Effect Of Crosstalk Noise Research Articles

SBCT-NoC: Ultra Low-Power and Reliable Simultaneous Bi-Directional Current-Mode Transceiver for Network-on-Chip Interconnects

The performance of Network-on-Chip depends a lot on the routers and interconnect circuits used in them. The gradual movement of technology towards nanometer scales has increased the core abilities, leading to an increase in delays and interconnect power consumption. As a result, %60 of the total current chip power consumption is related to the interconnect circuits. This paper has presented a simultaneous Bi-directional current-mode transceiver (SBCT-NoC) with two modes of operation, transmitter, and receiver. Two transceivers connected at both ends of an interconnect can use two-way communication through the same link. The proposed transceiver can significantly reduce the delay and power consumption of Network-on-Chip interconnects and increase the reliability using differential logic. This paper has simulated the circuits using 32-nanometer technology while considering the crosstalk noise effect. The results show the considerable advantage of the proposed method compared to previous interconnected circuit methods.

Temperature Dependent Analysis of Mixed CNT Bundle Interconnecting using Active Shielding Technique

The cumulative increase of resistivity in copper due to scaling and indispensable requirements of high current densities and unprecedented switching speed are the impelling forces behind the continuous investigation towards the new wiring solution for nanometer circuits and systems. Mixed carbon nanotube bundle (MCB) interconnects are the most optimistic solution that can address the challenges faced by the conventional materials and thereby enhances the lifetime of electrical interconnects. MCB is a combination of Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT’s) and Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT’s). On the basis of hierarchical modelling, various bundle structures are introduced pertaining to the placement of SWCNT’s and MWCNT’s in the bundle. The reliability of the MCB structures are investigated by calculating the propagation delay and power dissipation. The delays and peak crosstalk noise are examined from the transient analysis for all the bundle structures considered in the present study. Further to improve the data rates and performance, CNTFET based ternary logic system is encompassed for MCB interconnects. Active shielding technique is incorporated effectively for minimizing the crosstalk effects. Finally, modelling of the mixed CNT bundle is done under the influence of temperature and the temperature sensitive crosstalk noise effects are investigated for CNTFET based active shielded MCB structures. Encouragingly, it is observed that, the crosstalk effects are lessened to a greater extent for the MCB structure wherein SWCNT’s are placed at the centre and MWCNT’s at the periphery. All these analyses have been carried out at 22 nm technology node.

Performance of phase-matching quantum key distribution based on wavelength division multiplexing technology

Quantum key distribution (QKD) generates information-theoretical secure keys between two parties based on the physical laws of quantum mechanics. The phase-matching (PM) QKD protocol allows the key rate to break the quantum channel secret key capacity limit without quantum repeaters, and the security of the protocol is demonstrated by using equivalent entanglement. In this paper, the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique is applied to the PM-QKD protocol considering the effect of crosstalk noise on the secret key rate. The performance of PM-QKD protocol based on WDM with the influence of adjacent classical channels and Raman scattering is analyzed by numerical simulations to maximize the total secret key rate of the QKD, providing a reference for future implementations of QKD based on WDM techniques.

Reducing the effect of crosstalk noise from defocused multi-depth holographic image with a rasterize encoding method

Reducing the effect of crosstalk noise from defocused multi-depth holographic image with a rasterize encoding method

Reducing the effect of crosstalk noise from defocused multi-depth holographic image with a rasterize encoding method

Reducing the effect of crosstalk noise from defocused multi-depth holographic image with a rasterize encoding method

Proposal and performance analysis of an optical mode-division multiplexing random-access protocol for data centers

A random-access protocol for optical direct-detection mode-division multiplexing networks is proposed. The protocol is suitable for both data centers and on-chip communications systems. A mathematical description of the protocol is developed using both a Markov chain model analysis and an equilibrium point analysis. Several performance measures—specifically average network throughput, average packet delay, and average blocking probability—are derived. In our analysis, the effects of both multiplexing crosstalk and receiver noise are taken into account. The effect of several design parameters on the obtained performance measures are examined with the aid of a set of numerical examples.

