Cross Bar Research Articles

Energy-Performance Assessment of Oscillatory Neural Networks Based on VO2 Devices for Future Edge AI Computing.

Oscillatory neural network (ONN) is an emerging neuromorphic architecture composed of oscillators that implement neurons and are coupled by synapses. ONNs exhibit rich dynamics and associative properties, which can be used to solve problems in the analog domain according to the paradigm let physics compute. For example, compact oscillators made of VO2 material are good candidates for building low-power ONN architectures dedicated to AI applications at the edge, like pattern recognition. However, little is known about the ONN scalability and its performance when implemented in hardware. Before deploying ONN, it is necessary to assess its computation time, energy consumption, performance, and accuracy for a given application. Here, we consider a VO2-oscillator as an ONN building block and perform circuit-level simulations to evaluate the ONN performances at the architecture level. Notably, we investigate how the ONN computation time, energy, and memory capacity scale with the number of oscillators. It appears that the ONN energy grows linearly when scaling up the network, making it suitable for large-scale integration at the edge. Furthermore, we investigate the design knobs for minimizing the ONN energy. Assisted by technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations, we report on scaling down the dimensions of VO2 devices in crossbar (CB) geometry to decrease the oscillator voltage and energy. We benchmark ONN versus state-of-the-art architectures and observe that the ONN paradigm is a competitive energy-efficient solution for scaled VO2 devices oscillating above 100 MHz. Finally, we present how ONN can efficiently detect edges in images captured on low-power edge devices and compare the results with Sobel and Canny edge detectors.

Active cancellation of oblique noise entering a window

Environmental noise propagating through an open window may be cancelled by a sparse array of transducers placed in the window frame. This approach towards global noise cancellation mitigates noise pollution at its source while retaining the light and ventilation received from an open window. Heretofore the array’s performance has been studied with a normally incident noise source; however, oblique noise sources must be considered to fully illustrate the array’s viability as a commercial product. Analytical and finite element models were used to perdict the array’s global noise cancellation capabilities with regards to oblique noise sources, and these results were verified via experimental implementation. Flaws inherent to the current array, including cross bar vibrations and nonoptimal transducer placement, will be discussed along with how they will be circumvented in a future array iteration.

Modeling of 1S-1R crossbar array with Ti-doped VO2-based selector device

This article proposes a Ti-doped Vanadium dioxide (VO2) selector device for reducing the leakage current. Here, TiO2 is formed by the Ti atoms in the VO2 film for acting like a good insulator. Hence, it reduces the integration density when the leakage current in a Cross Bar Array (CBA) is increased. In this article, the modeled Pt/Ti-doped VO2/Pt selector device is integrated with the resistive random-access memory model to demonstrate its effectiveness on sneak path current reduction. The I ON / I OFF ratio of the suggested Ti-doped VO2 selector is higher than 2 × 1 0 4 . The simulated results outputs in terms of nonlinearity (∼ 28 × 1 0 4 ), current density (∼ 10 7 A cm − 2 ), and leakage current(∼0.31nA).

Flexible triboelectric sensor array based on 3D printed bead-on-string sacrificial layer for human-machine interactions

Flexible sensor array has attracted widespread attention and brought many opportunities in future applications, such as electronic skin, human–machine interactions, and healthcare monitoring. In this study, we report the flexible triboelectric sensor array (TSA) with cross bar configurated sensing units for human-machine interaction. Bead-on-string sacrificial structure is fabricated by 3D printing directly and optimized based on experimental and numerical studies, and therefore affords excellent performance in constructing the enhanced electrode lines for TSA. With the especially patterning design and optimization, the number of data channels in TSA is reduced, and high output performance can be achieved effectively. Meanwhile, TSA platform exhibits excellent durability, reliability, waterproofness, and presents the ability in real-time sensing and locating of keystroke position and trajectory tracking. For application scenarios, a TSA-based intelligent digital controller is established for importer identification based on temporal perceiver network. We use this controller in robot manipulation to control gestures of both rigid manipulator and soft pneumatic actuator conveniently. The proposed TSA in this work opens a new route in promising applications in security identification, robot manipulation and artificial intelligence.

