Model Of Critical Discourse Analysis Research Articles

Portrayal of Muslim Female Character: A Critical Study of Bollywood Movie Raees

The Indian film industry provides a huge source of entertainment to the masses not only in India but also across the borders as well. With the help of artistic fictional expressions, it not only caters to locating facts and realities in the contemporary social structure but also has the undeniable capacity to persuade viewers in a certain way. Indian cinema or “Bollywood” has marked its place in the minds of its consumers and consequently restyled their perceptions about the world around them. There is a variety of subjects, issues and cultures that are projected by the Indian cinema. Amongst them, the portrayal of Muslim females has been the popular theme of Indian cinema. However, Muslim characters like women remain subject to bias. To dissect this phenomenon in Bollywood, present study is an attempt to examine the depiction of Muslim women in Bollywood. For this purpose, Movie, “Raees” (2017) has been selected. Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis (2003) used as the methodological framework. Under the theoretical realm of framing theory, this study focuses on the portrayal of the female character in the Bollywood movie Raees. The study concludes that Muslim women are being portrayed as disconnected from their religious beliefs. Keywords: Framing, Muslim women, Critical discourse analysis, Bollywood, Raees,

Ideologi dalam Bahasa Perempuan terhadap Dugaan Pelecehan Seksual di Ajang Kontes Kecantikan: Analisis Wacana Kritis

The case of sexual harassment involving women as victims can be seen from the news in the news media lately is quite shocking, a number of female finalists of Miss Universe Indonesia 2023 came to Polda Metro Jaya to file a report about the alleged harassment of her without clothes. The purpose of this research is to uncover ideology in women's language towards alleged sexual harassment in beauty pageants. In accordance with these objectives, qualitative descriptive is used as an approach to this research. The data of this research is in the form of lingual features obtained during online netnographic observation of participants on Instagram belonging to the finalists of Miss Universe Indonesia (MUID) 2023, peagent portal, and Yayasan Puteri Indonesia. The data were collected using Kozinets' (2010) netnography procedure, which is a form of adoption of ethnographic techniques in the realm of cyberspace. Online netnography observations in this study were conducted through device screens and laptops observing the status uploaded on instgram accounts. To analyze the data, Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis model is used, namely description, interpretation, and explanation. The findings of this research are the existence of ideological manifestations, namely (1) ideology 1: "fighting for women's rights in beauty contests", (2) ideology II: "feeling what harassed women feel", (3) ideology III: "trusting the law in upholding justice for victims", and (4) ideology IV: "erasing the negative stigma of society towards beauty pageants". The conclusion of this study is that women choose and utilize certain lingual forms and ignore other forms, namely institutional processes and sociocultural processes.

Power Relation of a Sexual Harassment Victim in Penyalin Cahaya: A Critical Discourse Analysis

This study aims to analyze the struggle of sexual harassment victims depicted in the film entitled Penyalin Cahaya. This study uses Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) model and the Outrage Management model (Scott & Martin, 2006) to examine the verbal and visual aspects of the film. The dimensions that are analyzed include the text, the discourse practice, and sociocultural practice. The key dialogues and scenes are extracted by selecting and retrieving excerpt of dialogues and scenes which depict conflict and power imbalances between the victims and the perpetrators. The results show that power imbalance and its manifestation between them can be found by observing the dialogue and the scenes. It demonstrates that there are several ways through which the abusers exercise their power over the victims. It also highlights the attempts by the victims to fight against sexual harassment, which is often ignored. Furthermore, the sociocultural state of Indonesian society, especially regarding patriarchal culture and power struggles over women, became the main driver that led to the production of this film. The significance of this study is that it can provide insight into the positions, emotions, and obstacles faced by sexual harassment victims in Indonesia, as depicted in the film.

Muslim women’s diasporic identity: a critical discourse analysis of Leila Aboulela’s Minaret (2005)

ABSTRACT Due to different unpropitious circumstances, immigration is globally on the rise. A Muslim Sudanese woman’s diasporic experience can be best perceived through a critical discourse analysis (CDA) of Leila Aboulela’s novel Minaret (2005). In a study of Minaret’s textual analysis, this article applies three central CDA postulations: 1. Teun A. van Dijk’s (1993a, & 2006b) three layers of study through ‘Discourse, Cognitive, and Society’, 2. Ruth Wodak’s ‘Language, and Ideology’ in the study of discourse analysis, and 3. Norman Fairclough’s (1996a, 2001b & 2013c) ‘3D model of CDA’. This research explores the social, diasporic, and historical challenges through a textual analysis of Minaret, which is faced by Sudanese women in Britain. Najwa, the protagonist struggles to find her identity while encountering innumerable challenges in the diasporic route. Her dis/placement of identity, and religion can be seen to construct an identity in a multicultural world (like Britain). In a nutshell, Minaret presents Najwa’s identity, representation, and language relation in social practice. Class conflict, power inequality, and a struggle for identity quest are contemporary issues that have been demonstrated around Najwa’s life.

