Croton Oil Research Articles

Identification of bioactive components on antihemorrhoidal activity of Cistus laurifolius L. using RP-HPLC and LC-QTOF-MS

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCistus laurifolius is widely used in folk medicine in Anatolia for the treatment of many ailments. The leaves of the plant are used in the form of tea in the treatment of hemorrhoids in the Western Black Sea Region and Central Anatolia. Aims of the studyIt was aimed at evaluating the anti-hemorrhoidal effects of C. laurifolus leaves in croton oil-induced hemorrhoid model in rats. Materials and methodsThe methanolic and aqueous extracts of C. laurifolius were tested for in vivo anti-hemorrhoidal efficacy using an experimental hemorrhoid model, followed by histological and biochemical analysis. Hemorrhoid was created by using croton oil on the anal region of the rats. TNF-α and VEGF mRNA expression levels were assessed using real-time PCR detections. The extract was also tested for anti-inflammatory properties, which are based on the suppression of an increase in capillary permeability caused by acetic acid. LC-QTOF-MS and RP-HPLC were used for the phytochemical analysis. ResultsIn comparison to the control, histological and biochemical assessment showed that the methanolic extract of C. laurifolius is particularly effective against hemorrhoids. The same extract group's TNF-α mRNA expression was found to be the lowest. Additionally, the methanolic extract showed a strong inhibitory effect on the increase in capillary permeability resulted on by acetic acid. Three phenolic compounds were discovered in the extracts by phytochemical analyses, while more than eighteen compounds were found by LC-QTOF-MS analysis. Five of these compounds are phenolic acid derivatives, and flavonoids constitute the majority of the group. ConclusionThis is the first evidence from the research that C. laurifolius possesses strong anti-inflammatory and anti-hemorrhoidal properties.

Geranylgeranylacetone Ameliorates Skin Inflammation by Regulating and Inducing Thioredoxin via the Thioredoxin Redox System.

Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) exerts cytoprotective activity against various toxic stressors via the thioredoxin (TRX) redox system; however, its effect on skin inflammation and molecular mechanism on inducing the TRX of GGA is still unknown. We investigated the effects of GGA in a murine irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) model induced by croton oil. Both a topical application and oral administration of GGA induced TRX production and Nrf2 activation. GGA ameliorated ear swelling, neutrophil infiltration, and inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, GM-CSF, and 8-OHdG. GGA's cytoprotective effect was stronger orally than topically in mice. In vitro studies also showed that GGA suppressed the expression of NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and GM-CSF and scavenged ROS in PAM212 cells after phorbol myristate acetate stimulation. Moreover, GGA induced endogenous TRX production and Nrf2 nuclear translocation in PAM212 cells (dependent on the presence of ROS) and activated the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. GGA significantly downregulated thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) levels in PAM212 cells treated with or without Nrf2 siRNA. After knocking down Nrf2 in PAM212 cells, the effect of GGA on TRX induction was significantly inhibited. This suggests that GGA suppress ICD by inducing endogenous TRX, which may be regulated by PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 mediation of the TRX redox system.

Phenolic glycosides and indole alkaloids isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Clematis chinensis and their anti-inflammatory activity

Six undescribed compounds, including three phenolic glycosides (1–3) and three indole alkaloids (4–6), together with ten known alkaloids (7–16) and three known phenolic glycosides (17–19), were isolated from 70% EtOH aqueous extracts of the roots and rhizomes of Clematis chinensis Osbeck. The structures were elucidated by NMR, HRESIMS and X-ray diffraction spectroscopies. The anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds was evaluated, and twelve compounds showed significant inhibitory activity against TNF-α with an inhibition ratio from 47.87% to 94.70% at a dose of 10 μM. Compound 7 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against TNF-α and IL-6 with IC50 values of 3.99 μM and 2.24 μM, respectively. Compound 8 displayed potent anti-inflammatory activity against mouse ear edema induced by croton oil. A mechanistic study suggested that compounds 7 and 8 decreased the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.