Ultra-low power and reliable magnetic based interconnects for nano-scale technologies

As technology shrinks toward nanometer scales, the delay and power consumption in logic gates reduces, while they follow an increasing trend in global interconnects. Consequently, on-chip interconnects have become a bottleneck from delay and power consumption points of view. In addition, due to reduced distance between adjacent wires in Nano-Scale technology, the effect of crosstalk noise has brought serious reliability challenges. In this paper, we propose an ultra-low power and reliable interconnect using magnetic based Driver-Receiver circuits and current mode signaling. The simulation results for 22-nm technology through comparison with the previous work shows significant superiority of the proposed interconnect considering delay, power consumption, and crosstalk robustness.

Asymmetric multiple image encryption using a wavelet transform and gyrator transform

A new asymmetric multiple information security system based on a wavelet transform and gyrator transform is proposed. In the proposed method, a set of four color images are allocated to each user. Each color image is a single-level 2-D discrete wavelet transformed to decompose into LL, HL, LH, and HH sub-bands. The LL sub-bands of four images are fused to obtain a single fused image as an input image, which is segregated into R, G, and B channels. Each channel is compressed by compressive sensing with measurement matrices and modulated by a measurement-matrices-based random phase mask. In similar fashion, n sets of modulated R, G, and B channels are individually multiplexed and then gyrator transformed. The phase of each encrypted channel is embedded into the corresponding channel of the host image to obtain a watermarked channel and its amplitude is used as a common decryption key. Each set has individual decryption keys and chaotic parameters as extremely sensitive decryption keys to ensure the nonlinearity of the system. Thus, it resists potential attacks. The proposed scheme significantly reduces the data volume to be processed, transmitted, and stored, and simplifies the keys to be distributed simultaneously. The retrieved images are devoid of cross-talk noise effects. A simple optoelectronic system can be employed to realize the proposed scheme. Numerical simulation results prove the feasibility of the strategy.

Multiple-information security system using spherical wave and chaotic random phase mask encoding

An asymmetric multiple-information cryptosystem based on spherical wave and chaotic random phase mask (CRPM) is proposed. In this security system, each secret color image is decomposed into R, G, and B channels and then independently phase-only encoded. The resulting channel is first illuminated by spherical wave and then modulated by CRPM to obtain an encoded channel. Similarly, each encoded channel of n secret images is obtained and then individually multiplied together to produce a corresponding encoded channel. The final encoded image R, G, and B channels of n secret images are digitally concatenated. The proposed method has mainly three advantages over reported methods. First, extremely sensitive and robust parameters of CRPM and spherical wave are exploited as decryption keys to enhance the security levels. Second, the different secret images are encrypted by different decryption keys, which cannot be accessed by unauthorized users. Moreover, fewer optical components are employed in the proposed scheme. The extracted secret images are free from crosstalk noise effects. The load of the key’s management and transmission is lightened by using CRPM. The encryption and decryption processes can be implemented by optoelectronic setup. Numerical simulation results show the viability and security of the proposed method.

Asymmetric multiple information cryptosystem based on chaotic spiral phase mask and random spectrum decomposition

A new asymmetric multiple information cryptosystem based on chaotic spiral phase mask (CSPM) and random spectrum decomposition is put forwarded. In the proposed system, each channel of secret color image is first modulated with a CSPM and then gyrator transformed. The gyrator spectrum is randomly divided into two complex-valued masks. The same procedure is applied to multiple secret images to get their corresponding first and second complex-valued masks. Finally, first and second masks of each channel are independently added to produce first and second complex ciphertexts, respectively. The main feature of the proposed method is the different secret images encrypted by different CSPMs using different parameters as the sensitive decryption/private keys which are completely unknown to unauthorized users. Consequently, the proposed system would be resistant to potential attacks. Moreover, the CSPMs are easier to position in the decoding process owing to their own centering mark on axis focal ring. The retrieved secret images are free from cross-talk noise effects. The decryption process can be implemented by optical experiment. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the viability and security of the proposed method.

Securing multiple information using chaotic spiral phase encoding with simultaneous interference and superposition methods

A new asymmetric multiple information cryptosystem based on chaotic spiral phase encoding with simultaneous interference and superposition methods is developed. In this method, the first and second sets of secret color images of multiple authorized users are asymmetrically self-encoded by interference and superposition methods, respectively. The three phase-only masks (POMs) of each channel of the first set of all the authorized users are obtained by interference method. The two phase masks (PMs) of corresponding channel of second set of all the authorized users are acquired by superposition method. The first and second POMs are individually multiplexed. The first PMs are also multiplexed. The first multiplexed POM is modulated with the first multiplexed PM and then gyrator transformed, which is phase and amplitude truncated to produce first encrypted image and first universal decryption key. The first encrypted image is multiplied with the second multiplexed POM and then gyrator transformed, which is phase and amplitude truncated to generate final encrypted image and second universal decryption key. The third POM and second PM are the same chaotic spiral phase function (CSPF) for the same authorized user exploited as special decryption key besides three individual decryption keys. The two sets of decrypted images are free from cross-talk noise effects. For decryption, an optoelectronic system has been suggested. Simulation results are presented to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed encryption scheme.