CoGNN: An Algorithm-Hardware Co-Design Approach to Accelerate GNN Inference With Minibatch Sampling

As a new algorithm of graph embedding, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely used in many fields. However, GNN computing has the characteristics of both sparse graph processing and dense neural network, which make it difficult to be deployed efficiently on the existing graph processing accelerators or neural network accelerators. Recently, some GNN accelerators have been proposed, but the following challenges have not been fully solved: 1) The mini-batch GNN inference scenario has the potential of software and hardware co-design, which can bring 30% computation amount reduction, and this is not well utilized. Besides, the cost of Message Flow Graph construction is large and may account for more than 50% of the total delay. 2) The feature aggregation has a large amount of data access and relatively small amount of computation, which leads to low on-chip data reuse, only 10% of dense computing. 3) Without the optimization of sparse computing units, simple memory bank and cross bar architecture can easily lead to bank access conflict and load imbalance, reducing the utilization of computing units to less than 60%. In order to solve the above problems, we propose a algorithm-hardware co-design scheme to accelerate GNN inference, which includes three technologies: 1) A reuse-aware sampling method is proposed for mini-batch inference scenarios, which reduces 30% of the calculation and improves the on-chip reusability of local data. 2) Through the node-wise parallelism-aware quantization, the features and weights are quantized to integers with eight or four bits, which reduces the amount of memory access by at least four times. 3) An accelerator supporting the above technologies is designed and evaluated, and different operations are supported by the sampling-inference integration architecture. The multi-bank on-chip memory pool is designed to support data reuse, and edge stream reordering is used to reduce data access conflicts, improving the utilization of computing units by 1.5x. Combined with the above technologies, the experiments show that our design achieves 9.2× speedup and 29× energy efficiency improvement compared with Deep Graph Library framework running on servers equiped with CPU and GPU.

Mode thermo-optic coefficient engineering of sub-wavelength gratings and its application for a mode-insensitive switch.

It is shown that the thermo-optic (TO) coefficients of various waveguide modes of a sub-wavelength grating (SWG)-assisted strip waveguide is closely dependent on the various waveguide parameters with different dependencies, including the SWG width, strip waveguide width, duty cycle, and pitch. This offers what we believe to be new degrees of freedom in the design of TO coefficients for integrated-optic waveguides, opening the door to engineering the TO coefficients of individual spatial modes or polarization states using sub-wavelength structures. Such a capability is expected to offer new design possibilities for a variety of integrated photonic, thermo-optic devices. To demonstrate the application of the concept, a mode-insensitive switch on silicon-on-insulator using a TO coefficient-engineered SWG as a mode-independent, thermo-optic phase shifter is designed and experimentally demonstrated. The experimental results show that the switching powers of the TE0-TE2 modes are only ∼29 mW, and the maximum extinction ratios for the cross (bar) states are 38.2 dB (31 dB), 37.9 dB (37 dB), and 31.9 dB (20.5 dB) for the TE0-TE2 modes, respectively, at the wavelength of 1550 nm.

Modification of the Nuss procedure: the crossed bar technique for new subtypes of pectus excavatum.

We aim to describe four new subtypes of PE in detail and represent modification of the Nuss procedure called crossed bar technique for their optimum correction with good results. 101 patients who underwent crossed bar technique between August 2005 and February 2022 were included into the study. The mean age of the patient series was 21.1 (range 15-38years) years. Mean Haller index was 3.87. Mean operation duration was 86.84min. 2bars were used in 74 (73.3%) of the patients whereas 3bars were preferred in 27 (26.7%) of them. Mean hospital stay was 4.1 (2-8)days, and all the patients were seen routinely on postoperative follow-up at 1st, 6th, and 18thmonths. Quality of life questionnaires revealed satisfaction. Cross bar technique yields satisfactory results for these new subtypes and can be performed safely with good results in these selected group of patients.

