's water entry behavior. Key parameters, such as water entry angle and the height of ice accumulation, are examined for their impact on the water entry process, flow field evolution, and projectile dynamics. The study identifies a complex multi-body coupling mechanism among the projectile, crushed ice particles, and fluid during oblique water entry. Crushed ice alters the cavity evolution and deflection patterns of projectiles, affecting the flow field dynamics. Variations in water entry angles modify the interaction patterns among the projectile, liquid level, and crushed ice, influencing cavity formation and fluid-ice coupling. Increasing crushed ice height enhances the coupling effects, leading to a greater degree of projectile deflection. These findings provide insights into optimizing detector design and launch strategies, contributing to more efficient oil exploration in polar environments.

Numerical simulation of ice loading characteristics of ships in a wave-current environment in a broken ice area

A numerical simulation technique with CFD-DEM coupling is used to simulate a full-scale KCS model sailing in the pancake ice region. Based on the actual polar information, the Stokes fifth-order wave model is selected. The pancake ice particle of two scales is established based on the DEM, and the corresponding broken-ice region is generated. The contact and collision problems of ice-ice and ice-wall (ship) were analyzed by solving the Hertz-Mindlin model, and the monitored data were processed and summarized. The results show that the ice load on the ship is a repetitive “loading-unloading” process, and the peak ice load curve is characterized by segmented and concentrated fluctuations. In terms of ice parameters, the pancake diameter has a great degree of influence on the crushed ice loads, and the size of the crushed ice loads increases with the diameter of the crushed ice particles.

Dynamic characteristics of polar ocean detector passing through the crushed ice zone based on the CFD-DEM method

This study provides a detailed investigation into the water entry dynamics of objects in polar crushed ice environments, aiming to support scientific advancements in polar resource exploration. Utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the Discrete Element Method (DEM), this paper meticulously examines the dynamic behaviors of objects passing through two characteristic polar environments: a single-layer crushed ice zone and a crushed ice accumulation zone. Model accuracy was validated through laboratory experiments. The study highlights significant variations in cavity evolution and interactions with crushed ice during the water entry process, revealing the complex evolution of flow fields and their influence on water entry dynamics. The presence of crushed ice notably alters the water entry pattern of projectiles, affecting splash crown formation and cavity morphology. Collisions between projectiles and crushed ice, along with crushed ice's impact on fluid flow, collectively affect the water entry state of the projectile, demonstrating the combined effect of hydrodynamic and particle collision forces. Further analysis reveals that in different crushed ice zones, crushed ice collision forces have a greater impact on projectile water entry states compared to hydrodynamics. Specifically, under single-layer crushed ice and crushed ice accumulation conditions, collision forces exceed hydrodynamic forces by 21.3 % and 38.2 %, respectively. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of water entry processes in polar environments, informing the development of polar exploration technologies and the optimization of multi-body fluid-solid interaction algorithms.

Strength criterion of ice-rich moraine soil considering the ice form and temperature based on thermal-mechanical triaxial tests

Moraine soils are widely distributed in southeast Tibet of China, which poses a serious threat to local railway construction. The mechanical behavior of moraine soil containing ice in cold regions is difficult to capture under the joint action of stress conditions and temperature. To study the strength characteristics of ice-rich moraine soil, a total of 112 groups of thermal-mechanical triaxial tests under different ice forms, ice contents, and temperature conditions are carried out. The test results show that the mechanical properties of moraine soil with crushed ice and block ice are different, showing the characteristics of strain hardening and strain softening, respectively. Overall, the peak strength of moraine soil with block ice is greater than that of crushed ice. The cohesion and internal friction angle of moraine soil decreases with the temperature rise. With the increase of ice content, the peak strength of moraine soil with block ice increases, while that of crushed ice shows the opposite trend. In addition, the increase of ice content increases the cohesion of moraine soil with block ice, but there is a threshold value of ice content (25%) for moraine soil with crushed ice, which leads to the maximum cohesion at this time. Based on the test results, a unified function is proposed to describe the quantitative relationship between the strength parameters of ice-rich moraine soil, temperature, and ice content. Finally, to explore the nonlinear strength behavior of moraine soil, a binary-medium model is introduced to describe its stress-strain relationship, and the evolution of the main parameters in the model is analyzed. Comparing theoretical and experimental results demonstrates that the established model is of satisfactory applicability to simulate the mechanical behavior of moraine soil with different ice forms.

