Cronbach Alpha Internal Consistency Coefficient Research Articles

Development of Teachers’ Perception Scale Regarding Artificial Intelligence Use in Education: Validity and Reliability Study

This article aims to develop a teachers’ perception scale regarding the artificial intelligence use in education. The scale development study was carried out in two stages during the 2023–2024 academic year, covering 597 teachers who stated that they used different artificial intelligence applications. Literature was thoroughly reviewed and focus group interviews were held with teachers who used artificial intelligence applications in education while pooling scale items. Field expert faculty members were consulted in evaluating face and content validity of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on the data obtained from the first sample group (n = 424), and a three-factor structure was determined in the first stage. It was observed that the factors of the first draft scale, consisting of 18 items, revealed 57.8% of the total variance. The first confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the data collected from the second sample group (n = 173) in the second stage. It was confirmed that the structure consisting of 18 items and three factors (teaching perception, learning perception, and ethical perception) was compatible with the data. After the first-level confirmatory factor analysis for the Teachers’ Perception Scale Regarding Artificial Intelligence Use in Education, a second-level confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine whether the factors that made up the scale revealed the variable. The final scale, consisting of 15 items and three dimensions, was determined to be compatible with the data obtained. Reliability analysis presented that the Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as .87 for the whole scale, .82 for learning perception, .79 for teaching perception, and .79 for ethical perception. The results show that the teachers’ perception scale regarding artificial intelligence use in education is valid and reliable, and a sound measurement tool to determine the perception regarding artificial intelligence use in education.

Development of a scale examining post-disaster coping motivations in Turkey after the 6 February earthquake.

The aim of this study was to develop the Motivations for Coping After Disaster Scale. To test the construct validity of the scale, a total of 676 data were collected from three different sampling groups (N1: 388; N2: 194; N3: 94). Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Criterion validity analysis were conducted to test the construct validity of the scale. As a result of CFA, it was seen that the post-disaster scale had a five-dimensional structure (spiritual values, hope, friend support, solidarity, family support). The loadings of the items of the scale are at a good level. As a result of CFA, the scale was found to have acceptable and good fit indices (χ2/sd=2.690; RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation)=0.066; SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual)=0.047; CFI (Comparative Fit Index)=0.948; GFI (Goodness of Fit Index)=0.917). The results of the criterion validity analysis show that the scale has criterion validity. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient shows that the scale is highly reliable (Total=0.923). The results of this study show that the Post-Disaster Coping Motivations Scale is a valid and reliable instrument. It is thought that the scale can make an important contribution to understanding psychological recovery processes after disaster and providing appropriate support to individuals.

THE ONLINE DATING INTENSITY SCALE (ODI): VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY OF TURKISH FORM

The main purpose of the current research is to adapt the Online Dating Intensity Scale (CFAS), developed by Bloom and Taylor (2019) to evaluate the frequency of use of individuals using online dating programs, into Turkish and to conduct reliability and validity studies of the scale. The sample of the research consists of 110 participants who have previously used and/or are currently using any online dating program. Within the scope of the current study, the original form of the scale was translated into Turkish by experts, and the back-translation was made by experts fluent in both languages. For the validity and reliability analyses of the scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was examined for construct validity, and Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient and Composite Reliability (CR) coefficients were examined for reliability analyses. Research findings revealed that the two-factor solution was confirmed in Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). In addition, the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient of the scale is 0.92, and the Composite Reliability (CR) coefficients are 0.86 for the attitudes and 0.71 for intensity sub-dimensions. As a result, it was concluded that the scale has very good psychometric properties and allows a valid and reliable assessment of the intensity of online dating experiences in Turkish culture.

