Cronbach Alfa Research Articles

The Attitude of Kindergarten Teachers towards Teaching Science and Math in English (Field Research)

Abstract This study aimed to explore the attitudes of kindergarten teachers towards teaching science and mathematics in English in Koya city for the academic year 2015-2016. It attempts to identify the attitudes of kindergarten teachers towards teaching science and mathematics in English according to some variables (age, monthly income, certification). The sample size consisted of 33 kindergarten teachers. The Instrument was developed by the researchers, later validated by specialists and experts. The reliability coefficients of the self-developed questionnaire were obtained from a Cronbach Alfa which was at level 0.83. The results revealed that the mathematics and science teachers in the kindergartens of Koya city have an attitude between neutral and negative (to a certain extent) towards the teaching of these subjects in English. It was also found that the youth teachers have more positive attitudes toward math and science teaching in English, Additionally, the degree of academic certificate category (bachelor) has a more positive attitude than the academic certificate categories (Intermediate) and (diploma).

Good practices in normal childbirth: reliability analysis of an instrument by Cronbach's Alpha.

ABSTRACTObjectives:to analyze the internal consistency of the evaluation instrument of the adherence to the good practices of childbirth and birth care in the professionals, through Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient for each of the dimensions and for the total instrument. Method:this is a descriptive and cross-sectional study performed in obstetric centers of eleven public hospitals in the Federal District, with a questionnaire applied to 261 professionals who worked in the delivery care. Results:The study was attended by 261 professionals, 42.5% (111) nurses and 57.5% (150) physicians. The reliability evaluation of the instrument by the Cronbach Alfa resulted in 0.53, 0.78 and 0.76 for dimensions 1, 2 and 3, after debugging that resulted in the exclusion of 11 items. Conclusions:the instrument obtained Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80. There is a need for improvement in the items of dimension 1 that refer to attitudes, knowledge, and practices of the organization of the network of care to gestation, childbirth, and birth. However, it can be applied in the way it is used to evaluate practices based on scientific evidence of childbirth care.

Translation and Validation of the Turkish Version of Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Adherence Questionnaire (MS-TAQ).

Poor adherence is widely observed in MS as in other chronic diseases; therefore, improving adherence should be a significant treatment objective. Therefore, it is important to determine the causes of nonadherence and to make improvement plans by establishing a special measurement tool for MS patients. The aim of this study is to investigate validity and Turkish equivalence of The Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Adherence Questionnaire (MS-TAQ) that developed by Paul Wicks and Michael Massagli in 2009. The sample of the methodological study comprised 198 MS patients who stayed in University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, MS clinic between July 2016 and February 2017. In the research, "Data Collection Form" and "MS-TAQ" was used. To conduct this study, permission was obtained from the university ethics committee and the hospital administration. All participants in the study were informed of the study's purpose and their role. Translation procedure (forward and backward) and pre-test were performed for translation equivalence and linguistic adaptation. MS-TAQ's Cronbach alfa coefficient 0.83 were calculated. According to expert's suggestion modifications was made and content validity index was calculated with Davis technic between 1.0-1.4. As a result, "MS-TAQ" has been found a sufficiently valid and reliable tool in Turkey.

Measuring the Subjective Well-being of Teachers

Abstract This paper presents an instrument, designed using scientific methods, to measure the subjective well-being of teachers in relation to their work and to variables from life experience. Participant teachers work at the basic educational level in private institutions created by the civil society that attend to the needs of the socio-economically vulnerable populations outside the state’s system. The Cronbach Alfa index and exploratory factor analysis were used to establish the reliability and validity of the instrument applied to 183 Mexican teachers in the pilot test. Conclusions pint out to possible uses of this validated instrument for the design of strategies that favor the integral well-being of the future generations of teachers and a substantial improvement in the quality of education. Keywords : subjective well-being, instrument, teacher, health, and satisfaction.