Croton Oil-induced Hemorrhoidal Rats: Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Mediated Anti-hemorrhoidal Activity of Tridax procumbens Whole Plant

Background: Hemorrhoids are anorectal disorders characterized by dilation of rectal blood vessels, inflammation, and prolapse of the anal tissue. The disease affects both men and women equally. In consequence, the increasing prevalence of the disease needs potential agents with efficiency and low cost to support the treatment. Objective: The treatment of hemorrhoids in modern medicine is still found to be in its infancy, as there is no precise treatment for the specific disease. Tridax procumbens Linn (T. procumbens) belongs to the family Asteraceae. From the literature, the plant was found to have a traditional use for the treatment of hemorrhoids. Hence, the present research was focused on evaluating the antiinflammatory mediated anti-hemorrhoidal potential of ethanolic whole plant extract of T. procumbens (EWETP) in croton oil-induced hemorrhoidal rats. Methods: An in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the percentage inhibition of protein (egg albumin) denaturation by Tridax procumbens. This study determined the initial protective role of plant extracts against inflammatory proteins. An in vivo, anti-inflammatory-mediated anti-hemorrhoidal study was carried out on T. procumbens in various groups of croton oil-induced hemorrhoidal rats. Wistar albino rats were selected for the present research, and hemorrhoids were induced in experimental animals using a croton oil preparation containing 6% croton oil, deionised water, pyridine, and diethyl ether. Pilex ointment was taken as a reference drug in this study. Inflammation seems to be a major pathway for the progression of hemorrhoids. Hence, in the present research, Evans blue (EB) extravasation technique was applied to quantify inflammatory proteins. On the last day of the study, blood samples were drawn from experimental animals to analyse serum and blood for TNF- α, IL-6, and the percentage of neutrophils count. Recto anal coefficient was calculated to measure croton oil-induced rectal inflammation in animals. Histopathological studies were carried out separately on a second set of animals to identify the protective role of T.procumbens on rectal tissue cell histology. Molecular docking studies were carried out to rule out the possible interaction of plant phytoconstituents with the COX-2 enzyme. Results: Results showed that intra rectal application of croton oil preparation in albino rats developed hemorrhoids by elevating serum TNF-α and IL-6 in positive control group animals compared to normal group rats. Treatment of albino rats with T. procumbens at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg in groups IV and V has shown a significant reduction in serum TNF-α and IL-6. Furthermore, in the study, T. procumbens exhibited a significant dose-dependent reduction of EB dye extravasation in study animals. The study observations also revealed the inhibitory effect of plant extract on the blood percentage of neutrophils count and recto anal coefficient compared to the positive control group rats. Histopathological studies conducted on rectoanal tissues showed the presence of minimal rectal tissue changes in plant extract-treated group animals compared to positive control group rats. Molecular docking studies explored the possible interaction of phenolic compounds of plant extract with the COX enzyme. Conclusion: It was concluded that Tridax procumbens had a protective role against inflammatory mediators in hemorrhoids. In hemorrhoidal rats, ethanolic leaf extract was found to reduce the plasma percentage of neutrophils and other inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, and IL-6. It could be used as a therapeutic anti-inflammatory mediated anti-hemorrhoidal agent.

Quercus floribunda Lindl. Ex A. Camus; a tremendous remedy against inflammation and associated symptoms

Crude extracts prepared from aerial parts and nut galls of Quercus floribunda Lindl. Ex. A. Camus were evaluated for phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant, and in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities. Various solvents including methanol (M), acetone (A), distilled water (DW), distilled water + methanol (DWM) were used for extraction. Highest total phenolic (66.9 ± 0.05 μg GAE/mgE) and flavonoid content (38.4 ± 0.72 μg QE/mgE) were measured in QFAA extract by colorimetric methods. Cumulative maximum concentrations of polyphenols were quantified in QFMG, QFAA, and QFMA extracts i.e. 19.036, 15. 574 and 11.647 μg/mg of extract by RP-HPLC analysis. From aerial parts extracts, apentacyclic tritepenoid, glutinol was isolated using column chromatography techniques and structure was elucidated using spectroscopic techniques. QFDWMA (205.5 ± 0.56 μg AAE/mg of extract) showed highest total reducing power while highest total antioxidant capacity (207.1 ± 0.49 AAE/mg of extract) and free radical scavenging potential (96.1 ± 0.42%) were observed in QFAA extract. QFAA extract showed significant (p ≤ 0.001) analgesic potential in different pain models i.e. hot plate method, cold plate method, Haffner's tail clip method and acetic acid induced writhing assay having 50.20%, 62.07%, 57.26% and 70.49% analgesia respectively at 300 mg/kg. QFAA extract showed maximum anti-inflammatory activity in croton oil induced edema (68.83%) and in carrageenan induced paw edema models (72.32%) at 300 mg/kg concentration. QFAA extract markedly reduced the rectal temperature at 300 mg/kg concentration, in brewer's yeast induced pyrexia model. Detailed investigations can be executed in future to determine the molecular mechanisms of these pharmacological attributes.