Investigation of The Relationship Between International Students’ Levels of Cultural Intelligence and Their Intercultural Sensitivity and Acculturation

The aim of the present research is to investigate the relation between the cultural intelligence levels of international students and their acculturation and intercultural sensitivity levels. The research was conducted with a total of 353 female and 282 male participants studying at Bursa Uludağ University. The participants were students from different countries and from different ethnic origins. Scales for measuring intercultural sensitivity, cultural intelligence, and acculturation, as well as a personal information form, were employed in the research, which used a correlational survey model inside a quantitative research design. In the analysis of the data, confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to analyze the construct validity of the scales, and to examine the reliability, the Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficients were calculated and interpreted. While investigating the relationships between the scores obtained from the scales in the study, the Spearman-Brown correlation coefficient was calculated and regression analysis was implemented when examining the predictive status between the scores. According to the results of the current research, there was a low-level positive relationship between international students' levels of cultural intelligence and acculturation and a moderately positive relationship between their levels of cultural intelligence and intercultural sensitivity.

Kumar Oynama Eğilimi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Bu araştırma Yalova Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi’nde eğitim-öğretimine devam eden öğrencilerin kumar oynamaya yönelik tutumlarını belirlemek, kumar aşerme düzeylerini ölçmek ve farklı değişkenler açısından incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma grubu, 85 kadın ve 143 erkek olmak üzere toplam 228 gönüllü katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formunun yanı sıra Buran, Çakıcı, Çakır ve Yılmaz (2019) tarafından Türk kültürüne uygun güvenirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması yapılan, tek faktör ve 7’li likert tipindeki “Kumar Aşerme Ölçeği” (KAÖ) kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin mevcut örneklem grubu için güvenirlilik düzeyini belirlemek için Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Güvenilir olduğu tespit edilen ölçeğin normal dağılıma uymadığı belirlenmiş ve testlerin sınanmasında non-parametrik test teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda örneklem grubunun serbest zamanı sıklıkla değerlendirme durumu değişkeni açısından KAÖ ortalama puanının anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular, cinsiyet, haftalık serbest zaman süresi, aktif olarak spor yapma durumu ve yaş değişkeni açısından incelendiğinde ise anlamlı farklılık olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi’ndeki öğrencilerin düşük düzeyde kumar bağımlılığına yönelik tutum içerisinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca serbest zamanı pasif olarak değerlendiren bireylerin kumar bağımlılığına yönelik tutumlarının daha yüksek seviyede olduğu görülmüştür.

Scale Development Study on the Perception of Responsibility for Providing Professional Value for Prospective Teachers

In this study, it was aimed to develop a measurement tool with validity and reliability to determine the perceptions of academicians working in faculties of education about their responsibility to provide pre-service teachers with professional values. In order to create the necessary item pool for the scale, the literature was reviewed and in this context, a question pool of 44 items was created and expert opinions were taken. After the revisions in the items, Lawshe Technique was used to determine the content validity. 300 faculty members were administered the scale and a data set was obtained, which was analyzed for validity and reliability. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to reveal the construct validity of the scale, Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient, item-total score correlation and two-half test reliability methods were used to ensure the reliability of the scale, and lower 27%-upper 27% independent groups t-test was used for the discrimination of the scale. As a result of EFA, a 26-item, 3-factor structure emerged. This structure explains 59.647% of the total variance of the scale. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient for the reliability of the scale was found to be 0.952. It was observed that the item total correlation values were high and positive above 0.5 and the correlation values of all items were above 0.30, which is recommended as the lower limit. According to the results of the two-half test reliability analysis, the correlation coefficient between the equivalent halves was found to be 0.942. As a result of the t-test between the scores of the upper 27% and lower 27% groups in order to examine the discrimination of the scale items, it was found that the difference between the groups was significant at α=.000 level.

The Degree of Practicing Talent Management by Principals of the Northeastern Badia Schools from the Teachers' Point of View

The study aimed to identify the degree of practicing talent management by principals of the Northeastern Badia schools from the teachers' point of view. A questionnaire was built as it contained (21) items, distributed over three areas: namely (attracting talents, developing talents, and retaining talents). The study population consisted of (3048) teachers. The sample included (422) respondents. The descriptive survey method was used. The validity and reliability of the tool were verified by calculating the Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient and the reliability of the repetition. The results showed that the degree of talent management practice was moderate, and that there were no statistically significant differences between the arithmetic means due to the variable of gender and educational qualification. The results also showed that there were statistically significant differences between the arithmetic means due to the experience variable and in favor of the category of service from five years - less than ten years. In light of these results, The researchers recommend that the school administration should provide a suitable environment for the talented that allows them to apply their ideas and achieve their initiatives.

