Crude Ethyl Acetate Research Articles

Aspergillus niger CJ6 extract with antimicrobial potential promotes in-vitro cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis against MIA PaCa-2 cell line

Nowadays, the increased number of multidrug-resistant strains among pathogens is a severe public health concern and cancer is posing a great threat for humans. These problems should be tackled with the development of novel and broad-spectrum antimicrobials from microbial origin. During the present study, the bioactive secondary metabolites from Aspergillus niger CJ6 were extracted, characterized; their biological properties were evaluated by subjecting them for antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer activities. The potent isolate Aspergillus niger CJ6 with nucleotide sequence of 959 base pairs showed antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens in dual culture. The chemical profiling of crude ethyl acetate extract indicated the presence of various bioactive molecules belonging to phenolic, hydrocarbons, and phthalate derivative classes. In antimicrobial activity, the crude extract displayed increasing activity with increased concentration; the highest activity observed against Shigella flexneri with 15 ± 1.0, 19 ± 0.5, 20 ± 1.0 and 24 ± 1.0 mm zones of inhibition at 25, 50, 75 and 100 μl concentrations. The MTT assay illustrated deformed cells of MIA PaCa-2 cell line in in-vitro cytotoxic activity; outflow of cell matrix and membrane rupture; the IC50 of 90.78 μg/ml suggested moderate potential of extract to prevent cancer cell growth. The apoptosis/necrosis study by flow cytometer exhibited 8.98 ± 0.85% early and 73 ± 0.7% of late apoptotic population with 3.8 ± 1.1% necrotic cells; only 14.22 ± 0.6% of healthy cells suggested the increased apoptosis inducing capacity of Aspergillus niger CJ6 crude extract. The outcomes of this study persuade further exploration on the identification, purification and development of novel bioactive agents that could help battle fatal diseases in humans.

Inhibitory and in silico molecular docking of Xeroderris stuhlmannii (Taub.) Mendonca & E.P. Sousa phytochemical compounds on human α-glucosidases

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHerbal traditional medicine is used by millions of people in Africa for treatment of ailments such as diabetes mellitus, stomach disorders and respiratory diseases. Xeroderris stuhlmannii (Taub.) Mendonca & E.P. Sousa (X. stuhlmannii (Taub.)) is a medicinal plant used traditionally in Zimbabwe to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications. However, there is no scientific evidence to support its inhibitory effect against digestive enzymes (α-glucosidases) that are linked to high blood sugar in humans. Aim of the studyThis work aims to investigate whether bioactive phytochemicals of crude X. stuhlmannii (Taub.) can scavenge free radicals and inhibit α-glucosidases in order to reduce blood sugar in humans. Materials and methodsHere we examined the free radical scavenging potential of crude aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of X. stuhlmannii (Taub.) using the diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay in vitro. Furthermore, we carried out in vitro inhibition of α-glucosidases (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) by the crude extracts using chromogenic 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid and p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside substrates. We also used molecular docking approaches (Autodock Vina) to screen for bioactive phytochemical compounds targeting the digestive enzymes. ResultsOur results showed that phytochemicals in X. stuhlmannii (Taub.) aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts scavenged free radicals with IC50 values ranging from 0.002 to 0.013 μg/mL. Furthermore, crude aqueous, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts significantly inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 10.5–29.5 μg/mL (versus 54.1 ± 0.7 μg/mL for acarbose) and 8.8–49.5 μg/mL (versus 161.4 ± 1.8 μg/mL for acarbose), respectively. In silico molecular docking findings and pharmacokinetic predictions showed that myricetin is likely a novel plant-derived α-glucosidase inhibitor. ConclusionCollectively, our findings suggest pharmacological targeting of digestive enzymes by X. stuhlmannii (Taub.) crude extracts may reduce blood sugar in humans with T2DM via inhibition of α-glucosidases.