Female Representation in Pakistani Digital Media: A Comparative Critical Feministic Study of Rehman’s “Mere Pas Tum Ho" & Ahmed’s “Sinf-e-Ahan”

The present study aims to explore the portrayal of female characters by male and female writers in Pakistani digital media. Hence, the primary objective of this study is to figure out which gender is focused to show the strong and positive side of women. Meanwhile, the secondary objective is to trace the gender stereotypes in the context of the two particular dramas. Fairclough (1992) model of critical discourse analysis has been applied along with Beauvoir (1997) notion of feminism as the framework of the study. Two Pakistani dramas namely “Mere Pas Tum Ho" and Sinf-e-Ahan" have been the source of data. Meanwhile, a particular sample of twenty scenes from ten episodes of each drama has been selected through purposive sampling. However, the findings revealed that in Pakistani Digital media, male writers intend to portray women as negative, disloyal, passive, and emotionally frail creatures while on the other hand, female writers are trying to show the positive side of women by presenting them as strong and independent ones who are challenging patriarchal norms by pursuing their careers and fighting against every unjust thing they see happening around.

Linguistic Violence on Women: Representation of Women in Ritual Killing Discourse on Nigerian Social Media Spaces

Language can be used to represent people in a humiliating and defaming way that violates their humanity. In the discourse of ritual killing on social media, Nigerian women are often blamed for their misfortunes of victimization through ritual killing and are further abused verbally. This study analyzes the representation of linguistic violence on women through evaluating the discourses on ritual killings on Nigerian social media space. It adopts Norman Fairclough’s model of critical discourse analysis and qualitative research design. After observing the social media platforms in Nigeria for a period of three months, from January-March, 2022, the researcher purposively collected twenty (20) data from Facebook and twelve (12) from Twitter, but sampled ten (10) textual data from Facebook and two (2) from Twitter. Findings indicated that women are blamed and defamed in the discursive representation of ritual killings in Nigeria. By implication, the perpetrators (mostly men) are excused and the patriarchal subjugation of women are sustained. Keywords: linguistic violence, critical discourse analysis, violence, ritual killing, social media

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Religious Moderation Values in the Indonesian EFL Classroom: Teachers' Perspective

This qualitative phenomenological research used Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis model. The primary data sources for this research are English lecturers in Indonesian universities: Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda, Universitas Islam Negeri Antasari Banjarmasin, and Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel related to discourses in English lectures. Secondary data from this research was the information about discourse development obtained from data-documentation sources in the form of literature studies from research sources, whether from proceedings, journal articles, theses, or dissertations. The research data analysis used critical discourse analysis, which was developed by Fairclough. This discourse analysis reveals that the English-speaking courses thoroughly integrate dimensions of moderate Islamic perspectives promoted by the Indonesian government - tolerance, non-violence, cultural groundedness, and national unity. Lecturers consciously amplify ideological content and participatory formats embodying these moderate religiosity traits. In short, the classes linguistically reproduce state-ordained religious moderation through textual and structural infusion of key elements. This signals a systemic alignment between English language pedagogy and the cultivation of ideals mandated more broadly across Indonesian higher education.

Realitas Kemanusiaan dalam Naskah Feature “Cermin Kehidupan Pejuang Penyu” pada Buletin Pro 1 Radio Republik Indonesia Bengkulu

This study analyzes and describes the reality of humanity in the feature script "Mirror of the Life of Turtle Fighters" in the pro 1 bulletin RRI Bengkulu, with three discourse structures, namely macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure. Data collection techniques use text content analysis and literature studies relevant to this study. With data analysis and processing techniques using Critical Discourse Analysis (AWK) model Teun A.van Dijk. The results of Teun van Dijk's Critical Discourse analysis found that from the elements of macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure this feature script wants to explain a warrior's struggle regarding changes that have occurred in turtle populations in recent years that continue to decline and can cause damage to marine ecosystems, but in the feature script there is a lot of lack of information about how important sea turtles are for the sea and humans also there is no definite information What bad possibilities will happen if Extinct sea turtles.