Mitigating the thermally induced single event crosstalk

With advances in technology scaling, circuits become increasingly more sensitive to transient pulses caused by single event (SE) particles. With scaling, interconnects are also being laid closer to each other causing increased cross-coupling noise effects. Due to strong coupling among wires, SE transients can easily contaminate electronically unrelated circuit paths via SE crosstalk noise effects increasing SE susceptibility of CMOS circuits. This work reports that varying temperature profiles on nearby interconnects can further alleviate SE crosstalk noise effects. The increased temperature affects both interconnect resistance and driving strength of transistors. If temperature induced effects are not properly considered, standard measures taken such as driver sizing may fail causing a new reliability issue. This work first discusses these effects and then proposes a mitigation method for thermally induced SE crosstalk based on adaptive body biasing of driver transistors and a temperature sensor. Simulation results demonstrate that, the proposed method can successfully mitigate thermally induced crosstalk noise by 86% on average.

H2ONoC: A Hybrid Optical–Electronic NoC Based on Hybrid Topology

Next-generation chip multiprocessors will require communication performance levels that cannot be achieved by traditional electronic ON-chip interconnects. Silicon photonics has recently emerged as a promising alternative to handle future communication needs thanks to the ultrahigh bandwidth and low power consumption. Optical networks-on-chip (ONoCs) are affected by insertion loss and crosstalk noise effects, which constrain the network scalability and impact the power consumption. This paper proposes a hybrid electronic/photonic, hybrid-topology ONoC (H2ONoC), based on a novel architecture aimed at mitigating the above effects. This paper provides a thorough description of the H2ONoC architectures as well as an experimental evaluation based on both synthetic benchmarks and real-world applications. Compared with hybrid mesh- and torus-based network-on-chip architectures, H2ONoC achieves, respectively, 13% and 18% less insertion loss, 32% and 8% less energy consumption under synthetic traffic, 74% and 14% less energy consumption with real applications, as well as better SNR when the system size scales up.

Fully phase multiple information encoding based on superposition of two beams and Fresnel-transform domain

A novel asymmetric multiple information encoding using superposition of two beams and Fresnel transform, is proposed. In this scheme, each channel of individual user image is separately phase encoded and then modulated by random phase mask. The three modulated user channels are independently multiplied to produce three complex user channels. They are individually multiplied with three channels of carrier image and Fresnel transformed, and then phase- and amplitude truncated to produce first set of three encrypted channels and three asymmetric keys. Now each channel of secret image is normalized, phase-only masked, and then independently multiplied by corresponding modulated user channels. The three resultant channels are separately multiplied to construct three complex secret channels. Afterward, the three encrypted channels are multiplied with corresponding three complex secret channels and Fresnel transformed, and then phase- and amplitude truncated to obtain second set of three encrypted channels and three asymmetric keys. The wavelengths and propagation distances of two Fresnel transforms, and two asymmetric keys are common keys to all authorized-users, while two individual keys are provided to each authorized-user. The encryption process is implemented digitally while the decryption process can be performed optoelectronically. The proposed method is asymmetric, noniterative and larger multiplexing capacity without any cross-talk noise effects. Owing to the individual user image based method, high robustness against existing attacks can be achieved. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is feasible and efficient.