Evaluation of Potentiality of Salvia hispanica in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Wistar Albino Rats

Abstract: Introduction: Globally, approximately 11% of the population has been affected by the irritable bowel syndrome. Recent advancement in medical area have made it easily possible to find out the proper pathophysiology behind the generation of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome followed by its treatment. Objective: The aim of this research is to check the effect of mucilage of Salvia hispanica on gastrointestinal tract symptoms (IBS) as a result of excessive fibers availability in the mucilage. Materials and Methods: The anti-IBS activity was seen in rats by using the various animal experimental models. The anti-IBS activity of Salvia hispanica mucilage (100 mg/ kg, p.o.) in rats was checked by using the Water Avoidance Stress Model (WAS), Food Related model of IBS and Croton oil Induced Hemorrhoids. For the estimation of effect of monoamine on GIT fluorimeter was used to check the level of serotonin and iliac motility of rats were also checked. Results: It was found out that Salvia hispanica mucilage had contractile action on iliac motility that leads to the shortening the evacuation time of bowel and relief in constipation. From the data collected by using above methods. Conclusion: It was concluded that the Salvia hispanica mucilage revealed to possess activity against IBS significantly (****p<0.0001) at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Activity against IBS was supported by enhanced serotonin level in the gastrointestinal tract. Keywords: IBS, Salvia hispanic mucilage, Water Avoidance Stress Model, Serotonin, Food Related Stress Model of IBS.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Pterospartum tridentatum Leaf Extract in Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Pterospartum tridendatum is an important source of active compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. The ability of P. tridentatum leaves methanolic extract in preventing/reversing inflammation was studied in adult rats using a model of experimental osteoarthritis (OA) and ear edema. Control animals (SHAM) were administered phosphate buffer solution (PBS), while OA animals received either P. tridentatum 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, or a commercial anti-inflammatory (15 mg/Kg, Ibuprofen) via gavage, daily, for three weeks. Ear edema was induced, and the animals were divided into five groups treated with: (i) ethanol, (ii) P. tridentatum, (iii) croton oil, (iv) croton oil + P. tridentatum, and (v) croton oil + medrol. The inflammatory effect was evaluated by the measurement of the knee and ear edema. The chromatographic profile, evaluated by HPLC-DAD, showed numerous phenolic compounds are present. In the docking analysis of these compounds, isoquercetin demonstrated strong molecular interactions for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma (PPARα and PPARƴ, respectively), protein kinase 2 subunit α (CK2 α), and 5-lipoxygenase-activating proteins. Genistein had strong docking binding energies for CK2α and prostaglandin H (2) synthase-1. Our analysis showed the treatment with P. tridentatum extract reversed OA-induced edema in the rat knee, as well as ear edema, highlights this plant as a potential source of compounds that can be used as adjuvants in the management of inflammation.

Methods for Imaging Inflammation and Transendothelial Migration in Vivo and ex Vivo.

Inflammation is the body's response to injury and harmful stimuli and contributes to a range of infectious and noninfectious diseases. Inflammation occurs through a series of well-defined leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, including rolling, activation, adhesion, transmigration, and subsequent migration through the extracellular matrix. Being able to visualize the stages of inflammation is important for a better understanding of its role in diseases processes. Detailed in this article are protocols for imaging immune cell infiltration and transendothelial migration in vascular tissue beds, including those in the mouse ear, cremaster muscle, brain, lung, and retina. Also described are protocols for inducing inflammation and quantifying leukocytes with FIJI imaging software. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Induction of croton oil dermatitis Alternate Protocol 1: Induction of croton oil dermatitis using genetically fluorescent mice Basic Protocol 2: Intravital microscopy of the mouse cremaster muscle Support Protocol: Making a silicone stage Basic Protocol 3: Wide-field microscopy of the mouse brain Basic Protocol 4: Imaging the lungs (ex vivo) Alternate Protocol 2: Inflating the lungs without tracheostomy Basic Protocol 5: Inducing, imaging, and quantifying infiltration of leukocytes in mouse retina.