Turkish adaptation of motivation scale for instructional podcast material

The study aims to adapt the Instructional Podcast Material Motivation Scale developed by Asoodar et al. (2014) into Turkish. The study group consists of Cag University Preparatory Year students. The original scale is in English and is a five- point Likert-type tool consisting of a total of 36 items in four dimensions. For the adaptation study, language validity was ensured. The findings obtained from the CFA regarding the construct validity of the scale support the four-factor structure in the original study. As a result of the analysis, the scale consists of 31 items and 4 sub-dimensions. The sub-dimensions of the scale are Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficients for the whole scale (.95) and the sub-dimensions of Attention (.78), Interest (.91), Confidence (.75), and Satisfaction (.93) are high. The results of the analysis show that the scale is valid and reliable in determining students' motivation levels for podcast material.

Development of an Attitude Scale on Activities Related to Biology and Nature for Mentally Disabled Students

The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable scale to determine the attitudes towards the activities that can be applied to the mentally retarded students about biology and nature. During the preparation of the draft form of the scale, an item pool was created from relevant literature. Then, these items were presented to expert opinion in terms of language, intelligibility and content. This draft scale with 30 items in 5-point Likert type was applied to 177 pre-service teachers studying in the special education department of the faculty of education at a state university. Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed for the data collected after the application. As a result of the analyses, it was revealed that the scale had a five-factor structure consisting of 20 items. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the factor structure was compatible with the data. Goodness of fit index values was sufficient. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale was calculated as 0.89. It can be said that the scale is valid and reliable in determining the views of pre-service teachers about the activities to be applied for mentally retarded students. In addition, the scale is suitable not only for teacher candidates, but also for use by teachers and researchers. In addition, different types of samples such as students in other fields at the undergraduate level and special education teachers who take courses related to special education can be included in the study group.

Scale Development Study on Match Analysis

Match analysis is a method used to evaluate and improve teams' game understanding, tactical structure, and individual-based player performances. Today, with match analysis methods, coaches can make detailed analyzes of both their own teams, rival teams and individual athletes. This present study aims to develop a scale for match analysis. Within the scope of this objective, an item pool consisting of 51 items was created by the researchers, and a 47-item scale was drafted by excluding 4 items in line with expert opinions. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency analysis and test-retest reliability methods were used for statistical purposes. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a measurement structure was obtained consisting of 4 sub-scales and a total of 22 items. The fit indices of the scale were evaluated within the relevant reference range. The reliability of the scale was examined by test-retest method and internal consistency analysis. As a result, the stability coefficient of the scale was calculated as 0.792 and the Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient as 0.911. Internal consistency analysis results showed that the items had high reliability. The current scale has a 7-point Likert-type rating. There are negative items in the scale. In this context, these items should be reversed when scoring. It was concluded that the scale developed is a reliable and valid measurement tool.

E-Learning Engagements of Pre-Service Education Students

This study aimed to ascertain the e-learning engagements of selected Pre-service Education students in online distance learning and determined whether the e-learning engagements vary based on the student’s profile variables. The study group of the survey comprised 275 first to third-year students of BSED-Sciences, BTVTED and BSED-Mathematics enrolled at Surigao State College of Technology (SSCT), City Campus. A researchers-made questionnaire was used, validated and tested for reliability using Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient with (α=0.85) for the entire scale (20 items). Distribution of web-based questionnaires through Google Forms followed. The data collected were treated using frequency, percentage count, mean, standard deviation, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). A descriptive survey research design was also employed. Study results indicated that the behavioral, social, cognitive, and technological engagements of the students were generally positive. Particularly, social engagement rated very high with a mean score of 2.97 (SD=0.53) meanwhile, technological engagement rated a lowest mean value of 2.71 (SD=0.55) signifying that students’ e-learning engagement is lesser as unstable internet connection was found to be the main technological problem which caused students to get frequent absences during online classes. Additionally, mobile phone devices revealed to be the most useful ICT tool to assist students’ in managing the online learning system. Moreover, the e-learning engagements were found not to vary based on students’ sex and family income. However, students’ age, year level, program and specialization and gadgets used in modular and online classes made a significant difference which shows that the profile differences of Pre-service education students contribute a direct effect towards their online learning engagement. Implications from the results recommend a need to sustain social interaction between stakeholders, increased students’ online resources and community support by provision of learners’ online learning demands.