PENATALAKSANAAN AWAL KEJANG DEMAM PADA ANAK DI POLI ANAK RUMAH SAKIT BHAYANGKARA SURABAYA

Febrile seizures are still very common in children. The incidence of febrile seizures in various developed countries such as the United States and Western Europe reaches 2 - 4% whereas in developing countries the number of sufferers is higher. Approximately 20% of patients suffer from complex seizures that must be treated more diliti. The incidence of febrile seizures in Indonesia mainly occurs in children aged 6 months to 4 years. Almost 3% of children aged under 5 years have experienced febrile seizures. The type of research used is descriptive research. Descriptive research is a study that aims to describe (describe) urgent events that occur in the present. Variable in this research is mother knowledge about initial management of febrile seizures. In this study, the sample is a mother who has children diagnosed with febrile seizures as many as 34 respondents This study was conducted in Poly Anak Bhayangkara Hospital Surabaya. The study was conducted on 18 February - 5 March 2013. The instrument used was kuesiner. Instrument has been done Test validity and reliability by using Pearson Product Moment formula and reliability test by using Cronbach Alfa in SPSS program. The result of research from the age factor that more than 50% of respondents aged 20-30 years are 21 respondents (61,8%), while the result of research of education factor can know that most of respondent of SMA education is 14 responden (41,2%), from work factors that more than 50% of respondents did not work ie 20 respondents (58.8%), from the information factor that most respondents have been informed about the initial management of febrile seizure is 26 respondents (76.5%), from information sources can it is known that most respondents get information from Radio / TV respondents (26.5%), from the knowledge factor can be seen that most respondents have good knowledge that is 16 respondents (47%), knowledge known that most respondents have good knowledge that is 16 respondents (47%). Knowledge is the result of knowing and this happens after people do sensing a particular object. So Knowledge of respondents about febrile seizures obtained respondents after doing a lot of reviews both from information sources (newspapers, magazines, television, health workers, and others) as well as from the personal experience of respondents. It can be concluded that the knowledge of mother about the initial management of febrile seizures in Poly AnakBhayangkara Surabaya Hospital on February 18th - March 5th 2011 most of the respondents have good knowledge that is 16 respondents (47%). Keywords: Knowledge, febrile seizures

Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Secondary School Science Students’ Social Capital Scale

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale which will ensure that social capital levels of secondary school science students are determined. Validation and reliability works of the scale were performed on 304 (154 girls and 150 boys) students in North Cyprus. In the process of developing the scale, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis were done, and reliability was determined with Cronbach alfa and split-half methods which are internal consistency tests. In addition to the Cronbach alfa and split-half tests, as the item total item correlations are sufficient, no item was excluded from the scale and it was confirmed that the scale was reliable. Results of confirmatory factor analysis show that the model belonging to social capital scale has perfect consistence and it consists of three dimensions such as trust in peer relations, communication intra-family relations, and sensitiveness in friendship relations.

Personal-Professional Competencies Perception Scale for Teacher Candidates: Validity and Reliability Study

In this study, it has been aimed to develop a measuring tool which will enable to measure teacher candidates' personal-professional competences in a valid and a reliable way. The study was conducted on four different working groups consisting of a total of 720 teacher candidates. In the study, as for the construct validity of the comments made from the measurement, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were applied. As a result of the EFA, a structure consisting of 18 items and 4 factors was achieved. The findings obtained from the CFA showed that the structure had adequate fit indexes. The calculations of convergent and discriminant validity which were made in order to enrich construct validity data show that the results are within the acceptable values in the literature. The reliability of the measurements obtained from the scale were controlled via Cronbach Alfa, composite reliability, and test-retest methods, and it was determined that calculated reliability coefficients are within the acceptable limits.

Cura húmeda de úlceras por presión. Atención en el ámbito domiciliar

AbstractThe need to carry out prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers (PU) within the home environment by means of humid healing sessions is very important for the prompt eversion and cicatrization of the wounds.Objective: To assess the efficacy of the humid healing in patients with PU within the home environment.Method: A clinical intervention was performed using the humid healing technique on 11 PU in 4 discharged patients showing degree II lesions (n = 6), and degree III lesions (n = 5). Twelve healings every 72 h were carried out at the homes of these patients. The ulcers severity and progress were estimated using the Pressure Ulcers Scale for Healing (PUSH) instrument, which has a Cronbach alfa of 0.823.Results: Nine PU out of the total 11 healed --- all degree II (n = 6) and 3 degree III (n = 5). The cicatrization process only took 4 weeks, a time which is much shorter than the usual 8 weeks which take the traditional healing.Conclusion: Within the home environment, humid healing was an effective method to address PU in patients previously discharged from hospitals. This kind of interventions represents an option which health institutions can promote in order to improve the quality of life of these patients.