Fabrication and characterization of anti-rosacea 3D nanofibrous customized sheet masks as a novel scaffold for repurposed use of spironolactone with pre-clinical studies

The repurposed oral use of spironolactone (SP) as an anti-rosacea drug faces many challenges that hinder its efficacy and compliance. In this study, a topically applied nanofibers (NFs) scaffold was evaluated as a promising nanocarrier that enhances SP activity and avoids the friction routine that exaggerates rosacea patients’ inflamed, sensitive skin. SP-loaded poly-vinylpyrrolidone (40% PVP) nanofibers (SP-PVP NFs) were electrospun. Scanning electron microscopy showed that SP-PVP NFs have a smooth homogenous surface with a diameter of about 426.60 nm. Wettability, solid state, and mechanical properties of NFs were evaluated. Encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were 96.34% ± 1.20 and 11.89% ± 0.15, respectively. The in vitro release study showed a higher amount of SP released over pure SP with a controlled release pattern. Ex vivo results showed that the permeated amount of SP from SP-PVP NFs sheets was 4.1 times greater than that of pure SP gel. A higher percentage of SP was retained in different skin layers. Moreover, the in vivo anti-rosacea efficacy of SP-PVP NFs using croton oil challenge showed a significant reduction in erythema score compared to the pure SP. The stability and safety of NFs mats were proved, indicating that SP-PVP NFs are promising carriers of SP.

Biphasic alcoholysis coupled with high-speed countercurrent chromatography for high performance on separating phorbol from Croton tiglium Linn extracts.

Phorbol is a tetracyclic diterpenoid found inEuphorbia tirucalli,Croton tiglium, andRehmannia glutinosa, and is nuclear of various phorbol esters. The rapid obtaining of phorbol with high purity highly contributes to its application, such as synthesizing phorbol esters with designable side chains and particular therapeutic efficacy. This study introduced a biphasic alcoholysis method for obtaining phorbol from croton oil by using polarity imparity organic solvents in both phases and established a high-speed countercurrent chromatography method for simultaneous separation and purification of phorbol. The optimized operation conditions of biphasic alcoholysis were a reaction time of 91min, a temperature of 14°C, and a croton oil-methanol ratio of 1:30 (g:ml). The phorbol during the biphasic alcoholysis was 3.2-fold higher in content than that obtained in conventional monophasic alcoholysis. The optimized high-speed countercurrent chromatography method was using the ethyl acetate/n-butyl alcohol/water at 4.7:0.3:5 (v:v:v) with Na2 SO4 at 0.36g/10ml as the solvent system, using the mobile phase flow rate of 2ml/min, the revolution of 800r/min, under which the retention of the stationary phase was achieved at 72.83%. The crystallized phorbol following high-speed countercurrent chromatography was obtained as high purity of 94%.

Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Ethanolic Extract of Sarcostemma brevistigma for its Anti-inflammatory and Antipsoriatic Activity

The goal of this work was to test the anti-inflammatory and anti-psoriatic properties of an ethanolic extract of Sarcostemma brevistigma stem in the formation of a hydrogel utilizing several mouse models. The methanolic fraction was obtained by fractionating an ethanolic extract of Sarcostemma brevistigma stem with methanol. Viscosity, spreadability, drug release profile, pH, homogeneity, physical properties and irritant impact of the prepared hydrogel were assessed. Percentage inhibition, nitric oxide (NO), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in mice ears following acute inflammation caused by croton oil were all measured. Physical examination revealed that the produced hydrogels were brownish in color and had a homogenous and smooth look when applied. All other test criteria, including as pH, viscosity, spreadability, and consistency, were determined to be acceptable in the F3 hydrogel formulation. The optimal F3 formulation component was 1.5 g of Carbopol 940 and 1% sodium CMC. In xylene-induced ear edema in mice, the percent suppression of edema was found to be equivalent to the standard group of therapy (69.58 %). The results of this investigation show that a produced hydrogel of SB extract has inhibitory activity on acute inflammation. The capacity of croton oil to promote neutrophil influx in mouse ear tissue was shown in this study. Treatment with extract hydrogels, as well as Voltaren Emulgel, substantially decreased MPO and NO levels in mice ears (P &lt; 0.01). The presence of flavonoids in Sarcostemma brevistigma may explain why the methanol extracts have a substantial anti-inflammatory effect.