The Adaptation of the Regret Elements Scale to Turkish Culture

Humans feel the need to reflect on their past decisions throughout their lives. Regret plays a significant role in this evaluation. Acknowledging regret is crucial, as it helps in rectifying undesirable past decisions and making healtier options in the future. Regret has cognitive and affective dimentions. Cognitive regret refers to reviewing past decisions, while affective regret belong to negative emotions. This study aims to adapt the regret elements scale (RES) in the Turkish adult population. The study involved 48 participants in the pilot application stage, 40 participants in the language validity stage, 599 participants in the confirmatory factor analysis stage, and 52 participants in the test-retest stage. The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 60 years. The study examined the language validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion-related validity of the scale. Additionally, reliability measures such as Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient, Spearman-Brown split-half reliability, test-retest reliability coefficient, and differences between the 27% lower and upper groups were utilized. Mean explained variance (AVE) and combined reliability (CR) values were also calculated. The findings indicate that the language validity of the scale was high (.80). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the 2-dimensional and 10-item scale had acceptable fit indices [x2 / df= 2.09, RMSEA= .043, SRMR= .07, NNFI /TLI = .91, CFI= .94, GFI= .92]. The scale and its sub-dimensions were negatively correlated with Satisfaction with Life. Reliability analyses found high Cronbach's Alpha reliability (.92), Spearman-Brown split-half reliability (.95), and test-retest reliability (.75) coefficients, as well as significant differences between the regret score averages of the lower and upper groups of 27%. The AVE and CR values of the scale were also high. The findings suggest that the 2-dimensional (affective regret and cognitive regret) and 10-item RES is a valid and reliable measuring tool for assessing regret in the field of mental health for adult individuals in Turkey. Overall, the RES can be considered a useful tool for measuring regret and its various dimensions. It is thought that the adaptation of the regret elements scale (RES), which includes these dimentions, will contribute to the literature.

Turkish Adaptation of the Relationship Sabotage Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study

In this study, it is aimed to adapt the ‘Relationship Sabotage Scale' (RSS), whose validity and reliability studies were conducted by Peel and Caltabiano (2021), adapting it to Turkish. The adaptation process of the scale was carried out by going through various stages in which the participants were university students. In the first stage of the research, 32 university students were reached for language equivalence study. At the next stage, the study group for the validity and reliability study of the research consists of a total of 266 university students, 150 (56%) female and 116 (44%) male, studying at various faculties in the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year. The construct validity of the RSS was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Confirmatory factor analysis results show that the 12-item and three-factor structure of the original scale was confirmed. It was observed that the item factor loads of the scale ranged from .56 to .95. According to the findings, it is seen that the scale tested with CFA has sufficient goodness-of-fit indices. For the reliability of the scale, the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was calculated; At the end of the analyzes, the total Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was found .81, while the Cronbach alpha (α) internal consistency coefficients for the sub-dimensions ranged from .81 to .85. The findings obtained as a result of the study show that RSS is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in evaluating the self-sabotage of individuals in their romantic relationships.