İlköğretim Matematik Öğretmeni Adaylarının Mesleği Tercih için Güdülenmeleri: Ölçek Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

The aim of this study is to present the results of the validity and reliability study of the TEDS-M scale of motivation to choose teaching profession. The study sample consisted of 583 preservice elementary mathematics teachers studying in seven different universities in Turkey. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the structural validity of the scale. Factor analyses revealed a two-factor structure such as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The total variance explained by the whole scale was found to be % 50, Cronbach alfa reliability coefficient was found as 0.75 Mc Donald Omega was found as 0.85. For both factors of the scale the reliability coefficients were found above 0.74 and item-total correlations above 0.54. In conclusion, it was shown that motivation to become a teacher consisted of two factors such as intrinsic and extrinsic reasons, the Turkish form of the scale has a valid and reliable structure and could be used in future studies.

Análisis Diagnóstico De Percepción En Adultos Jóvenes Sobre Participación Política Y Voto Electrónico En México

Mexico is challenging the perfection of democracy exercised by the people through voting. The objective of the research was to determine the feasibility of the exercise of electronic voting in Mexico, according to the political perception of young adults. The analysis is focused in the persons between 25 to 46 years old. This is a segment of the population of great importance within the economically active population in Mexico, and by the number of voters in this range, they have great influence on the results of the elections. The work was done from an analysis of the database obtained from the territorial survey conducted nationwide by the Center for Social and Political Studies (CESOP) of the LXII Legislature of the Chamber of Deputies in Mexico between November 21 and December 2, 2014; 1,400 interviews were conducted with 18 senior citizens spread over 132 municipalities throughout the country. The results were grouped into two variables, the first being the Political Participation with three indicators and the second, the Electronic Vote with six indicators. Cronbach Alfa Coefficient was obtained, with a value of 0.715.To measure the internal consistency of the research work, a multivariate factor analysis was performed. The main results indicate that they have low interest in politics. Their intention to vote is high on the following elections. The majority believes that electronic voting, people would come with greater certainty to cast the vote.

Elaboración y validación del «Cuestionario de actitudes hacia la ética profesional en Fisioterapia»

Resumen Objetivo En el contexto universitario resulta necesaria la elaboracion y validacion de cuestionarios para ser aplicados en la valoracion de nuevos modelos formativos que garanticen la adquisicion de la competencia etica. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar la elaboracion, evaluacion de la fiabilidad y unidimensionalidad del «Cuestionario de actitudes hacia la etica profesional en Fisioterapia» (CAEPFIS). Material y metodo Se procedio a la elaboracion de un cuestionario que analizara las actitudes hacia la etica profesional en estudiantes de Fisioterapia (CAEPFIS) mediante un estudio piloto con estudiantes de Fisioterapia de ultimo curso (n = 100). Se llevo a cabo un analisis de consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach) y se detectaron y eliminaron los items indiferenciadores. Posteriormente, se analizo la unidimensionalidad del cuestionario (analisis factorial de componentes principales, prueba de esfericidad de Barlett y medida de adecuacion muestral de Kaiser-Meyer-OIkin [KMO]). Finalmente, el cuestionario consto de 33 items. Se empleo Predictive Analytics Software (PASW) 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). Resultados El CAEPFIS presenta una elevada consistencia interna (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach = 0,898). Los items del CAEPFIS se acercan a la unidimensionalidad deseada (analisis factorial de componentes principales: KMO = 0,762; χ2 = 1.871,874; df = 528; p Conclusiones El CAEPFIS muestra fiabilidad y unidimensionalidad para ser empleado como instrumento de recogida de datos para analizar las actitudes hacia la etica profesional en estudiantes de Fisioterapia.