Improvement of students’ physical fitness in physical education classes using CrossFit means

Background and Study Aim. The purpose of the study is to develop and experimentally substantiate the efficiency of methods to improve the physical fitness (PF) of students in physical education classes using CrossFit means. Material and Methods. The studies were conducted at the University with first-year students and involved 44 students of the control group and 52 students of the experimental group aged 17 to 19 years. Three versions of the experimental program to improve the students’ PF in physical education classes using CrossFit means were developed. The students’ PF level was determined according to the results of performing the State tests of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine: 100 m running (s), standing long jump (cm), pull-ups and cross bar dips (number); hanging leg raises to the crossbar (number); 1000 m running (min, s); shuttle run 4x9 m and 10x10 m (s); trunk forward bending (cm). The level of students’ functional fitness was determined according to the indices of heart rate (HR), blood pressure, time of breath-holding while performing Stange’s test, lung vital capacity. Results. In the process of the pedagogical experiment more pronounced positive changes in the indices of physical and functional fitness were observed in students of the experimental group as compared to those of the control group, the functional reserves of the heart and motor system of students increased by the end of the experiment. The efficiency of four-hour classes a week according to the experimental program manifested itself in the increase of strength, strength endurance, speed and agility during a performance of motor tests; a decrease in resting heart rate, an increase of the degree of HR increment under load (relative to the resting level), an increase of HR recovery at the first minute after the load. Mathematical models of interrelations of separate somatic and vegetative parameters in the process of development and improvement of motor skills under the influence of the experimental program of physical education with the use of CrossFit means were developed and specified. Mathematical models reflect mechanisms of increase of functional reserves of heart and motor system of students, their interrelation in the process of improving the results in motor tests under the influence of CrossFit means. Conclusions. The results of the research confirm the higher efficiency of the physical education experimental method with the use of specially developed complexes of CrossFit® physical exercises in comparison with the generally accepted program of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. The efficiency of the experimental program’s impact on the physical state of the students is confirmed by an increase in the level of development of motor qualities, an increase in the economy of the body functioning at rest, an increase in the functional reserves of the heart and the motor system.

Study of performance characteristics of ANVIS MK-III night-vision goggle and comparison with other NVGs for aviation usage

Objectives: Night Vision Goggles (NVGs) are widely used in military aviation. Performance of an NVG in terms of high resolution and target acquisition is considered a critical requirement. Gen III NVGs have been considered superior to Gen II and Gen II++ NVGs. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of ANVIS MK-III NVG and compare them to those of other available NVGs. Material and Methods: ANVIS MK-III Gen III NVG was studied for its performance in terms of visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity, and field of view (FOV). Six subjects familiar with use of NVG participated in the study. VA was measured using USAF 1951 Tri-bar chart, while contrast sensitivity was measured using PelliRobson chart under full-moon (FM), half-moon (HF), quarter-moon (QM), and starlight (SL) conditions. The FOV was measured using Cross Bar chart. Comparisons were made with the data of other NVGs available with the Institute. Results: The mean VA of ANVIS MK-III NVG was found to be 20/29, 20/31, 20/34, and 20/39 under of FM, HF, QM, and SL illumination conditions, respectively. The mean contrast sensitivity was 0.9, 0.75, 0.6, and 0.53 log CS units, respectively, with mean FOV of 39.5°. The results were compared with performance characteristics of NL 93, GEO1, and F4949 NVGs. Conclusion: The ANVIS MK-III NVG was found to have higher VA function as compared to other NVGs and better contrast sensitivity function as compared to NL-93 and GEO1 NVG. All the NVGs had comparable FOV. The ANVIS Mk-III NVG in the current configuration with Helmet Display and Tracking System was found to be heavier and needs further ergonomic evaluation.