Critical Discourse Analysis of Japanese Mainstream Media Reports on China’s Aid to Africa: Based on Corpus Data

This paper conducts a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative analysis of coverage on China’s aid to Africa by the mainstream Japanese media, Asahi Shimbun, using corpus linguistics and Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis model. The study collected relevant news articles from Asahi Shimbun published between 1984 and 2023. Using the timeline of the coverage as a framework, it carried out statistical analyses, including word frequency analysis, co-occurrence analysis, and correlation analysis, accompanied by visualization techniques. By integrating historical context, the study explores the linguistic features and evolving focal points across different periods of reporting. Through analyzing word frequency, keyword indexing, collocations, and grammatical structures, the study reveals the underlying meaning of the discourse, exposing Japan’s ideology and discourse power structure within the media’s narrative. This research offers new perspectives and methodologies for exploring the interplay between media, international relations, and development aid.

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH ON ONLINE MEDIA REPORTING ABOUT THE ROHINGYA REFUGEE CRISIS

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) examines language as 'discourse,' where language is understood as one element within social processes that dialectically relate to each other. Critical discourse analysis precisely aims to explore these dialectical interconnections within the tradition of critical social science. In this research, the researcher will employ Norman Fairclough's model of critical discourse analysis, which examines discourse analysis through three theories: Text Analysis (Microstructural) related to cohesion and coherence, grammar, and diction; Production Practice Analysis (Mesostructural) dealing with the text production process, text dissemination, and text consumption, such as work patterns, workflow, and routines in news production; Social Cultural Practice Analysis (Macrostructural) related to situational, institutional, and social aspects. This study utilizes a qualitative descriptive method to deepen the critical analysis description of news discourse. The research data consists of words, phrases, or sentences in two online news discourses supporting the research problem. The data collection technique employed is documentary study. The news regarding the arrival of Rohingya refugees in Aceh published by VIVA.co.id becomes the focus of critical discourse analysis using Norman Fairclough's approach. This news reflects the text production process involving microstructural, mesostructural, and macrostructural aspects. In microstructural analysis, language use and representation are highlighted. Phrases like "coming to Indonesia using old boats" and quotes from netizens create negative stereotypes about Rohingya refugees. Social interactions are reflected in conflicts and societal concerns represented by these comments. In mesostructural analysis, the selection of topics, framing, and source determination becomes the focus. Choosing to report the Rohingya refugee issue with a predominantly negative framing reflects editorial production decisions influenced by preferences. Determining sources from netizens and UNHCR creates variations in perspectives. Macrostructural analysis highlights the social, political, and cultural values that shape the news. The Rohingya refugee crisis and global migration politics form the macro background influencing news production. Indonesian cultural values and ideology are reflected in the stigmatization of refugees. In conclusion, this critical discourse analysis reveals how text production practices, social interactions, and macrostructural contexts are interconnected. This news not only reflects internal language and media dynamics but is also tied to power, ideology, and cultural values within society. This analysis opens up space for a deeper understanding of narrative construction and its impact on public perceptions of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia. Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Norman Fairclough, News.

Childfree, an Existentialist Feminist Perspective: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Youtube Cretivox Content 'Mending Punya Anak Atau Tidak Punya Anak???’

This research explores the phenomenon of Childfree as a life choice, particularly within the context of the 21st century. Despite the increasing number of women opting to live without children voluntarily, society often perceives this choice as a deviation from women's inherent nature. The objective of this research is to examine how the childfree discourse is portrayed in Cretivox's YouTube content titled "Mending Punya Anak Atau Tidak Punya Anak???" (Is it better to have children or not to have children???) from an existentialist feminist perspective. To achieve this goal, the research employs Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis model within a qualitative descriptive approach. The findings of the research reveal that Cretivox frames the childfree issue as an individual's life choice deserving respect within the private sphere, free from judgment. The producer, Cretivox, advocates for childfree content as a means to counteract the social stigma associated with choosing not to have children. This aligns with the existentialist feminist viewpoint of Simone de Beauvoir, emphasizing that women's destinies should not be dictated by biological factors, and they should maintain control over their bodies.

IDEOLOGY AND POWER DYNAMICS IN PRESIDENT TRUMP'S FAREWELL ADDRESS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

This analysis focuses on President Trump's Farewell Address, utilizing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Fairclough's Three-Dimensional Model. Its objective is to examine the rhetorical strategies employed in the address, such as repetition, hyperbolic language, antithesis, and narrative structure. The analysis also takes into account sociocultural context factors along with power dynamics and ideological positioning evident in the address. The findings highlighted how language choices impact persuasion within political discourse by constructing a cohesive message that reinforces American values while inspiring hope for future endeavours. However, it is important to note that this analysis only focuses on a single case study without comparing President Trump's discourse with other political figures' speeches or statements. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of his communication style and strategies, future research could expand its scope by incorporating a wider range of speeches from different contexts considering sociocultural factors with multiple perspectives.