Using ice surrounding to improve radio frequency tempering uniformity of bulk pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Localized heating is prone to occur in foods with irregular geometries subjected to radio frequency (RF) heating. Adding surrounding medium may effectively improve the heating uniformity of food with irregular shape like shrimps. A computer simulation model was constructed and verified by experiments to explore the RF tempering uniformity of bulk pacific white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) surrounded by loosely stacked crushed ice (LSCI, porosity φ = 0.62), compacted crushed ice (CCI, φ = 0.44), and ice block (IB, φ = 0), respectively. Thermal and dielectric properties of shrimp cephalon, tail and caudal fan were obtained respectively, and assigned to the according portions of the geometrical model. Results showed that the caudal fan of shrimp was over-heated (48.8 °C) when the body temperature reaching around −2.0 °C without surrounding medium. Comparatively, only a 7.8 °C difference was found between the hot and cold spots in shrimps surrounded by CCI. Results indicated surrounding ice with reduced porosity significantly improved RF tempering uniformity of bulk frozen shrimps.

The effect of electron beam irradiation combined with slurry ice on physicochemical parameters and bacterial communities of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during refrigerated storage

Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) has high moisture, protein, and strong enzyme activity, which makes the shrimp susceptible to spoilage and deterioration after death. The study investigated the effects of different refrigerated conditions on the sensory quality, physicochemical indicators, and bacterial communities of L. vannamei, including crushed ice (CI, −0.5 °C), freshwater slurry ice (FI, −1 °C), seawater slurry ice (SI, −1.7 °C), and electron beam irradiation combined with seawater slurry ice (ESI, −1.7 °C), of which CI was the control group. All samples were stored in a freezer at −2 °C to keep the experimental conditions consistent. The results of sensory and physicochemical indexes showed that, compared with the other groups, the ESI group effectively inhibited the activities of polyphenol oxidase, significantly slowed down the growth of pH, TVB-N, and TVC values, and maintained the good organoleptic quality of the shrimp. High-throughput sequencing analyzes showed that the relative abundance of Vibrio and Photobacterium decreased significantly after irradiation, while the uniformity of the microorganisms increased. After 16 days of refrigeration, the relative abundance of Pseudoalteromonas, Photobacterium, and Alistipes in the ESI group was lower compared to the CI group, and the colony structure appeared to be more uniform. Therefore, the combination of electron beam irradiation and seawater slurry ice technology is promising for extending the shelf life of shrimp.

A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Crushed Ice Pack Application and Sitz Bath on Episiotomy Pain and Wound Healing Among Postnatal Mothers

An episiotomy is an incision made in the perineum- the tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus during child birth. Pain at the episiotomy site is more distressing for the mother during postnatal period. An ice pack application or warm shallow bath (sitz bath) may increase comfort and promotes healing. The main aim of this present study was to compare the effect of Crushed ice pack application and Sitz bath on episiotomy pain and wound healing among postnatal mothers. A Matched group design was adopted in this study. By using Non probability purposive sampling technique 22 postnatal mothers with episiotomy were selected as samples at Ramakrishna Hospital, Coimbatore and 11mothers were assigned randomly to each group I and group II. Episiotomy pain was assessed by using Numerical Pain Intensity scale and Wound healing was assessed by using Davidson REEDA scale. Group I received crushed ice pack application and Group II received sitz bath. Intervention was given for 10 minutes twice a day for three consecutive days from first postnatal day. Data were analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The statistical analysis revealed that the calculated mean scores of episiotomy pain in the group I and group II was1.72 and 2.9 respectively and the mean difference is 1.2 with the standard deviation of group I and group II was 0.64 and 0.53 respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value 11.3 was greater than the table value of 2.086 at 0.05 level of significance. The calculated mean scores of episiotomy wound healing in the group I and group II was 1.54 and 1.81 respectively and the mean difference is 0.27 with the standard deviation of group I and group II was 0.5 and 0.6 respectively. The calculated‘t’ value 2.6 was greater than the table value of 2.086 at 0.05 level of significance. Finally, the study concluded that the crushed ice pack application was more effective than sitz bath in reducing the level of episiotomy pain and promotes wound healing among postnatal mothers.