Holy cross-moon shaped dual band perfect metamaterial absorber for C-band application

In this paper, a dual band electromagnetic perfect metamaterial absorber (PMA) is presented for C-band application. This new design comprises of a moon shape and a holy cross shape metal bar which are surrounded by a circular ring resonator (CRR) and an octagonal close ring resonator (OCRR). Flame retardant 4 dielectric material of thickness 1.6 mm is used as a substrate. Commercially available high frequency electromagnetic simulator CST microwave studio used to simulate the proposed unit cell within the frequency range 2–6 GHz. The numerical simulation shows two resonance peaks at 4.10 GHz and 4.96 GHz with excellent absorption rate. The projected PMA exhibits maximum absorption of 99.99 % (4.10 GHz) and 99.57 % (4.96 GHz) in transverse electric (TE) mode at normal incidence angle. The structure of the unit cell was optimized through some recognized parametric studies like design optimization, resonators widths, gaps among resonators etc. The numerical results for 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 arrays are also investigated. The simulated result of 2 × 2 array shows resonance at 4.14 GHz and 4.98 GHz with absorptivity of 99.06 % and 99.58 %, respectively whereas 4.12 GHz and 4.69 GHz with absorptivity of 92.35 % and 97.62 %, respectively for 4 × 4 array. These two results are quite resembled with the unit cell result. The extracted numerical results are tested and authenticated by some validation processes as equivalent circuit modeling through ADS software, and different electromagnetic simulator such as high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) which is revealed an unimportant disparity. The offered perfect metamaterial absorber is fit for satellite communication, stealth-coating technology, defense and security uses.

Behavior of RC Beam–Column Joints Strengthened with Modified Reinforcement Techniques

Using a significant number of transverse hoops in the joint’s core is one recognized way for achieving the requirements of strength, stiffness, and ductility under dynamic loading in a column joint. The shear capacity of a joint is influenced by the concrete’s compressive strength, the anchoring of longitudinal beam reinforcement, the number of stirrups in the joint, and the junction’s aspect ratio. Seismic motion on the beam may produce shear capacity and bond breaking in the joint, causing the joint to fracture. Furthermore, due to inadequate joint design and details, the entire structure is jeopardized. In this study, the specimens were divided into two groups for corner and interior beam–column joints based on the joint reinforcement detailing. The controlled specimen has joint detailing as per IS 456:2000, and the strengthened specimen has additional diagonal cross bars (modified reinforcement technique) at the joints detailed as per IS 456:200. The displacement time history curve, load-displacement response curves, load-displacement hysteretic curve, and load cycle vs. shear stress were used to compare the results of the controlled and strengthened specimens. The findings show that adding diagonal cross bars (modified reinforcing techniques) to beam–column joints exposed to cyclic loads enhances their performance. The inclusion of a diagonal cross bar increased the stiffness of the joint by giving an additional mechanism for shear transfer and ductility, as well as greater strength with minimum cracks.

Design and research of a conveying device for metal parts processing

The utility model relates to a conveying device for processing metal accessories with vibration type chip removal, which comprises an outer frame body, a conveying roller, a support plate, a conveying belt and a sprocket mechanism. The left and right sides of the bottom surface of the outer frame body are fixed with a fixed sleeve, and the internal screw of the fixed sleeve is installed with a second return spring, the top screw of the second return spring is fixed with a support rod, and the top screw of the support rod is fixed with an inner frame body, In addition, the left and right ends of the inner frame main body are internally connected with a conveying roller, the outer side of the conveying roller is fitted with a conveying belt, the inner wall of the upper surface of the conveying belt is fitted with a support plate, and the front and rear ends of the support plate are connected with the screws of the inner frame main body. The conveying device for processing metal parts with vibration type chip removal is provided with a cross bar and an eccentric wheel, so that the metal parts on the conveyor belt can be transported while vibrating, so that the debris and impurities on the surface of the metal parts can be well vibrated off.

Pectus cross bars increase hospital readmission rates due to serous pleural effusion.