Anti-nutritional and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanol root extract and fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum

Abstract Objectives The anti-nutritional composition and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of ethanol root extract and fractions of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SJ) were carried out. Methods The anti-nutritional factors and GC-MS were analysed using standard methods. Key findings The anti-nutritional constituents of the samples were in the order of phenols > terpenoids > flavonoids > tannins > glycosides > alkaloids > hydrogen cyanide > saponins > steroids. The phytochemicals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in extract than fractions, the terpenoids value obtained as 1904.72 mg/100 g from ethanol extract is significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the values of 935.80 mg/100 g and 968.92 mg/100 g gotten from it ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. There is no significant difference (P > 0.05) for the ethyl acetate 0.74 mg/100 g and methanol 0.79 mg/100 g fractions of steroids. However, the methanol fraction of tannins, phenols, glycosides, saponins and hydrogen cyanide were significantly higher than its ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion Chromatogram of GC-MS analysis of the samples of SJ showed 49, 43 and 24 peaks for crude ethanol extract, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the crude ethanol root extract and fractions as shown in Tables 2–4 contain hexadecanoic acid, oleic acid and nonanoic acid methyl ester. The ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of SJ contain 16.9 and 10.1% of 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (8-methylnonyl) ester, respectively.

Evaluation of the Hypoglycemic Potential of Endophytic Fungi from Leaves Extract of Moringa Oliefera (Pakistan), its Identification and GC-MS Analysis

Crude ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi MOL1 and MOL3 of Moringa oliefera was taken to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits.100mg/kg of MOL1 the values of body weight from 1.42±0.09 decreased to 1.18±0.075 while 200mg/kg of extract reduced body weight from 1.36±0.15 to 1.11±0.132. 100 mg/kg of MOL1 treatment on 15th day showed that the BGL count was decreased from 390.2±10.9 to 200.5±7.65. At a concentration of 200 mg/kg reduced BGL count was 195.5±7.69 from 382.7±15.3. 100mg/kg MOL3 treatment decreased weight to 1.21±0.09 from 1.49±0.08 and 200mg/kg reduced body weight from 1.39±0.18 to 1.11±0.075. In group#4, which received 100 mg/kg body weight of MOL3, the BGL count on the 15th day was 387.4±6.80 and after 1 hour of post-treatment it decreased to 184.4±44.0. MOL3 concentration of 200 mg/kg reduced BGL from 410.4±45.67 to 211.6±33.33 after 3 hours of post-treatment it decreased to 180.3±34.1.

Isolation and Characterization of One New Natural Compound with Other Potential Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng. (Family: Rutaceae)

Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng is a plant in the Rutaceae family and a species in the Glycosmis genus that has received little attention. Therefore, this research aimed to report the chemical and biological analysis of Glycosmis cyanocarpa (Blume) Spreng. The chemical analysis involved the isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites through an extensive chromatographic study, and the structures of these metabolites were elucidated on the basis of a detailed analysis of NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data and by comparison with those of related compounds reported in the literature. Different partitions of the crude ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract were evaluated for antioxidant, cytotoxic, and thrombolytic potentials. In chemical analysis, one new phenyl acetate derivative, namely 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl 2-phenylacetate (1), along with four known compounds N-methyl-3-(methylthio)-N-(2-phenylacetyl) acrylamide (2), penangin (3), β-Caryophyllene oxide (4), and acyclic diterpene-phytol (5) were isolated for the first time from the stem and leaf of the plant. The ethyl acetate fraction showed significant free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 11.536 µg/mL compared to standard ascorbic acid (4.816 µg/mL). In the thrombolytic assay, the dichloromethane fraction showed the maximum thrombolytic activity of 16.42% but was still insignificant compared to the standard streptokinase (65.98%). Finally, in a brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the LC50 values of dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions were found to be 0.687 µg/mL, 0.805 µg/mL, and 0.982 µg/mL which are significant compared to the standard vincristine sulfate of 0.272 µg/mL.