TURKISH ADAPTATION OF ADVENTURE BEHAVIOR SEEKING SCALE: A VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

In the current study, the aim is to test the validity and reliability of “Adventure Behavior Seeking Scale (T-ABSS)” developed to evaluate the adventure behaviors of individuals in the natural spaces in the Turkish population. 
 The psychometrics of the scale was tested with the participation of 239 males (Meanage = 27.53 ± 7.90) and 126 females (Meanage = 24.52 ± 6.17) in total 365 individuals who participate in the activities in nature. As the data collecting tool, “Adventure Behavior Seeking Scale” developed by Próchniak (2017) consisting of 8 items and one factor was used. To test convergent validity of T-ABSS, “Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)” was used. The main assumptions of parametric tests which are normality, linearity and homogeneity of variances were tested. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to test the structural validity of the scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to validate the emerged factor structure. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation analysis was conducted for the convergent validity. To test the reliability of T-ABSS, Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient was used. 
 EFA results show that the Turkish form of the scale consists of 2 factors and 7 items, and they predict 58.76% of total variance. Since one of the items’ factor load was under 0.30, it was excluded from the study. CFA results carried out to test the two-factor structure of scale revealed the model fit indices are between acceptable and perfect indices limits with “χ2/df= 3.10, GFI= 0.97, AGFI=0.94, CFI=0.95, NFI=0.93, SRMR=0.05, RMSEA=0.076”. It was found that the factor loads of the scale are between 0.57 and 0.75, and their Cronbach Alpha coefficients are between 0.70 and 0.71. As a result of the analysis to determine the convergent validity, it was found there is statistically positive correlation between “Sensation Seeking Scale” and T-ABSS. The obtained values indicate the convergent validity of T-ABSS is acceptable. 
 The obtained results indicate that the Turkish version of ABSS (T-ABSS) has a two-factor structure, and it is a valid and reliable measurement tool to evaluate adventure behavior seeking levels of participants.

Turkish validity and reliability study of the "respectful maternity care" knowledge and practice scale of midwives.

Increasing cesarean rates in Turkey show that respectful maternity care services should be given priority and importance. It is difficult to achieve sustainable development goals without adopting a respectful maternity care approach, and there is no Turkish measurement tool to evaluate the knowledge and practices of midwives on "respectful maternity care". The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the "respectful maternity care knowledge and practice scale of midwives" is an appropriate measurement tool for Turkish women by conducting a Turkish validity and reliability study. The methodological study was carried out by midwives working in three Public Hospitals. Data were collected face-to-face using the "introductory information form" and "the respectful maternity care knowledge and practice scale of midwives". The scale consists of two sections knowledge and practice. Both sections have three sub-dimensions: "providing emotional support", "providing safe care", and "preventing abuse". The cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient value ranged between 0.76 and 0.95 for both sections.This study has determined that this scale, which was adapted, consists of three sub-dimensions and 46 items (23 items each) in both knowledge and application sections, is a highly valid and reliable scale compatible with Turkish culture, as a result of the validity and reliability findings.

Öz-belirlenimli Öğrenme (Hetagoji) Becerileri Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

The objective of this research was to create a reliable and valid measurement tool for measuring self-determined learning skills among university students. The research was conducted with the participation of 574 university students. In line with expert opinions and suggestions, 30-item trial form of the scale was developed. The collected data were subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and a structure that explained 42.17% of the total variance was obtained. It has been determined that the Self-Determined Learning Skills Scale (SDLSS) consists of 22 items and four dimensions. In addition, as a result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), it was seen that the fit indices of the scale were between excellent and acceptable values, and the four-factor structure of the scale consisting of 22 items was confirmed. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient of the scale is .86, and the reliability coefficient calculated by the split-half method is .80. To determine the distinctiveness of the items in the scale, the corrected item-total correlation was calculated, and 27% lower-upper group comparisons were made. Findings from item analysis showed that all the scale items were distinctive. As a result, it can be said that the “SDLSS” developed is a valid measurement tool and will provide reliable scores in determining self-determined learning skills.

Validity and Reliability of the Future Decent Work Scale with Turkish Vocational and Technical High School Students

The working conditions of individuals in their workplaces must have human conditions. The characteristics that should be in a decent job are listed as safe working conditions, sufficient free time and rest hours, organizational values that complement family and social values, adequate compensation and access to health services. The aim of this research is to study the validity and reliability of the Future Decent Work Scale on Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School students which measures individuals' perceptions of decent work that they can obtain in the future. Within the scope of the validity and reliability studies of the scale, data were collected from 545 Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School students. In order to test the construct validity of the scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used and criterion-related validity was examined. Cronbach Alpha and McDonald's Omega coefficients were calculated for reliability studies. As a result of CFA, it was concluded that the goodness of fit indices of the scale indicated good (GFI=.93, AGFI=.90) and acceptable (χ2/df=3.943, RMSEA=.074, SRMR=.069, CFI=.85) level of fit indices. The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient was calculated as .77 for the scale. These results show that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool on Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School students.