Synthesis, Characterization, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New 2-Pyrazolines Derivatives Derived from Guaiacol

Abstract:
 Chalcones were used to synthesis series of 2-pyrazoline derivatives and evaluated their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities
 (E)-1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one (1-5) were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt Condensation method through the reaction of acetophenone with five various para substituted benzaldehyde in presence of KOH, the reaction monitoring by TLC and the result intermediates were checked by melting point and FT-IR
 Various 2-Pyrazoline derivatives were prepared by one pot reaction that involved the refluxing of (E)-1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-one (1–5) and Hydrazine monohydrate in the presence of glacial acetic acid for 24 hours at a temperature of (45–50) °C for a duration 24 hrs. pyrazoline II (1-5) was formed, then antioxidant compound (guaiacol) was added reflex for 24-48 hours, monitoring by TLC to ensure the reaction was completed. The final mixture was cooled in ice-water bathe until the formation of crystals were completed, added to crushed ice, kept in refrigerator overnight, filter, recrystallized and then dried to get 2-pyrazoline derivatives, IIIa, IIIb, IIIc, IIId and, IIIe. based on the spectral data 2-pyrazoline derivatives structures have been confirmed. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity and anti-inflammatory.

Effect of slurry ice on quality characteristics and microbiota composition of Pacific white shrimp during refrigerated storage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of using seawater slurry ice (SI) as storage medium on Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under 2 °C refrigerated storage. Meanwhile, traditional storage methods, such as crushed ice (CI) and cold storage (CS), were employed for comparison. The results showed that the SI storage inhibited microbial growth, retarded total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and melanosis formation, and maintained appearance due to the anoxic, cold, and hyperhaline environment provided by seawater slurry ice. The microbiota analysis revealed that spoilage bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas) was inhibited, while Psychromonas replaced Pseudoalteromonas and Psychrobacter as the major spoilage bacteria at the 6th day of slurry ice storage. In addition, the slurry ice reduced the rate of K-value and maintained the umami taste of shrimp. This study demonstrated the advantages of slurry ice in shrimp preservation, and provided new insight of developing new strategy for aquatic product storage.

EFFECTS OF CRUSHED AND CUBED ICE STORAGE TOWARDS FAT, ASH AND MOISTURE CONTENT IN RED SNAPPER AND INDIAN MACKEREL

This study evaluates the effect of crushed and cubed ice on the preservation of fat, ash, and moisture content of the Red Snapper and Indian Mackerel stored for seven days. The determination of fat, moisture, and ice storage content was determined at three days (0,4,7) throughout the storage period. Statistical analyses were carried out to indicate the significant difference in the effects of treatment days and physical characteristics of ice on the crude fat, ash, and moisture content. The fat and ash percentage decrease while the moisture content in both ice storage increases throughout the storage period. Red Snapper comprises 1.32% fat, 78.00% moisture, and 1.03% ash content, while Indian Mackerel is composed of 1.30% of fat, 72.50% moisture, and 1.06% ash content during the initial storage period. The fat content in both species starts to decrease during day four in both storages, where the highest deterioration of fat (42-43%) was found for both species kept in cubed ice. The moisture content results show an increase in the moisture content for both species, where the highest percentage (7-8%) was found in both species kept in cubed ice. The ash content decreased in both species kept in cubed ice (22.00 - 42.00%) throughout the storage period. The study suggested that crushed ice is one of the fish preservation options for preserving fish quality.

Quality Improvement and Shelf-Life Extension of Iced Nile Tilapia Fillets Using Natural Garlic Extract

Fish represent one of the most perishable food groups. Therefore, it is important to find viable alternatives that contribute to the preservation of quality and increase the shelf life of fishery products, and one alternative is to use natural extracts with antimicrobial activity. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a natural extract prepared with garlic (NGE) on the quality and shelf life of tilapia fillets stored on ice for 18 days. For this purpose, NGE was prepared by homogenizing peeled garlic cloves with distilled water, which were then centrifuged to obtain the extract (NGE); then, the fish fillets were immersed in the extract and were coated in NGE. The fillets with NGE were packed in high-density polyethylene bags and stored in crushed ice for 18 days. The adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and degradation products, K-value, color, texture, water holding capacity, pH, total mesophilic count, and total volatile bases (TVB-N) were monitored during storage. The ATP content, K-value, pH, total microbial count, and TVB-N changed with respect to ice storage time, and the results between fillets with NGE and control fillets differed. In conclusion, the application of NGE increased the shelf life of fillets stored on ice by 6 days, obtaining a shelf life of 18 days on ice, which shows its potential to improve the utilization of the species.