Chemical constituents from Macaranga hypoleuca (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg. and their radical scavenging activity

Euphorbiaceae is the fourth most prominent angiosperm family, with over 300 genera and 8,000 species, the largest of which is Macaranga. The leaves have traditionally been used to treat swelling, new cuts, ulcers, bruises, and boils. This genus is also vital for honeybee propolis production in Okinawa, Japan, and Taiwan. Macaranga contains a high concentration of flavonoids and stilbenoids, both of which exhibit a broad range of bioactivities. Due to that, Macaranga hypoleuca was selected for phytochemical and biological research. This study aimed to isolate chemical compounds from the stems and leaves of the species using various chromatographic methods and determine their isolated compounds' structure using several spectroscopic techniques. The powdered leaves of M. hypoleuca (2.5 kg) were macerated in methanol at room temperature for 24 hrs and repeated thrice. The crude extract of leaves obtained (700 g) was partitioned with nhexane and ethyl acetate. Vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) was used to fractionate the crude ethyl acetate (370 g) into eight fractions (HL1-8). Fraction HL5 (2.3 g) was subjected to VLC, column chromatography (CC) and preparative thin layer chromatography (p-TLC) to give a pure compound (1) (5.8 mg). Fraction HL6 (10.6 g) was fractionated using VLC twice, followed by purification using CC, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and p-TLC to afford pure compounds (2) (26.4 mg), (3) (6.0 mg) and (4) (2.0 mg). Another pure compound (5) (6.0 mg) was obtained from the crude acetone extract of the stem bark through fractionation, isolation and purification processes. The pure compounds were characterised based on the NMR, MS, UV-Vis and IR analyses as well as a comparison to published data. Three flavonoids known as tomentosanol D (1), quercetin (2) and kaempferol (3) as well as a phenolic acid namely 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (4) were isolated from the leaves whilst a coumarin, scopoletin (5) was obtained from the stem bark of M. hypoleuca. Compounds 2 – 3 exhibited good activity on DPPH radical scavenging with the percent inhibition values of 93.85% and 93.81%, respectively.

In vivo studies on evaluation of endophytic fungi extract from Trichoderma viride against cervical cancer

BackgroundThe crude ethyl acetate Trichoderma viride extract obtained from Ziziphus mauritiana was initially analyzed by HPLC for identification of major bioactive compounds, and then, it was subjected for in vivo acute and sub-acute toxicity, cervical cancer studies using Wistar albino rats.ResultDuring acute toxicity studies, animal groups treated with distinct dosage of 2000 mg/kg restrained toxicity signs in tested groups compared to controls for 14 days which established to be secure and non-toxic even at high dose. However, in terms of sub-acute toxicity studies, animals were given with repeated amount of (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) for a period of 28 days along with control group. Upon investigations of hematological, biochemical and histopathological studies repeated dose of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg of T. viride extract found to be normal and no other major changes observed among treated groups. During in vivo studies, after treatment of T. viride extract (40 mg/kg) effectively inhibited the cervical cancer cell growth in DES-treated groups. Through HPLC analysis the major compound ursolic acid and 2,5-piperazinedione were mainly identified.ConclusionThe secondary metabolites of endophytes have been used substantially for the sustainable production of therapeutically important compounds. The limited availability of bioactive principles in plant sources could be surpassed by exploiting the chemical entities in the endophytes. In the present investigation, it has been accomplished that ethyl acetate extract of T. viride was safe at higher and lower dosage could be considered for pharmacological studies from plant may provide an excellent avenue for the discovery of drug candidates against deadly cancer diseases.

In vitro Antioxidant, Thrombolytic and Membrane Stabilizing Activities of the Rourea minor Leaves

Rourea minor is a species which belongs to the family Connaraceae. Rourea minor reported previously for antibiotic, antibacterial, hemostatic and wound-healing activities. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant, thrombolytic and membrane stabilizing activities of the crude methanolic extract of the leaves of Rourea minor and its different organic soluble fractions. We measured the total phenolic contents and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of the extracts to observe their antioxidant potential. The thrombolytic activity was determined by human blood clot lysis. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization based on hypotonic solution- and heat-induced haemolysis. The total phenolic content ranged from 9.4 to 57.4 mg GAE/g of the dry extracts and IC50 values of the different extracts (Crude methanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and aqueous) were between 20.38 and 269.34 μg/ml. All the extracts showed mild to moderate thrombolytic potential inhibiting the lysis of clot by 3.47% - 18.43%. The extracts also exhibited potential membrane stabilizing activity in both hypotonic solution- and heatinduced haemolysis indicating their anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, it can be concluded that the methanolic extract from the leaves of Rourea minor and its different fractions possess mild to moderate antioxidant, thrombolytic activities, and membrane stabilizing potential. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 26(1): 51-55, 2023 (January)