ERKEN TRAVMA ENVANTERİ: ÖLÇEĞİN ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNE UYARLANMASI VE PSİKOMETRİK ÖZELLİKLERİ

The aim of this study is to adapt the Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report Short Form to Turkish and test its validity and reliability for university students. The inventory was translated, and the Turkish form was finalised. The first study group, whose data were used to conduct the confirmatory factor analysis regarding the scale, consisted of 350 undergraduate, and graduate students from 14 different universities in the fall semester of the 2021-2022 academic year; 270 of whom were female and 80 of whom were male. In data analysis, descriptive statistics were calculated; confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analyses were performed. Since Early Trauma Inventory Short Form is an inventory consisting of sub-scales, a separate confirmatory factor analysis was performed for each sub-scale of Turkish version. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model data fit of the general trauma subscale was “good,” and it was “perfect” for the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse subscales. Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficients and test-re-test correlations were found to be satisfactory. Results show that the Early Trauma Inventory-Self Report Short Form is a valid and reliable tool to use in determining early childhood trauma.

The validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Men (SSS-M)

Objective: This study was carried out to determine whether the Turkish version of the Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Men (SSS-M), a modified version of the Women Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSS-W) developed by Meston and his friends is a valid and reliable tool or not. Material and Methods: This is a methodological study and was conducted between March and July 2021. After the language translation and content validity studies of the 30-item of which Likert-type scale and five sub-dimensions a preliminary application was carried out on a group of 30 people. Data were obtained from 193 male individuals on an online platform after ethical approval. Whereas for the scope\content validity of the scale Content Validity was used, to test for validity Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed. To verify its dependableness, the Cronbach Alpha score and item-total correlation score were tested. The time invariance of the scale was evaluated with a test-retest. Results: The scale and content validity was reviewed by eight experts. The construct validity of the scale was performed by using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. Confirmatory factor loads were determined between .55 and .87, and exploratory factor loads were determined between 0.34 and .83. The correlation coefficient between the score of each item and the scale score was determined as r=.35-.80 (p<.001). The Cronbach Alpha internal consistency and reliability coefficients were found as .95 in the total of the scale and were found as.82-.95 in its sub-dimensions. No significant difference was found in the test-retest reliability analysis (p>.05). Conclusion: As a result of this study, it was determined that the Turkish version of the five-dimension "Sexual Satisfaction Scale for Men (SSS-M)" is a valid and reliable four-dimensional instrument and can be used in research and clinic. Keywords: sexual satisfaction, men, reability, validity

Developing a Scale for Awareness of Cervical Cancer: Study of Validity and Reliability

This study aims to develop a scale to determine women’s awareness of cervical cancer. In development of the scale. a systematic algorithm was performed. The developed scale was applied on 512 individuals and the data was collected face to face. Two groups were formed with participants (n1=256. n2=256). With the data collected from the first group. exploratory factor analysis was performed while with the data of the second group. and confirmatory factor analysis was performed. At the end of the exploratory factor analysis. it was found that the scale consisted of 18 items and three factors. The validity of the obtained construct was confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis. It was also found that the Cronbach-alpha internal consistency coefficient for the whole scale was 0.84 and the internal consistency coefficients of sub-dimensions ranged among 0.69 and 0.83. For test-retest reliability coefficient. the scale was applied on the same group at 4 week intervals and the scale-wide correlation coefficient was calculated as 0.98 while it was found to be among 0.95 and 0.97 for sub-dimensions. therefore. correlation coefficients were found to be significant. The data collected indicated the scale was valid and reliable in measuring women’s awareness of cervical cancer.