Phenol-Croton Oil Chemical Peeling Induces Durable Improvement of Constitutional Periorbital Dark Circles.

Constitutional periorbital dark circles (PDC) are common in skin of color and represent a therapeutic challenge. To summarize the experience of the International Peeling Society on the safety and effectiveness of deep chemical peeling in the treatment of constitutional PDC. Multi-institutional, retrospective case series (1990-2020) of constitutional PDC treated by deep chemical peeling. Descriptive analysis by age, sex, Fitzpatrick phototype, phenol-croton formula, degree and durability of improvement, and complications. Fifty-five phenol-croton oil peels were performed in 52 patients: 3 patients received a second peel for periorbital rhytids 72 to 84 months after the first peel. 92% (48/52) of patients were women; the median age was 46 years (range, 23-68 years). 89% (46/52) of patients were Fitzpatrick III-IV. Most common formula included phenol 60% to 65% and croton oil 0.6% to 0.7%. 89% (49/55) of peels demonstrated >50% clinical improvement. The median duration of improvement was 24 months (range, 1.5-168 months), and 69% (36/52) of patients demonstrated ongoing improvement at the last follow-up. 4% (2/55) of peels exhibited complications of persistent erythema that resolved without scarring. Based on its safety and effectiveness, deep chemical peels are a treatment of choice for constitutional PDC.

ANTI-HEMORRHOIDAL ACTIVITY OF AYURVEDIC CREAM IN RATS

Piloheal cream is an Ayurvedic proprietary medicine claimed to be effective in the treatment of hemorrhoids. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the anti-hemorrhoidal activity of Piloheal cream against croton oil-induced hemorrhoids in rats. The hemorrhoids were induced by applying 3% croton oil preparation in the anorectal region. Rats were intrarectally administered with Piloheal cream, twice a day for 4 days. Hemorrhoids were assessed by measuring macroscopic parameters such as weight, area of mucosal damage, and the number of red thrombi of anorectal tissue along with histology of the tissue. Croton oil-induced hemorrhoids were prevented by treatment with Piloheal cream as indicated by the decrease in macroscopic and histological changes in Piloheal treated rats as compared to hemorrhoids-induced rats. It is concluded that Piloheal cream exhibits a beneficial effect on croton oil-induced hemorrhoids and is useful in the treatment of hemorrhoids.

Design and Characterization of Lipid-Surfactant-Based Systems for Enhancing Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ursolic Acid.

Skin inflammation is a symptom of many skin diseases, such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis, which cause rashes, redness, heat, or blistering. The use of natural products with anti-inflammatory properties has gained importance in treating these symptoms. Ursolic acid (UA), a promising natural compound that is used to treat skin diseases, exhibits low aqueous solubility, resulting in poor absorption and low bioavailability. Designing topical formulations focuses on providing adequate delivery via application to the skin surface. The aim of this study was to formulate and characterize lipid-surfactant-based systems for the delivery of UA. Microemulsions and liquid crystalline systems (LCs) were characterized by polarized light microscopy (PLM), rheology techniques, and textural and bioadhesive assays. PLM supported the self-assembly of these systems and elucidated their formation. Rheologic examination revealed pseudoplastic and thixotropic behavior appropriate, and assays confirmed the ability of these formulations to adhere to the skin. In vivo studies were performed, and inflammation induced by croton oil was assessed for response to microemulsions and LCs. UA anti-inflammatory activities of ~60% and 50% were demonstrated by two microemulsions and 40% and 35% by two LCs, respectively. These data support the continued development of colloidal systems to deliver UA to ameliorate skin inflammation.