Female Empowerment on International Women's Day 2023 Ads: Critical Discourse Analysis of Mercedes-Benz “Be One of Many”

Female representation in the media had been drastically changed as the women empowerment was put into the spotlight in international society, including the Western countries. The feminism movement had stimulated various creative content, including in the emotional advertisements where brands were trying to build a closer relation with their customers instead of the usual hard-selling ads. Femvertising was one of the products of women empowerment in the creative industry; in short, it referred to advertisements made with messages to support girls and women. This study was aimed to find out the discourse strategies of current femveritising in conveying female empowerment message. this article conducted a qualitative study of video ads by Mercedes-Benz titled “Be One of Many” and the findings were presented in descriptive format. The data analysis was conducted by using Sara Mills’ model of Critical Discourse Analysis. The findings showed that the 2023’s International Women’s Day femvertising put women as their main subjects and also conveyed a specific “women support women”. In conclusion, current femvertising’s aim went beyond empowering oneself to be better than others or to be either the first or only woman in a profession or field, instead women should empower each other so that more women would achieve their dream and success even in the fields that are still dominated by men.

A Critical Discourse Analysis on the Variations of Language Used by Tomboy Characters in Pakistani Dramas

The current study examined the language variations of tomboys' characters in Pakistani dramas to identify the representation of tomboys and the factors that affect their characters by discussing linguistic methods, behaviors of society, stereotypical thinking of society and the role of patriarchy in it. The theoretical underpinning for the current investigation was based on Fairclough's (1989) three-dimensional model for Critical Discourse Analysis. The study employed qualitative research method to investigate the research questions. The data was collected by using a simple random sampling design to collect episodes from two different Pakistani dramas. The tomboys’ characters’ chosen dialogues and the language elements used were divided into three categories based on subjects in the selected episodes. The data was analysed by using the CDA model. leading to conclusions on the role of patriarchy and societal norms in shaping the representation of tomboys in Pakistani dramas. The results of the study showed the negative attitudes of society toward tomboys’ characters. They were often excluded from social groups and activities; discriminated and viewed as less feminine competent. It was concluded that tomboys’ characters could serve as role models for girls who might not conform to traditional gender expectations.

Analyzing Presidential Discourse on the Paris Agreement: Trump’s Skepticism vs. Jokowi’s Support

This research analyzes President Trump and Jokowi’s speeches on the Paris Agreement. The descriptive qualitative approach was employed in this study. The Critical Discourse Analysis model examines the connections among language, ideology, and power. Van Dijk’s Discourse Analysis Model was used in critical discourse analysis to examine President Trump’s speech. NVivo 12 was further utilized to gather and evaluate the data. The study highlighted a significant contrast in how presidents handle the Paris Agreement. Despite a lack of factual evidence, Trump tried to amplify the perception that the United States is unfairly targeted in environmental efforts, while President Jokowi supported and favored the agreement. Through discourse analysis, the stance of political leaders and public opinion could influence the acceptance of the Paris Agreement.

Critical Discourse Analysis of Gender Equality in English Textbooks

Textbooks are recognized worldwide as one of the most widely used and important teaching materials in formal instruction. In alignment with their significance, they are often evaluated and examined in terms of many elements such as content, method, achievements, and skills. Recently, they have also been scrutinized from a more socio-cultural perspective, considering gender representations, equity, racial inclusivity, and cultural diversity. Within this tendency, this study aimed to investigate the status of gender and gender equality in two English textbooks used in tertiary-level English courses offered for the first-year students of a state university in Turkey within quantitative and qualitative perspectives by using Fairclough’s (1989) model of critical discourse analysis. Of the two English textbooks, one was published by a national publishing house and the other by an international one. Female and male representations in visuals and written texts were investigated and the equality of genders was analyzed with a critical viewpoint. The results indicated that there exists approximate equality in gender representation in visuals and texts of the textbooks within a quantitative perspective; however, the qualitative analysis of gender representation according to the values of firstness, titles, and occupational roles yielded a gender bias in favor of men. Consequently, this study made suggestions for enhancing gender equality within English language textbooks.