Pectus Excavatum's (PE) surgical treatment should be patient specific. In this article, we aimed to compare parallel and cross bar variations of the Nuss method and analyze if there is any difference in results. In this study, a total of 891 patients treated with the Nuss method between August 2005 and February 2018 were considered. These were retrieved from a prospectively recorded PE database. Of these, 276 double-bar patients were included in the study. Patients with parallel bars (225 cases) and patients with crossed bars (51 cases) were compared in terms of age, gender, symmetry, family history, additional anomalies, mean operation time, postoperative hospital stay (days) and hospital readmission rate. The mean age was measured at 20.7 for parallel bar patients and 20.1 for crossed bars patients. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of age, gender, and mean operation time between two groups. On the other hand, statistical significance was found between two groups when analyzing the deformities' symmetry, patients' family history and additional anomalies. The statistically significant difference of postoperative hospital stay between two groups is clinically negligible. Postoperative hospital readmission rates due to serous pleural effusion were found to be significantly increased in patients with crossed bars (p < 0.001). While pleural effusion requiring readmission was statistically more frequent in cross bars, in centers where thoracentesis can be managed, Nuss method can still be applied safely, even in cases with difficult, complex deformities. III. Treatment study.

A Study on the Range of Defense for Handball Goalkeeper in a 9-meter Jump Shot

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the goalkeeper’s area of defense and how the range varies depending on the relative position of the goal, goalkeeper, and ball in a 9-meter jump shot during handball matches.METHODS Data was collected from seven qualifying divisions in mens handball from the 99th National Sports Festival in Korea. A total of 231, 9-meter jump shots were analyzed with the goalkeeper‘s area of defense measured from the point the ball left the shooter’s hand and calculated based on the relative position of the goal, goalkeeper, and ball. Video analysis was conducted using the Kwon3D 3.01 program and three-dimensional coordinates calculated using the DLT method.RESULTS First, dimension of handball goals measure 3m wide and 2m high, however, results show that goalkeeper’s actual area of defense was narrower than the width of the goal posts, while vertically, area exceeded the height of the cross bar. Second, if the goalkeeper defended the striker’s shot from the side rather than from the front, the goalkeeper’s defense range was higher for the opposite side of the goal post than the near side of the goal post.CONCLUSIONS Key factors influencing goalkeeper’s area of defense include height of shot and position of goalkeeper. Results also indicate that vertical movements are more important than horizontal movements for goalkeepers in handball thus such implementation in training may lead to performance enhancement.

Design and Implementation of a Efficient Router using X Y Algorithm

The engineering for on chip network configuration utilizing dynamic reconfiguration is an answer for Communication Interfaces, Chip cost, Quality of Service, ensure adaptability of the organization. The proposed engineering powerfully arrange itself concerning Hardware Modules like switches, Switch based packet , information to a packet size with changing the correspondence situation and its prerequisites on run time. The NOC Architecture assumes urgent part while planning correspondence frameworks intended for SOC. The NOC engineering be better over traditional transport, mutual transport plan , cross bar interconnection design intended for on chip organizations. In a greater part of the NO C engineering contains lattice, torus or different geographies to plan solid switch. In any case, the greater part of the plans are neglects to advance a Quality of Service, blocking issues, cost, Chip as well as mostly plan throughput, region transparency with inactivity. Proposed plan we are planning a reconfigurable switch for network on chip plan that improve the correspondence performance. The proposed configuration dodges the restrictions of transport based interconnection plans which are frequently applied in part progressively reconfigurable FPGA plans. . With the assistance of this switch plan we can accomplish low inactivity and high information throughput.

Design and Implementation of a Efficient Router using X Y Algorithm

The engineering for on chip network configuration utilizing dynamic reconfiguration is an answer for Communication Interfaces, Chip cost ,Quality of Service, ensure adaptability of the organization. The proposed engineering powerfully arrange itself concerning Hardware Modules like switches, Switch based packet , information to a packet size with changing the correspondence situation and its prerequisites on run time. The NOC Architecture assumes urgent part while planning correspondence frameworks intended for SOC. The NOC engineering be better over traditional transport, mutual transport plan , cross bar interconnection design intended for on chip organizations. In a greater part of the NO C engineering contains lattice, torus or different geographies to plan solid switch. In any case, the greater part of the plans are neglects to advance a Quality of Service, blocking issues, cost, Chip as well as mostly plan throughput, region transparency with inactivity. Proposed plan we are planning a reconfigurable switch for network on chip plan that improve the correspondence performance. The proposed configuration dodges the restrictions of transport based interconnection plans which are frequently applied in part progressively reconfigurable FPGA plans. . With the assistance of this switch plan we can accomplish low inactivity and high information throughput.