APPLICABILITY OF BALANCED SCORECARD SYSTEM IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS ACCORDING TO OPINIONS OF EDUCATION INSPECTORS, MANAGERS AND TEACHERS

This study was carried out in order to specifying the opinions of the staffs working as manager, teacher and educational inspectors at primary schools about the implementation of balanced scorecard in education institutions. To perform that aim the staffs serving as manager, teacher and inspector at the primary Schools nearby center of Elazig Province was determined as the population. In the research, the descriptive survey model was used. The sampling subjects consisted of 110 managers, 340 teachers, 20 inspectors, which was specified by the Random Sampling Method. For the purpose of reflecting the viewpoint of participants, a balanced score card was prepared. In order to determine the reliability and validity of the scale analysis was been done and it was found to be reliability coefficient was Cronbach Alfa=0.963,standartize reference value was =,965. The data shows that scale was very reliable and valid that feature was. The researcher personally kept track of this scale and collected by going to the schools. At the end of this research, it was realized that the participants generally approve the implementation of the balanced score card. That the participants attend the matters in the balanced scorecard scale and that the matters are implemented will be effective in terms of specifying the school performance and development. Article visualizations:

Competencias Gerenciales en el Logro de la Calidad Educativa en las Instituciones del Nivel Primario

La presente investigación tiene como propósito analizar la importancia de las competencias gerenciales en el logro de la calidad educativa en las instituciones del nivel primario ubicadas en la parroquia Marcelino Briceño del municipio Baralt. Para ello se sustenta teóricamente en aportes de autores como Programa AME (2012), Robbins y De Cenzo (2008), entre otros. Metodológicamente será de tipo analítico, con diseño de campo, no experimental, transeccional. La población está conformada por 74 individuos, discriminados de la siguiente manera: 12 directivos, 62 docentes pertenecientes a las instituciones seleccionadas. Se utilizará la encuesta como técnica de recolección de datos mediante un cuestionario con escala tipo Likert, estructurado por cinco alternativas. La validez se obtendrá a través del juicio de cinco expertos, la confiabilidad se calculará mediante el coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach. Los resultados obtenidos permitirán dar respuesta a los objetivos de la investigación por medio de la elaboración de conclusiones concretas, así como recomendaciones dirigidas a aportar alternativas de solución a la problemática planteada.

Liderazgo Situacional y su Influencia en la Gerencia del Docente de Aula en la Carrera de Administración Industrial

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar el liderazgo situacional y su influencia en la gerencia del docente de aula, en la carrera Administración Industrial. El estudio de naturaleza descriptiva, de campo, contó con una población de 35 docentes, a quienes se les aplicó un instrumento tipo cuestionario de 21 ítems, modelo escala de Lickert, con tres opciones de respuesta: Siempre, Algunas Veces y Nunca, el cual fue validado y cuya confiabilidad arrojó un resultado de 0.94 medido mediante la fórmula del Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach. La interpretación de los resultados, permite señalar que los docentes no presentan un estilo de liderazgo situacional en particular y en relación a los procesos administrativos utilizados en su práctica docente, se evidenció que ocasionalmente realizan actividades de planificación, organización, dirección, control y evaluación. Por tanto, se sugiere la capacitación de los docentes en los estilos del liderazgo situacional y los principios gerenciales que coadyuven a mejorar la calidad educativa.

Validation of the successful aging inventory in chilean older people

There is a paucity of adequate and validated instruments for the measurement of successful aging for geriatric researchers in Chile. To validate the “Successful Aging Inventory” (SAI) in Chilean older people. SAI was answered by 777 older people aged 70 ± 7 years (63% women) living in urban and rural areas, including the highlands of a Northern desert region of Chile. A Cronbach alfa of 0.92 was obtained for the general dimension of successful aging. The figures for each dimension included in the theoretical model (functional performance, intrapsychic factors, gero-transcendence; spirituality; purpose and life satisfaction), and ranged from 0.66 to 0.91. Confirmatory factorial analysis showed that the original inventory model, fits with the data collected from Chilean people. Successful Aging Inventory (SAI) is a reliable and adequate inventory, which can be used in Chilean older people.