Representasi Perempuan dalam Perselingkuhan

The Radarsemarang.id media portal has a section entitled “Ambyar”, which contains stories of domestic conflicts that ended in divorce. This rubric is delivered using popular language style and tends to be humorous. However, the writings in this rubric present men and women unequally. As a mass media, Radarsemarang.id has the power to shape reality. This paper dismantles how women are described in infidelity using a qualitative approach using Roger Fowler's Critical Linguistic discourse analysis model. Stuart Hall's representational theory is used as a basis for analysis. This analysis resulted in a selection of vocabulary in the form of a strategy of limiting views, women are always described as perpetrators and men are described as victims in an affair. Through grammar, namely the "Passivation" transformation strategy for men, women are portrayed as active seducers who make men, not of their own volition, trapped in an extramarital affair. Adultery committed by men still places women (third persons) as active parties to seduce.

Ideology and cognitive stereotypes in media representation of the Russia–Ukraine conflict

This study investigates the representation of the Russia–Ukraine conflict by two state-owned Russian news media and two state-owned Ukrainian news media, namely Izvestia, Russia Today, Ukrinform and Dzerkalo Tyzhnia. The aim of this investigation is to determine the ideologies embedded in the news reports and discourse structures, and strategies deployed in portraying the conflict actors and their actions. Van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (see Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 1998; New(s) racism: A discourse analytical approach, 2000; and Politics, ideology, and discourse, 2006) and Martin and White’s Appraisal Framework of attitude and graduation (see The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English, 2005) served as the theoretical frameworks. Using Critical Discourse Analysis as the analytical framework, the study examines how attitudinal and evaluative language use are employed to enact ideologies and to portray biased presentations of conflict actors. The findings reveal that the media reports of the Russia–Ukraine conflict are laden with militarism and nationalism. Discourse structures and strategies of emotive verbs, evaluative adjectives, positive self-presentation, negative other-presentation, national self-glorification, actor description, comparison and number games are powerful tools for enacting ideologies. The media representation of the Russia–Ukraine conflict lacked conflict resolution embedded linguistic frames and is rather distorted, stereotypic and conflict-inciting.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of King Khalid University Students’ Translation of Untranslatability in Islamic Religious Texts

The present study studies King Khalid University students’, majoring in English language, translation of Islamic religious texts and untranslatability. It explores the interrelation of discourse structures and translational structures of the students’ translation. The study utilizes the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model to unmask the use of translational strategies through Islamic religious texts. It also analyzes the relational values of the language configuration in terms of wordings, equivalence, and grammatical structures of the students’ translation. Furthermore, this study tries to show that there are linguistic traces that depict the strategies of translation. The study is a linguistic study revealing how language is utilized in the translation of Islamic religious texts, and it is based on a descriptive-analytic method adopting the critical discourse analysis model presented by Norman Fairclough and van Dijk’s ideological discourse analysis framework. The study sample includes the students’ translational work. The findings of the present study entail that the students translate untranslated items of abbreviated words in the Quran using transliteration, and they rely on language power modulation. The study recommends that students should be taught a discourse analysis course in the academic program before the course of translation III, which is composed of strategies for the translation of Islamic religious texts.

Discourse-Based Teaching in English Language Teaching at Islamic Universities in Borneo: A Critical Discourse Analysis Perspective

This critical discourse analysis aims to uncover what ideologies emerge in English language teaching at Islamic universities in Borneo, explain how discourse-based teaching is implemented, and why discourse-based teaching is necessary for English language teaching at Islamic universities in Borneo. This is qualitative phenomenological research using Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis model. The primary data sources for this research are English language lecturers and college students at universities in Borneo, namely UIN Sultan Aji Muhammad Idris Samarinda, UIN Antasari Banjarmasin, IAIN Palangkaraya, and IAIN Pontianak. The researcher used several research instruments to collect the data: interviews, questionnaires, observations, and documentation. The data analysis technique used in this research is the interactive model from Miles et al. with the stages of data collection, data condensation, data display, and conclusion. This research concludes that English language education at Islamic universities in Borneo has an ideology of character development, influenced by several factors such as the shift in character values, the spirit of nationalism, and political policies of the Ministry of Religion to maintain national unity with a religious moderation agenda, and the vision to develop graduates who have solid Islamic character. In addition, English language education aims not only to master English language skills but also to compete in the era of information technology with critical thinking skills. Therefore, English language teaching at Islamic universities in Borneo is based on a discourse approach, from lesson planning and teaching implementation to teaching evaluation. This research implies that English language teaching should not only focus on English language skills or TEFL content but also on achieving learning outcomes from the goals of the study program, students’ needs, and the roles of lecturers as educators of Islamic and national character values.