Development of Guar Gum Hydrogel Containing Sesamol-Loaded Nanocapsules Designed for Irritant Contact Dermatitis Treatment Induced by Croton Oil Application.

Irritant contact dermatitis is usually treated with corticosteroids, which cause expressive adverse effects. Sesamol is a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study was designed to evaluate a hydrogel containing sesamol-loaded ethylcellulose nanocapsules for the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis. The nanocapsules presented a size in the nanometric range, a negative zeta potential, a sesamol content close to the theoretical value (1 mg/mL), and a 65% encapsulation efficiency. Nanoencapsulation protected sesamol against UVC-induced degradation and increased the scavenging activity assessed by ABTS and DPPH radicals. The hydrogels were prepared by thickening the nanocapsule suspensions with guar gum (2.5%). The hydrogels maintained the nanometric size of the nanocapsules and a sesamol content of approximately 1 mg/g. The HET-CAM assay classified the hydrogels as nonirritating. The in vitro release of the hydrogel containing sesamol in the nanoencapsulated form demonstrated an initial burst effect followed by a prolonged sesamol release and a lower skin permeation in comparison with the hydrogel containing free sesamol. In addition, it exhibited the best anti-inflammatory effect in the irritant contact dermatitis model induced by croton oil, reducing ear edema and inflammatory cells infiltration, similar to dexamethasone (positive control). Therefore, the hydrogel containing sesamol in the nanoencapsulated form seemed to have a therapeutic potential in treating irritant contact dermatitis.

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) Root Extract and Its Triterpene Baccharis Oxide Display Topical Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Different Mice Ear Edema Models.

B. dracunculifolia is popularly used to treat skin diseases. This work aimed to evaluate the topical anti-inflammatory properties of B. dracunculifolia root extract (BdR) and its major compound baccharis oxide (BOx) on mice ear edema models. BdR was analyzed by GC-MS, and BOx was isolated by chromatographic fractionation. Topical anti-inflammatory activities were determined by using the croton oil, capsaicin, histamine, and phenol-induced mouse ear edema models. N-acetyl-β-D- glucosaminidase (NAG) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, as well as NO dosage and histopathological analyses, were also evaluated. Phytochemical analysis of BdR showed BOx as one of the major constituents. BdR and BOx (both at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/ear) significantly reduced croton oil, histamine, and phenol-induced ear edema, while only BOx was effective in reducing capsaicin-induced edema. MPO and NAG activities, as well as NO production, were significantly inhibited by BdR and BOx. Histopathological analysis confirmed the topical anti-inflammatory properties of BdR and BOx. Our findings showed that BdR and BOx demonstrated significant topical anti-inflammatory effects in mouse ear edema induced by different agents, suggesting their possible application on skin inflammatory diseases.

Phytochemicals and anti-hemorrhoidal activities Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber) leaves

Hemorrhoids occur due to inflammation of the rectoanal venous plexus, which causes inflammation, pain, and can cause lumps. This inflammation can cause difficulty in defecation and can even cause heavy bleeding. Empirically Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber) leaves have been used to treat hemorrhoids and have been known to contain flavonoids and terpenoid lactones which are active as an anti-inflammatory. Objective: To determine the anti hemorrhoidal activity of E. scaber leaves in reducing inflammation in hemorrhoids in Wistar rats. Material and method: The research begins with the extraction of E. scaber leaves with 70% ethanol as solvent. Extracts were analyzed for total flavonoid content with quercetin standard. Antihemorrhoidal activity was measured based on the degree of edema formed based on the weight of the rectum through the surgical process. Rats were induced with croton oil on the anorectal area for three days. The treatments for the test group were 50, 100, and 200 mg/kgW. The drug control group used oral diclofenac sodium for seven days. Result: E. scaber leaf ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and polyphenols. The flavonoid level was 3.433mgQE/g extract. This study showed that E. scaber leaf extract had the best anti hemorrhoidal activity at a dose of 100 mg/kgW with a significance value of p&lt;0.05. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of E.scaber leaves containing flavonoids provides a fairly good anti-hemorrhoid activity compared to the control drug diclofenac sodium.

Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart. bark: Antiedematogenic and antinociceptive activity

Background: Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart., known as “barbatimão” in folk medicine, it's used as an astringent, antiseptic, diuretic, cicatrizing, and intestinal deseases as leukorrhea and diarrhea. Objective: Then, this purpose of this research is to evaluate the antiedematogenic and antinociceptive activity of the S. rotundifolium bark hydroalcoholic extract (EHSR). Methods: For this, the animal model the acute ear edema induced by 10% phenol, capsaicin, histamine, croton oil by single and multiple applications and, abdominal contortions by acetic acid and hot plate models were assayed. Results: The EHSR (10 mg/mL) presented significant topical antiedematogenic activity when reducing ear edema following single (35.12%) and multiple croton oil applications on days 6, 7, 8 and 9 with a 34.60, 31.08, 31.69 and 27.90% reduction in ear thickness, respectively, and reducing masses by 29.8%. The EHSR also reduced phenol (40.55%) and histamine (64.87%) induced edema. The EHSR (100 mg/kg) demonstrated antinociceptive activity by significantly reducing the number of contortions (59.5%) and increasing the animal's time of permanence on the plate by 41.9% (T:90min). Conclusion: We conclude, therefore, that the S. rotundifolium hydroalcoholic extract possesses antiedematogenic and central and peripheral influence in antinociceptive action. Therefore, given the results presented herein, we suggest new in vivo assays be performed to evaluate the possible mechanism of actions involved in these activities.

Evaluation of anti-hemorrhoidal activity of “Tri 01” hard capsule on experimental model of hemorrhoids in wistar in rats

This study evaluated the anti-hemorrhoidal effect of “TRI 01” hard capsule on croton oil-induced hemorrhoids model in rats. Hemorrhoids were induced by applying 6% croton oil preparation in the ano-rectal region. Then, rats were randomly assigned to groups. For the two “TRI 01” groups, “TRI 01” was orally administered at doses of 2.64 and 7.92 g/kg per day for seven days, respectively. Daflon (360 mg/kg per day) was used as reference anti-hemorrhoidal drug. Weighting of ano-rectal tissue, calculation of ano-rectal coefficient, and histology of ano-rectal tissue were conducted two hours after the last administration on the seventh day. The results indicated that treatment using “TRI 01” hard capsule significantly decreased the weight of ano-rectal tissue and the rectoanal coefficient compared to the vehicle-treated hemorrhoid group. Histological observation revealed that TRI 01-treated animals had lesser degree of inflammatory cells, degenerative changes congestion, edema along with lesser degree of necrosis in the mucosal epithelium of ano-rectal tissue as compared to croton-induced hemorrhoid group. Our study demonstrated that “TRI 01” at doses of 2.64 and 7.92 g/kg had anti-hemorrhoidal activity on croton oil-induced hemorrhoids model in rats.

Root Bark Extract of Oroxylum indicum Vent. Inhibits Solid and Ascites Tumors and Prevents the Development of DMBA-Induced Skin Papilloma Formation

Oroxylum indicum is a traditionally used plant in Ayurvedic and folk medicines. The plant is useful for the management of gastrointestinal diseases as well as skin diseases. In the present study, we analyzed the antitumor potential of O. indicum in Dalton's lymphoma ascites tumor cells (DLA) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-induced solid and ascites tumors. Further, the potential of O. indicum extract (OIM) on skin papilloma induction by dimethyl benz(a) anthracene (DMBA) and croton oil was evaluated. The chemical composition of the extract was analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The predominant compounds present in the extract were demethoxycentaureidin 7-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, baicalein-7-O-glucuronide, 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone, 3-Hydroxy-3',4',5'-trimethoxyflavone, 5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) chromen-4-one, and 4'-Hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone. Treatment with high-dose OIM enhanced the percentage of survival in ascites tumor-bearing mice by 34.97%. Likewise, high and low doses of OIM reduced the tumor volume in mice by 61.84% and 54.21%, respectively. Further, the skin papilloma formation was brought down by the administration of low- and high-dose groups of OIM (by 67.51% and 75.63%). Overall, the study concludes that the Oroxylum indicum root bark extract is a potentially active antitumor and anticancer agent.