Adaptation Study of the Mindful Eating Questiionnare (MEQ) into Turkish

Adaptation Study of the Mindful Eating Questionnare (MEQ) into Turkish Objective: In this study we aimed to define the ‘mindful eating’ and discover the reliability and validity analyses of Mindful Eating Questionnare (MEQ) in Turkish sample, which has been developed to evaluate the relationship between eating behavior and mindful eating. Method: 360 volunteer university students included to our study. Participants in the survey asked to fill Turkish form of MEQ and Eating Attitude Test (EAT) completely. The study was completed with 318 participants fully filled the scales. Results: For reliability and validity of Turkish version of MEQ; internal consistency (cronbach alfa 0.733), item-total score analyses, factor analyses, parallel form correlations (As MEQ scores increase and both EAT scores and EAT score group (cutoff:30) increases) and factor correlations [As MEQ scores increase, Disinhibition (r=0.739), Emotional Eating (r=0.700), Control of Eating (r=0.594), Eating Discipline (r=0.449), Mindfullness (r=0.523), Enterferance (r=0.502) increasings are statistically significant (p

Reliability and validity of Turkish Version of DSM-5 Depression Scale

Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the reliability and validity of Turkish version of DSM-5 Depression Scale which was developed to measure the severity of depression. Methods: The study group included 50 in- or out-patients who met the criteria for major depressive disorder according to DSM-5. Sixty-three healthy volunteers without any mental or physical disease were also recruited as a control group. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which is the most widely used self-report scale, was used for concurrent validity. Internal consistency coefficient Cronbach alfa and item-total correlation analysis were performed for reliability. Exploratory factor analysis was used for vali-dity, as BDI was used for concurrent validity. Results: Mean age was 39.2±11.3 and 22.4±5.8 years in the patient and control group, respectively. Sixty-one percent of the sample group (n=66) were female. 64.8% of the group were college graduates, 19% were primary school graduates and 18.5% were high school graduates. Disease dura-tion for major depressive disorder was 3.3±5.6 years for the patient group. For the internal consistency Cronbach alfa coefficient of the DSM-5 Depression Scale was 0.91. Item-total correlation coefficients were between 0.60-0.83. For the exploratory factor analysis of sample adequacy of DSM-5 Depression Scale, Kaiser-Meier-Olkin (KMO) coefficient and Bartlett coefficient was calculated as 0.91 and 608.18, respectively. Single-factor solution was obtained with an eigenvalue of 5.44, representing 60.4% of the variance. Factor loadings of the items were between 0.66-0.80. Correlation coefficient of DSM-5 Depression Scale with BDI was found as r=0.88. Conclusion: The Turkish version of DSM-5 Depression Scale is reliable and valid.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE ON COMPLIANCE TO MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY FOR TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS AND ASSESSMENT OF ITS POTENTIAL USE

Background: А specific questionnaire is necessary to perform quantitative assessment of compliance to medical nutrition therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).Aim: Тo develop a questionnaire to assess how type 2 diabetic patients adhere with the principles of medical nutrition therapy and to identify factors associated with good dietary compliance.Materials and methods: We proposed a questionnaire "Dietary adherence test" (DAT) and validated it in 300 inand out-patients with type 2 DM. DAT was validated against the diabetes-related behavior score, diabetes-related knowledge score, and HbA1c level; the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alfa) was also calculated.Results: Cronbach's alfa for primary raw and standardized data were 0.7444 and 0.7413, respectively, thus meeting the required range of 0.7–0.8. The score on DAT item 1 (the title item) and total score (the sum of scores of item 2 to 10) correlated with the diabetes-related behavior score (r=0.21, р=0.0006 and r=0.34, р<0.0001, respectively). Patients with poor dietary compliance (average DAT score≤2) had a significantly lower score on the subscale "Nutrition" of the diabetes knowledge test, than those with good dietary compliance (average DAT score≥2) (44.9±15.6 vs 60.2±16.2, р<0.0001). Patients who perceived their diet as the most burdensome element of life with diabetes, had lower total DAT score (24.1±4.6) than those who did not see their diet as a problem (25.9±5.1, р=0.001). There was a significant difference in average DAT score between patients on insulin therapy and patients on oral treatment (2.8±0.6 vs 2.9±0.6, respectively, р=0.019). Patients with poor and good dietary adherence, according to DAT, differed in their duration of diabetes, social status and diabetes-related behavior score. There was a weak correlation between the DAT score and duration of diabetes (r=0.16, р=0.009), and weak inverse correlation between the DAT score and total serum cholesterol levels (r=-0.16, р=0.01).Conclusion: The diagnostic characteristics of the proposed questionnaire meet the criteria of face, content and external validity and internal consistency, or reliability. This self-report questionnaire allows to assess the type 2 DM patient's awareness and adherence to medical nutritional therapy, at no additional time expenses of the doctor. No associations between dietary adherence and main parameters of treatment efficacy in type 2 DM were found.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Spanish-Language Version of the SARC-F to Assess Sarcopenia in Mexican Community-Dwelling Older Adults