Developing practical and small-scale radio frequency technology for tempering minced chicken breast at home

Radio frequency (RF) tempering, as a new tempering method suitable for overall heating applications, has been widely used for meat processing industry. However, an effective and uniform tempering process in a suitable RF system is still lacking for household applications. The cylindrical chicken breasts (Φ75 mm × 60 mm, Φ100 mm × 60 mm, and Φ125 mm × 60 mm) in a cubic polypropylene container were tempered in a newly self-built small-scale 50 Ω domestic RF heating system. Crushed ice was applied to surround the medium-size sample to improve the temperature distribution by matching the electric field behaviors in the RF tempering process. This study explored the effects of crushed ice assisted RF tempering (CIRFT) on heating behavior of test samples under three input power levels (300, 500, and 700 W) and three electrode gaps (80, 90, and 100 mm). The tempering performance between CIRFT and crushed ice assisted microwave tempering (CIMWT) were compared. The product quality [drip loss, color, pH value, and total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) content] obtained through CIRFT, RFT, CIMWT, and MWT were compared. Results demonstrated that at the optimum CIRFT condition (500 W, 80 mm) the tempering rate and the heating uniformity of samples were improved as compared to RFT. In addition, the drip loss and TVBN content of the samples were relatively better with CIRFT than with RFT. Moreover, the better-quality attributes were obtained in RF treatments compared to MW tempering. Thus, CIRFT showed a positive effect on chicken tempering for household applications resulting in a rapid and uniform heating with a relatively greater retention of product quality.

Revisiting “Non-Thermal” Batch Microwave Oven Inactivation of Microorganisms

Over the last few decades there has been active discussion concerning the mechanisms involved in “non-thermal” microwave-assisted inactivation of microorganisms. This work presents a novel non-invasive acoustic measurement of a domestic microwave oven cavity-magnetron operating at fo = 2.45 ± 0.05 GHz (λo ~ 12.2 cm) that is modulated in the time-domain (0 to 2 minutes). The measurements reveal the cavity-magnetron cathode filament cold-start warm-up period and the pulse width modulation periods (time-on time-off and base-time period, where time-on minus base-time = duty cycle). The waveform information is used to reconstruct historical microwave “non-thermal” homogeneous microorganism inactivation experiments: where tap-water is used to mimic the microorganism suspension; and ice, crushed ice, and ice slurry mixture are used as the cooling media. The experiments are described using text, diagrams, and photographs. Four key experimental parameters are indentified that influence the suspension time-dependent temperature profile. First, where the selected process time > the time-base, the cavity-magnetron continuous wave rated power should be used for each second of microwave illumination. Second, external crushed ice and ice slurry baths induce different cooling profiles due to difference in their heat absorption rates. In addition external baths may shield the suspension resulting in a retarding of the time-dependent heating profile. Third, internal cooling systems dictate that the suspension is directly exposed to microwave illumination due to the absence of surrounding ice volume. Fourth, four separated water dummy-loads isolate and control thermal heat transfer (conduction) to and from the suspension, thereby diverting a portion of the microwave power away from the suspension. Energy phase-space projections were used to compare the “non-thermal” energy densities of 0.03 to 0.1 kJ·m-1 at 800 W with reported thermal microwave-assisted microorganism inactivation energy densities of 0.5 to 5 kJ·m-1 at 1050 ± 50 W. Estimations of the “non-thermal” microwave-assisted root mean square of the electric field strength are found to be in the range of 22 to 41.2 V·m-1 for 800 W.

A tri-axial ice model for simulating ice-stiffened panel impact: Experiments and numerical modeling

The interaction of ice with a polar ship is complex, which may involve several ice failure mechanisms such as local crushing, tensile, cracking, bending, shearing, sliding and the ship structures could attain permanent deformations. A reasonable modeling of ice behavior is, therefore, critical to the analysis of ship-ice interactions. This paper reports an experimental and numerical study on the behavior of stiffened panels subject to the impact of a wedge-shaped ice block/indenter. The tested stiffened panel was mounted to a Falling Weight Impact Tester, and measurements were taken to help understand the dynamic responses of the structure and the ice, and also the permanent deformations. Finite element analyses using ABAQUS/EXPLICIT were also performed for the lab tests. The proposed ice model features a multi-surface yield function, empirical failure criteria for a few ice failure modes, and a representation of the remaining load carrying capacity of crushed ice. This ice model is implemented in a user-defined subroutine VUMAT and uses the cohesive element in a numerical solution. The predicted and measured impact force and structural deformation compared very well with the tests, indicating that the proposed ice model coded in VUMAT is reasonable. A series of parametric studies was then carried out to identify the key parameters of this new ice model that would have major effects on the prediction of ice impacts. The paper intends to provide test data that may be useful in understanding the complex ice-ship interaction and to introduce a numerical solution with a new ice model that improves the simulation of high-energy ice-ship impacts.