Coupling induced soft error mechanisms in nanoscale CMOS technologies

Due to scaling induced effects, CMOS circuits become increasingly more sensitive to transient pulses caused by single event (SE) particles. Researchers mostly considered SE transients as the main cause for combinational logic (CL) related radiation-induced soft errors. However, for high-reliability applications such as avionics, military and medical applications, additional sources such as SE induced soft delays, clock jitters, false clock pulses and crosstalk effects need to be included in soft-error reliability analysis. As technologies advance, coupling effects among interconnects increasingly cause SE transients to contaminate electronically unrelated circuit paths, which can in turn increase the "SE susceptibility" of CMOS circuits. This work focuses on such coupling induced soft error mechanisms in CL, namely the SE crosstalk noise and delay effects. An attempt has been made to compare SE crosstalk noise and SE transient effects, and crosstalk contribution to soft error rate has been examined. In addition, the SE induced coupling delay effect has been studied and compared to radiation induced soft delay effect for various technologies. Results show that, in newer technologies, the SE coupling delay becomes quite comparable to soft delay effect, although caused indirectly by cross-coupling effects. In comparisons, the distributed nature of interconnects has been taken into account and results are demonstrated using HSPICE simulations with interconnect and device parameters derived in 130, 90 and 65 nm technologies.

Performance and Limitations of VDSL2-based Next Generation Access Networks

In this paper, we first briefly review the main operational aspects of FTTC (xPON)/VDSL2 access networks. Then, we present performance measurements with respect to network sub loop operating length and VDSL2 operational profiles (8b, 12a, 17a), studying the rates that can be achieved at different scenarios. We then provide results of the effect of stationary crosstalk and non-stationary impulse noise on the provisioned service in an operating VDSL2 access network.

Analysis of Common-Mode Noise for Weakly Coupled Differential Serpentine Delay Microstrip Line in High-Speed Digital Circuits

This study investigates the mechanisms of generation of the transient transmission common-mode noise in a differential serpentine delay line under weak coupling condition. The generation mechanism and the frequency of common-mode noise are investigated with reference to the time-domain transmission waveform and the differential-to-common mode conversion mixed-mode S-parameters using the circuit solver HSPICE and 3-D full-wave simulator HFSS, respectively. The generation mechanisms of common-mode noise include length mismatch between vertical-turn-coupled traces, the length effect of parallel-coupled traces, and the crosstalk noise effect. Moreover, a graphical method based on wave tracing is presented to illustrate the cancellation mechanism of near-end common-mode noise for the symmetrical differential serpentine delay line. Some practical, commonly used layout routings of the differential serpentine delay line are investigated. Some important design guidelines are provided to help design differential serpentine delay line with low common-mode noise. A comparison between simulated and measured results validates the equivalent circuit model and analytical approach.

Single-Event Soft Errors in CMOS Logic

In this article, various mechanisms for combinational logic-related radiation induced soft errors such as SE-induced soft delays, SE clock jitter and clock pulse, and SE crosstalk effects have been discussed. Our analysis shows that increasing SE crosstalk noise and delay effects occur with smaller technologies. This work has finally discussed hardening techniques for SE crosstalk noise and delay. Results are shown using HSpice Simulations with interconnect and device parameters derived from Predictive Technology Model for 65 nm.

Analytical Crosstalk Modelling of On-Chip RLC Global Interconnects with Skin Effect for Ramp Input

This paper proposes a much improved, accurate, fast and simple crosstalk model for coupled interconnect line considering the skin effect. It is time for VLSI designers to examine the crosstalk noise effects in their designs, so that they are free from noise. Hence, accurate noise modelling for RLC lines is critical for timing and system integrity analysis. Skin effect alters the values of the resistance and also the inductance, which in turn affects the system integrity in particular and its response as a whole. Till now the skin effect has been neglected for modelling the on-chip interconnects. This paper addresses a novel analytical model to find the impact of skin effect on the noise variation in RLC interconnect, without considering the skin effect modelling in inductance under ramp input. In the proposed work, the resistance variation due to the skin effect is considered in a two wire transmission line model. The correlation between the skin effect and noise is also considered.

Evaluation of Digital Crosstalk Noise on Differential Input Voltage Controlled Oscillator

With an increase in the operation frequency of complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits, a radio-frequency system-on-a-chip (RF-SOC) that integrates GHz-RF and large-scale digital circuits becomes a key device for wireless systems and high-speed networks. To develop high-performance RF-SOCs, high quality voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) are required as local oscillators or clock generators, which operate in noisy environments suffering from crosstalk noise generated by digital circuits. A 0.25 µm CMOS test chip for a new differential-input VCO and a conventional single-input VCO was designed with on-chip CMOS logic noise sources and substrate noise detectors. The jitter and phase noise of the VCOs were measured to investigate the effect of substrate crosstalk noise. We confirmed that the differential-input VCO is robust to low-frequency noise in comparison with a conventional single-input VCO.