Cultural Characterization and Antagonistic Activity of Cladobotryum virescens against Some Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes

In this study, the characteristic growth of Cladobotryum virescens on nine culture media was analyzed. The growing behavior of this fungus was dependent on the culture medium. In vitro analysis showed that oat agar was better than other media tested with the highest conidia production. The antifungal activity against Fusarium chlamydosporum and Alternaria brassicicola was evaluated by the Dual Culture method. C. virescens displayed high activity against both pathogens acting through antibiosis and mycoparasitism. This effect was increased by a higher competitiveness of the strain for the substrate. Furthermore, the crude ethyl acetate extract of the culture broth was tested in vitro against Botrytis cinerea and Septoria tritici, as well as the hemibiotrophic oomycete Phytophthora infestans using a microtiter plate assay at different concentrations. The extract showed excellent inhibition even below 5 ppm. According to these results, we concluded that C. virescens can be considered as a potential biological control agent in agriculture. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate C. virescens as a biocontrol agent for different diseases caused by five relevant pathogens that affect cereals and vegetables.

A high-resolution α-glucosidase inhibition profiling for targeted identification of natural antidiabetic products from Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm and their inhibitory mechanism study

The targeted identification of α-glucosidase inhibitors from the crude ethyl acetate of Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm (L.cernua) was guided by high-resolution inhibition profiling. The α-glucosidase inhibition profiling and HPLC-QTOF-MS showed tannins and serratenes were the corresponding antidiabetic constituents. Two new serratenes named 3β, 21β-dihydroxyserra-14-en-24-oic acid-3β-(4'-methoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoate) (4), 3β, 21α-dihydroxyserra-14-en-24-oic acid-3β-(4'-methoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoate) (7), together with two known compounds (5 and 6) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by HR-ESI-MS and NMR. Compounds 5–7 inhibited the α-glucosidase activity in a non-competitive manner with Ki values ranging from 1.29 to 12.9 µM. The molecular docking result unveiled that 4–7 bound to the residues at the channel site, which enabled to block the substrate access. In addition, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the most active compound 7 and α-glucosidase indicated the 4′-methoxy-5′-hydroxybenzoate group formed the stable hydrogen bonds and pi-pi T-shaped interactions with Arg312, Gln350 and Phe300 residues, while the rings D and E were stabilized by hydrophobic interaction.

A Study of the Interaction between Xanthine Oxidase and Its Inhibitors from Chrysanthemum morifolium Using Computational Simulation and Multispectroscopic Methods.

The current therapeutic approach for gout is through the inhibition of the xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme. Allopurinol, a clinically used XO inhibitor, causes many side effects. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between XO and inhibitors identified from Chrysanthemum morifolium by using computational simulation and multispectroscopic methods. The crude extract, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and residual fractions were subjected to an XO inhibitory assay and 1H NMR analysis. The EtOAc fraction was shown to be strongly correlated to the XO inhibitory activity by using PLS biplot regression analysis. Kaempferol, apigenin, homovanillic acid, and trans-cinnamic acid were suggested to contribute to the XO inhibitory activity. Molecular docking showed that kaempferol and apigenin bound to the active site of XO with their benzopyran moiety sandwiched between Phe914 and Phe1009, interacting with Thr1010 and Arg880 by hydrogen bonding. Kaempferol showed the lowest binding energy in molecular dynamic simulation. The residues that contributed to the binding energy were Glu802, Arg880, Phe 914, and Phe 1009. A fluorescence quenching study showed a combination of static and dynamic quenching for all four inhibitors binding to XO. Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that there was no major change in XO conformation after binding with each inhibitor.

Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and DNA Damage Protection Activities of Endophytic Fungus Pestalotiopsis neglecta Isolated from Ziziphus spina-christi Medicinal Plant

Fungal endophytes are friendly microorganisms that colonize plants and are important in the interactions between plants and their environment. They generate valuable secondary metabolites that are valuable to both plants and humans. Endophytic fungi with bioactivities were isolated from the leaves of the medicinal plant Ziziphus spina-christi. An efficient isolate was selected and identified as Pestalotiopsis neglecta based on nucleotide sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS 1-5.8S-ITS 2) of the 18S rRNA gene (NCBI accession number OP529850); the 564 bp had 99 to 100% similarity with P. neglecta MH860161.1, AY682935.1, KP689121.1, and MG572407.1, according to the BLASTn analysis, following preliminary phytochemical and antifungal screening. The biological activities of this fungus' crude ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract were assessed. With an efficient radical scavenging activity against 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and an IC50 value of 36.6 µg mL-1, P. neglecta extract has shown its potential as an antioxidant. Moreover, it displayed notable cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 (breast carcinoma, IC50 = 22.4 µg mL-1), HeLa (cervical carcinoma, IC50 = 28.9 µg mL-1) and HepG-2 (liver carcinoma, IC50 = 28.9 µg mL-1). At 10 µg mL-1, EtOAc demonstrated significant DNA protection against hydroxyl radical-induced damage. Based on FT-IR and GC-MS spectral analysis, it was detected that the EtOAc of P. neglecta product contains multiple bioactive functional groups. Subsequently, this validated the features of major different potent compounds; tolycaine, 1H-pyrazol, 1,3,5-trimethyl-, eugenol, 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyl), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Since these compounds are biologically relevant in various aspects, and distinct biological activities of fungal extract were acceptable in vitro, this suggests that endophytic fungus P. neglecta may be a viable source of bioactive natural products. This could be a good starting point for pharmaceutical applications.

Chemical Composition and Use of <i>Momordica charantia</i> L. and <i>Hyptis spicigera</i> Lam. Extracts as Mosquito Larvicides and Insect Growth Regulators against Malarial Vector, <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> Giles

Background: Mosquitoes are responsible of numerous vector-borne diseases and among these diseases is malaria which takes away lives of thousands of people, especially children of under five, particularly in Africa. To reduce the mortality and economic burdens of this deadly disease, synthetic insecticide has been of use to control its main vector, Anopheles gambiae. Due to adverse effects caused by these conventional products on non-target organisms and the environment, plants have been of first choice as they proved their effectiveness against mosquitoes and are said to be eco-friendly and relatively safer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals and determine the larvicidal and adult emergence exhibitory activities of Momordica charantia and Hyptis spicigera leaves extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Methods: The WHO standard protocol for larvicidal activity and IGRs was followed up and concentrations from 500 - 2000 ppm for larvicidal and 500 - 1500 ppm for IGRs were set up. Results: There was the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Momordica charantia against alkaloids, taponins, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and oils in Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract registered the lowest LC50 value of 270.6 ppm followed by ethyl acetate and hexane fractions recorded the LC50 of 742.1 and 756 ppm, respectively for larvicidal activity of Momordica charantia against LC50 of 760 and 867.5 ppm for hexane fraction and methanol crude extract, respectively for Hyptis spicigera. Methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of both plants as well as the ethyl acetate fraction of M. charantia registered greater emergence inhibition with IE50 values of 590.2, 842.3 and 982 ppm for methanol crude extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of M. charantia, respectively against 901.7 and 873.2 for methanol crude extract and hexane fraction of H. spicigera, respectively. Conclusion: The toxicity and adult emergence inhibition may be associated with constituents in both plants that interfere with the normal neuronal, respiratory and endocrine systems functions.