Shaping future food system leaders

Shaping future food system leaders

НАВЧАННЯ СТУДЕНТІВ-ХУДОЖНИКІВ ТЕХНІКИ СУХОЇ ПАСТЕЛІ В ПРОЦЕСІ ПЛЕНЕРНОЇ ПРАКТИКИ

The basis for the study was the need to find the new methodological tools for professional training of future teachers of fine arts in higher education institutions of Ukraine. This is due to the modernization of the content of domestic education and the demand for the modern labour market, which awaits a well-informed and practically trained specialist.The scientific publication highlights the methodological aspects of teaching the pastel techniques of students of art and pedagogical institutions of higher education. The importance of the educational and creative plein air practice in the system of professional training of future teachers of fine arts is singled out. The advantages of using the pastel techniques when performing landscapes in natural conditions are given.Such basic technical methods of training as hatching which is divided into set of receptions are considered, the most popular of them are a linear bar, a cross bar, a contour bar; mixing pastels, which involves rubbing, stewing, washing, spraying, smoothing, shading techniques, side stewing; binding (fixation method); pen (retouching), dry washing, wet brush, or “scrubbing”, otherwise meaning “hlizal”.The article describes the step-by-step work of performing a landscape composition in the technique of “dry pastel” from nature in the open air, where the students gain the necessary experience of active and fast artistic work, trying to reflect in their works a certain mood of the landscape in different weather conditions or changing nature at different times.The methodologically competent stages are singled out in nature work, namely: composition of the general composition, construction of the whole image, revealing of big colour and tonal relations, their specification and coordination among themselves, completion and generalization of all work. A system of educational tasks in pastel technique is proposed to deepen the practical skills of students-artists, which involves the implementation of various types of work: sketches from nature, short sketches, long sketches, and the final composition.The technical methods and techniques discussed in the article can be used in order to increase the effectiveness of teaching the students the art of pastel techniques and enhance their creative abilities.

The Nonlinear Research on Rotational Stiffness of Cuplock Joint

As an important equipment in the construction field, cuplock scaffold plays an important role in the construction process. As a scaffold connecting member, cuplock joint is of great importance. In order to explore the rotational stiffness non-linear characteristics changing features of different structural forms of cuplock joint in different tightening torque condition under different condition of load, ANSYS is used to establish four kinds of cuplock joint models with different forces to simulate the real force situation. By setting the different applying condition, that is, the cuplock is loaded at a certain distance from the cuplock joint in a certain direction until the cuplock is damaged, and considering the gap between the cross bar joint and the vertical bar, the differences in the influence of the structural form and tightening torque on the rotation stiffness of the cuplock under different load conditions are compared. It is significantly important to improve the accuracy of calculating bearing capacity and stability of the cuplock steel tubular scaffolding.

Finite Element Fatigue Analysis of Mouldboard Plough Cross Bar Based on the Draft Force of MF 399 Tractor

Cross bar of mouldboard plough of Massey Ferguson 399 Tractor was investigated by finite element method in point of failure analysis. A 3-d model of the cross bar was provided in ANSYS Software, and the constraints, boundary conditions, and loads were applied on the model. The fatigue analysis was done on the model after static analysis. The exerted loads were calculated based on the maximum draft force of the tractor. Based on Soderberg criteria, the safety factor in fatigue analysis was calculated and that of the left hole of the cross bar was minimum as 1.82 that shows higher failure probability of that. The result of fatigue analysis in the present research is in agreement with that practically is happened for mouldboard plough cross bar.