To cross-culturally adapt and validate the Spanish-language version of the SARC-F in Mexican community-dwelling older adults. Cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort. The FraDySMex study, a 2-round evaluation of community-dwelling adults from 2 municipalities in Mexico City. Participants were 487 men and women older than 60years, living in the designated area in Mexico City. Information from questionnaires regarding demographic characteristics, comorbidities, mental status, nutritional status, dependence in activities of daily living, frailty, and quality of life. Objective measurements of muscle mass, strength and function were as follows: skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was taken using dual-energy x-ray, grip strength using a hand dynamometer, 6-meter gait speed using a GAIT Rite instrumented walkway, peak torque and power for knee extension using a isokinetic dynamometer, lower extremity functioning measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and balance using evaluation on a foam surface, with closed eyes, in the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Integration. The SARC-F scale translated to Spanish and the consensus panels' criteria from European, international, and Asian sarcopenia working groups were applied to evaluate sarcopenia. The Spanish language version of the SARC-F scale showed reliability (Cronbach alfa = 0.641. All items in the scale correlated to the scale's total score, rho = 0.43 to 0.76), temporal consistency evaluated by test-retest (CCI = 0.80), criterion validity when compared to the consensus panels' criteria (high specificity and negative predictive values). The scale was also correlated to other measures related to sarcopenia (such as age, quality of life, self-rated health status, cognition, dependence in activities of daily living, nutritional status, depression, gait speed, grip strength, peak torque and power for knee extension, SPPB, balance, SMI, and frailty). The SARC-F scale was successfully adapted to Spanish language and validated in community-dwelling Mexican older adults.

The Turkish Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability of the Internal States Scale.

The Internal State Scale (ISS) was developed to simultaneously assess manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder. In the present study, the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of ISS (ISS-TR) were examined. The present study aimed to present the psychometric properties of this scale. The sample consisted of 200 outpatients with bipolar disorder and 49 healthy controls. Participants completed the Turkish Internal State Scale (ISS-TR), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Reliability analyses revealed that the Cronbach alfa coefficient of ISS was 0.88 for the whole sample. Item-total correlations ranged from 0.15 to 0.78. Two factors emerged as a result of factor analysis: "mania" and "depression-well-being." Test-retest correlations were determined for the mania subscale as r=0.654, p<0.01 and for the depression-well-being subscale as r=0.356, p<0.01. The correlations between BPRS and both subscales were quite high. The correlation between HDRS and the depression-well-being subscale was higher (r=0.475) than that between HDRS and the mania subscale, whereas the correlation between YMRS and the mania subscale was higher (r=0.818) than that between YMRS and the depression-well-being subscale. It was seen that ISS could discriminate between the clinical and healthy control samples. In addition, it was observed that the mania subscale predicted a manic period more strongly, while the depression-well-being subscale predicted a depressive period better. ISS is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to simultaneously assess manic and depressive symptoms. It is thought that ISS will be useful in the recognition of prodromal symptoms and in the process of maintenance treatment.