Isolation and evaluation of significant antibacterial fraction of methanol and its derived fractions from the leaves extract of Zygophyllum simplex

Food poisoning related to bacterial contamination is the most common disease and cause of death nowadays in developing countries. There are many plants that have made a revolution in the field of medicine. Zygophyllum simplex (Z. simplex) is a plant that is native to Oman and it has been used since ancient times as a cure for human infectious diseases. The purpose of this study is to prepare different polarities containing plant crude extracts and evaluate their antibacterial behavior using the agar gel diffusion technique. In order to arrange their extracts via the Soxhlet extraction technique and solvent-solvent fraction technique, multi-polar solvents were used. With minor modification, the antimicrobial behaviors of the multi-polar extracts taken out were calculated by the agar gel diffusion technique. The antimicrobial action as a zone of inhibition of six different extracts at four concentrations was completed against two Gram-negative: Escherichia coli (E. coli, Code No. 683) and Klebsiella Pneumonia (K. pneumonia, Code No. 684), and three Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, Code No. 659), Streptococcus pseudopneumonia (S. pseudopneumonia, Code No. 685), Bacillus pumilus (B. pumilus, Code No. 690). Different crude extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Gram (+ and -) bacteria at different concentrations. All extracts at different concentrations showed moderate to substantial activity against the bacterial strains of Grams (+and-) except methanol against B. pumilus. All various polarities crude extracts, ethyl acetate, DCM (dichloromethane), and water extracts at different concentrations showed the maximum activity against E coli within the range of 8–13.5 mm. The highest inhibition zone was found in DCM extract and the lowest antimicrobial activity was found in the hexane extract against different bacterial strains. So the order of DCM > butanol > water > methanol > hexane extracts preceded it. To isolate pure compounds by using column chromatography, the highest antibacterial activity DCM crude extract was chosen. The eluents were collected in a series of test tubes and a total of eight fractions were prepared based on the thin layer chromatography behavior. Similarly, the isolated eight fractions from the column were used to determine their antibacterial activity by the same agar diffusion method. The results showed that fractions number 2 and 4 gave the highest activity among the other fractions. In conclusion, the DCM extract as well as fraction numbers 2 and 4 exhibited promising activities against Gram-negative bacterial strains; therefore, the DCM extract, fraction 2, and fraction 4 could be used for the treatment of various human infectious diseases as natural antibiotics.

Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Leaf Extract and Fractions of Ipomoea Quamoclit in Albino Wistar Rats

Background: Medicinal plants have been shown to contain intrinsic active ingredients that can be used for curative purpose for some diseases. Ipomoea quamoclit is one of such ethnomedicinal plants of reported health benefits. Aim of Study: This study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract and fractions of the leaves of Ipomoea quamoclit Mill. Materials and Methods: Ipomoea quamoclit leaves were harvested and extracted with 80% ethanol by cold maceration for 48 hours and the crude extract was fractionated to obtain n-hexane, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fraction, respectively. The crude extract and its fractions were screened to unveil the resident phytochemical constituents. The ethanol extract was tested for acute toxicity (LD50). The systemic acute inflammation of the crude extract and fractions of Ipomoea quamoclit was studied using the water (fluid) displacement method after inducing inflammation with egg albumin, using rats. The effect of the crude extract and fractions of Ipomoea quamoclit on arthritis was studied using the formaldehyde-induced arthritis model in rats. Results: The results of the qualitative phytochemical evaluation of the plant confirmed the presence of these phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, and coumarins. There were no deaths recorded for acute toxicity study for both phases of the test. In the acute anti-inflammation assay, significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory activities were observed from the 5th hour for the ethyl acetate fraction (150 and 400 mg/kg) and the butanol fraction (400 mg/kg). The anti-arthritic activity of the crude extract (150 mg/kg), ethyl acetate fraction (150 and 400 mg/kg), n-hexane fraction (150 mg/kg) and butanol fraction (150 and 400 mg/kg) was obvious from the second day after administration. By the 10th day the crude extract (50, 150, and 400 mg/kg) and ethyl acetate fraction (150 and 400 mg/kg) brought about a significant reduction of chronic inflammation (arthritis) in the test animals to normal basal levels. Conclusions: This study thus provides scientific information and validates the ethnobotanical use of Ipomoea quamoclit leaves in management of diseases and inflammation inclusive. The findings of this study also reveal that potentially Ipomoea quamoclit could be a source of pharmacologically active compounds of pharmaceutical importance.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes

Cyperus rotundus L. is a ubiquitous weed, commonly found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions around the world, belonging to the Cyperaceae family. This slender, erect, perennial sedge propagates through a fibrous root system, enabling it to thrive in diverse habitats. The rhizomes initially appear black, transitioning to a darker shade as they mature. This plant is a traditional medicinal herb renowned for treating stomach ailments, nausea, vomiting, intestinal parasites, food poisoning, indigestion, and bowel irritation. Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic crude extract of C. rotundus L. rhizomes was conducted, revealing the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates, and fixed oils. The total phenolic content was measured at 51.48 ± 1.77 mg GAE/g, 159.63 ± 2.28 mg GAE/g, and 17.90 ± 2.64 mg GAE/g in the ethanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions, respectively. Similarly, the total flavonoid content in the ethanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions was determined as (21.00 ± 1.51), (118.07 ± 5.06), and (10.67 ± 2.53) mg GAE/g, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction of C. rotundus L. rhizomes exhibited significant antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 27.11 ± 1.46 µg/mL. Furthermore, the ethanolic crude extract of C. rotundus L. rhizomes displayed effective antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 8 mm.

Antioxidant, phytochemical composition and proximate analysis of Mangifera haden seeds

Mangifera haden is a tropical fruit that is rich in diverse array of bioactive phytochemicals. The present study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant capacity, phytochemicals and proximate composition present in aqueous extract and three different fractions of Mangifera haden seeds. Phytochemical analyses were investigated using standard method. The whole sample of Mangifera haden seeds were analyzed for proximate composition using standard analytical methods. The in vitro antioxidant effects of the plant extract and fractions were determined using: FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power), DPPH (2, 2 – Diphenyl – 1 picrylhydrazyl) and TAC (Total Antioxidant Capacity) studies. Proximate composition and calorific value of whole sample of Mangifera haden seeds revealed that the percentage values of moisture, ash, lipid, fibre, protein and carbohydrate were (8.39, 2.77, 17.18, 4.29, 4.82 , 62.55) and 1772.89 kj/100g respectively. Phytochemical constituents of crude extract, ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane fractions of Mangifera haden seeds showed that they contain relative amount of flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, triterpenes, alkaloids and coumarins. All these antioxidant activities increased with increasing concentrations in a dose dependent manner. The in vitro antioxidant studies revealed ethyl acetate fraction with the highest antioxidant activity using FRAP, TAC and DPPH activity while n-hexane fraction exhibited the lowest antioxidant status. These results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of Mangifera haden seeds has high concentration of phytochemical compounds and high amount of antioxidant while n-hexane fraction exhibited the lowest concentration of phytochemical potential and antioxidant status. The phytocomponents of the different fractions of Mangifera haden seeds were investigated using Perkin Elmer GC-MS. The prevailing compounds in ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane fraction are 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (15.16 %,), 7-epi-trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (27.86%) and (Z)-Oleic acid (100%).

Chemical Constituents and Their Anti-inflammatory Activities from the Stems of Cryptolepis buchanani

The stems of Cryptolepis buchanani are traditionally used for the treatment of inflammation, including arthritis, muscle and joint pain. In the present study, 3 crude extracts (hexane, EtOAc and methanol) from the stems of C. buchanani were evaluated for anti-inflammatory effects using an in vitro model of RAW 264.7 macrophages. At a concentration of 50 μg/mL, the hexane and EtOAc crude extract have inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production by 84.33±2.01 and 82.49±0.92 %, respectively. 3,4-Dihydroxyl benzoic acid (1), vanillic acid (2), syringaldehyde (3), isoscopoletin (4) and stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione (5) were isolated from hexane and EtOAc crude extracts. Their structures were identified on the basis of 1H and 13C NMR, as well as a comparison of the data from previous reports. Compounds 1-5 were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity. Compound 3 showed activity of NO inhibition with IC50 values of 49.07 μM (Indomethacin IC50 values of 39.21 μM). In addition, compounds 1-3 and 5 were isolated for the first time from this plant. HIGHLIGHTS The crude hexane and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) (each, 50 mg/mL) inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production with inhibition percentage at 84.33 and 82.49, respectively 3,4-Dihydroxyl benzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde and stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione were isolated for the first time from this plant Syringaldehyde showed activity of NO inhibition with IC50 values of 49.07 μM (Indomethacin IC50 values of 39.21 μM) GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy of ethyl acetate extract of Cymodocea serrulata and assess the major bioactive components in the extract using GC-MS analysis