Pelatihan Penanganan Ikan Tuna Sirip Kuning (Thunnus albacares) Dengan Es Batu Secara Bulking Di PPI Hamadi Kota Jayapura

The aims of this service is to increase the knowledge and skills of fish traders in handling yellowfin tuna by bulking using crushed ice cubes without mixing with water in the box and controlling the quality of fish using an organoleptic table score sheet during cooling process for three days. The method used is the early preparation of the training by conducting a pretest, delivering material and discussion, observing the quality assessment of fish by describing the changes that occur during storage with an explanation of the application theory as well as the implementation of practicum, interviews and evaluation of the final results of the activity by conducting a post-test. The results of the community service implementation attended by 15 participants from fish traders, about 48% was good in understanding and mastering the knowledge of refrigeration fish, about 28% was sufficient in accepting the knowledge and 24% was lacking in understanding the knowledge of refrigeration fish. The average value after given the training is 64.1.

Small Motions of an Ideal Stratified Fluid in a Basin Covered by Ice

We study the problem on small motions of the ideal stratified fluid with a free surface partially covered by the crushed ice. The crushed ice is supposed to be ponderable particles of a matter floating on the free surface. These particles do not interact with each other during oscillations of the free boundary (or this interaction is negligible) and stay on the surface during these oscillations. Using the method of orthogonal projection of boundary-value conditions on the free surface and introducing auxiliary problems, we reduce the original initial-boundary problem to the equivalent Cauchy problem for a second-order differential equation in a Hilbert space. We obtain conditions providing the existence of a solution strong with respect to time of the initial-boundary problem describing the evolution of this hydraulic system.

Temperature and ice form effects on mechanical behaviors of ice-richmoraine soil of Tianmo valley nearby the Sichuan-Tibet Railway

Moraine soils are widely distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. With increased global warming, moraine soil-related geohazards have become increasingly common, posing a serious threat to the infrastructure (e.g., the Sichuan–Tibet Railway) and inhabitants of this region. This paper aims to investigate the mechanical behavior of ice-rich moraine soil in the Tianmo Valley by conducting a series of triaxial constant strain rate (CSR) and coupled thermomechanical (CTM) tests on artificially moraine soil containing different ice forms (crushed ice and block ice). The results show that in general, compared to moraine soil containing crushed ice, moraine soil with block ice has a higher peak strength, a similar internal frictional angle and a considerably larger cohesive strength. The stress–strain curve of the soil containing crushed ice shows a strain-hardening form, while that of the soil containing block ice is represented by a strain-softening model similar to that of dense soil. In the CTM tests, it is revealed that the rising temperature could cause a sharp increase in strain and lead to sample failure, even when the axial load is far below the material's peak strength. A comparison between samples with different ice forms reveal that the soil containing crushed ice is more sensitive to temperature change. The tests demonstrate that the ice form has a significant influence on the mechanical behavior of moraine soil, and the temperature rise can result in a dramatic decrease in soil strength. Therefore, efforts should be made to detect the occurrence form of buried ice and the changes in the environmental temperature as well as the stress state of moraine soil slopes in situ.

Pressure-dependent plasticity models with convex yield loci for explicit ice crushing simulations

Despite the viscous behaviour of crushed ice, plasticity models have been widely used for numerical modelling of ‘design-ice’ in damage assessment applications for several reasons outlined herein. The Crushable Foam (CF) model and an in-house elastic-plastic VUMAT subroutine – initially developed by Liu et al. (2011) based upon Tsai-Wu yield surface – are commonly adopted to simulate glacial and freshwater ice impact loads as they are proposed to outperform the other plasticity models. Nevertheless, the similarities, differences, advantages, and limitations of the two models relative to each other are unclear. This study systematically compares these plasticity models both theoretically, in terms of their constitutive laws, and numerically in eight single-element tests and 28 different simulations of a physical cone crushing test in a laboratory scale. The effects of element size, mesh configuration, and failure parameters are also discussed. The CF plastic behaviour was defined with the Abaqus built-in CF model. The VUMAT includes a failure strain function and a cut-off pressure as failure criteria. These failure criteria were also added to the Abaqus built-in CF model using a Fortran VUSDFLD subroutine. Despite their identical yield loci, the two plasticity models were found to produce notably different results. Most importantly, the CF model, unlike the VUMAT, failed to simulate the confining pressure while it is conceivably the most used material model in the literature for ice crushing simulations. Details are discussed.