The emergence of drugs from marine sources, particularly marine plants, has increased in recent years. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess, evaluate the phytochemical profile, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity of Cymodocea serrulata extract. Furthermore, qualitatively analyzed the predominant components present in the extract which showed considerable antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The qualitative phytochemical analysis results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract contained more number of pharmaceutically valuable phytochemicals than other solvent extracts. The ethyl acetate extract showed excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus (20 mm) followed by P. aeruginosa (18.11 mm), E. coli (17.20 mm), B. subtilis (17.11 mm), C. diphtheriae (17.10 mm) and C. pneumoniae (17.0 mm) at the concentration of 75 mg ml−1. The antioxidant activity results revealed that the crude ethyl acetate extract of C. serrulata demonstrated significant free radicals scavenging activity ranging from 25.562 ± 1.62 %, 63.615 ± 1.02 %, 75.524 ± 0.48 %, and 88.048 ± 1.28 % for DPPH, FRAP, H2O2, and nitric oxide radicals scavenging assays at the concentration of 100 mg ml−1 respectively. Furthermore, the GC-MS analysis results revealed that the ethyl acetate extract contained 14 major components, the majority of which had previously been identified as pharmaceutically valuable components. These findings concluded that the components present in the ethyl acetate extract of C. serrulate have pharmaceutical value and may be useful to the humanity.

A new xanthonolignoid and other constituents of Psorospermum aurantiacum (Hypericaceae) stems with antibacterial and antioxidant activities

The ethyl acetate fraction of Psorospermum aurantiacum stems has furnished cadensin H ( 1 ) a new compound belonging to the class of xanthonolignoid alongside with six compounds: 1,5,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone ( 2 ), betulinic acid ( 3 ), 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone ( 4 ), betulin ( 5 ), lupeol ( 6 ) and stigmasterol glucoside ( 7 ). The crude methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction, as well as some major isolated compounds were evaluated for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, SSalmonella. typhi, EEscherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia , were used as test organisms. The crude extract has moderate activity against Shigella flexneri , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, SSalmonella. typhi and EEscherichia. coli strains with MICs values ranging from 125 to 500 µ g/mL, and MBC of 500 µ g/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, SSalmonella. typhi and EEscherichia. coli . While the ethyl acetate fraction has moderate activity against S. flexneri , methicillin resistant S. aureus, SSalmonella. typhi and EEscherichia. coli with MIC ranging from 250 to 1000 µg/mL and MBC from 500 to 1000 µg/mL for S. flexneri, S. aureus, E. coli strains. Among all the compounds tested, only 1,5,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone showed moderate activity on all bacterial strains with MICs values from 12.5 to 50 µ g/mL and MBC of 25 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL on methicillin-resistant S. aureus , 100 µg/mL on EEscherichia. coli . DPPH for radical scavenging and iron reducing antioxidant (FRAP) were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Compound ( 2 ) showed important activity with the first reagent while compound ( 1 ) showed moderate activity with the second reagent. The structures of the isolated compounds were established using modern spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR and High-resolution mass spectrometry and by comparing with data reported in the literature. • Isolation of 7 compounds from the stems of psorospermum aurantiacum (Hypericaceae). • Four of the compounds isolated are found for the first time in the genus psorospermum. • First report of antioxidant activities of compounds isolated from the stems of psorospermu m .