Model Of Critical Discourse Analysis Research Articles

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Joe Biden’s First Speech as President in 2020

This research article endeavors to apply the CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) model by Norman Fairclough to reveal the political identities and distinct ideologies of the United States' political personalities. The U.S. has always been drowned in different leadership and especially race/color discrimination crises. This paper presents the CDA of the presidential-elect inaugural speech of Joe Biden after the historical U.S. election of 2020. This speech was delivered on 7th November 2020. Like all modified academic disciplines, CDA is developed as an advanced academic discipline. The present research article stands on the base of Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional analytical model. Applying Fairclough’s 3D framework helps examine the ground political ideology of the speech. Analysis of linguistic choices has been examined at the first level and discourse practice of the text at the second level. The third level examined sociocultural practices. The underlying aim of this research paper was to examine the linguistic resources the speaker used. It also aims to examine Joe Biden’s political ideology behind his speech. This study lays out an impetus for further research in this field by providing initial grounds for it.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Mother-Child Relationships in Little Fires Everywhere: The Influence of Race and Social Class

Since the Great Migration in 1910, millions of African-Americans moved to Northern, Western, and Midwestern cities, prompting White flight to the suburbs in search of a racially homogeneous utopia. These suburban areas, rooted in discrimination, have a history of systemic racism. Little Fires Everywhere (2020), a Hulu mini-series based on Celeste Ng’s novel, explores these dynamics in a Midwestern suburb. Previous studies have linked race and class to motherhood in the series, revealing that racism often intertwines with structural disparities between ethnic groups. This paper examines the mother-daughter conflicts in Little Fires Everywhere, arguing that these conflicts arise not only from racial structures but also from the specific societal norms of suburban life. Using Fairclough’s (1989) three-dimensional Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, this study uncovers the ideologies embedded in dialogue, the power relations produced through language, and how these elements shape relationships. The analysis reveals that racial identities and social class significantly impact mother-daughter dynamics. The Richardsons’ conservative, upper-class status fosters a superficial and strained relationship, while the Warrens’ financial struggles lead to dissatisfaction and dishonesty. The study highlights how language in the series reflects and reinforces power dynamics, influencing the characters’ relationships.

Critical Discourse Analysis of Television News Coverage on the Relocation of Indonesia’s Capital City

The new phase of the State Capital Relocation (IKN) began in 2019, after President Joko Widodo inaugurated that Indonesia's capital would move to East Kalimantan. The relocation has been ongoing since then and has entered the infrastructure development stage. However, beyond the grandeur of the IKN construction, many aspects have been affected. This research aims to understand how the examined media construct discourse on capital relocation. This research employs a qualitative method, utilizing Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis model. Discourse analysis is conducted through three stages: text analysis, discourse practice analysis, and sociocultural analysis. Data collection methods were carried out using observation techniques, documentation studies through television media reporting, and in-depth interviews with informants representing Trans TV, Kompas TV, SCTV and NET. The research results in the text dimension indicate that the majority of the reporting is not in favour of the government's decision to relocate the capital because it is considered rushed in planning and has various negative impacts. In the discourse practice dimension, the reporting is heavily influenced by the media's socio-economic status (SES) in shaping the discourse. In the sociocultural dimension, it is shown that the capital relocation is one of the political strategies, and there is disagreement among various parties regarding the relocation. Therefore, the researcher suggests that the examined media should present balanced reporting and provide a balanced perspective in their coverage. Furthermore, caution is needed from the media to avoid being influenced by external media domination, ensuring that the information reported is accountable and prioritizes the public interest.

Representation of Turkey in Yemeni Media: A Case Study of El-Mesira Channel and Aden Independent Channel

This study aims to examine the representation of Türkiye in news and news programs broadcast by private Yemeni television channels, focusing on discourse type, ideological frameworks employed in news coverage and the editorial policies followed by these channels. For this purpose, discourses from news and news programs published on the websites of El-Mesira, affiliated with Ansar Allah (Houthis) and Aden Independent Channel, aligned with the Southern Transitional Council, were analyzed using van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis model for the period from July 1 to December 31, 2020. The analysis revealed that Aden Independent Channel concentrated on Turkish-Qatari relations accusing both countries of providing financial and military support to the legitimate government forces, which the channel deemed affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood (Al-Islah Party). The channel also asserted that the legitimate government was aligned with Türkiye and Iran, implementing Qatar’s agenda in Yemen. Simultaneously, the channel considered the forces of the Southern Transitional Council as the sole faction fighting against the legitimate government forces and Ansar Allah (Houthis), who aimed to thwart the council’s project of establishing an independent state in southern Yemen. On the other hand, El-Mesira reacted negatively to the presence of Turkish armed forces in Syria. Regarding the Yemeni crisis, the channel viewed Türkiye positively, particularly in light of Türkiye’s criticism of the negative role played by the United Arab Emirates in Yemen, which resulted in the deaths of thousands and the spread of famine among millions of Yemenis.

Constructivism Effects of the Project Planning Discourses Used in the Maasai Pastoral Community

In literature, the Maasai community has been identified as the dominating ethnic group among the multiple pastoral communities in Tanzania. The Maasai socio-cultural practice is under external pressure in meaning negotiation and interpretation. The literature identifies globalization and modernity elements as the most influential external factors. Furthermore, project planning is considered as inseparable from globalization and modernity elements as all are focused on social change processes. Different literatures consider discourses as the core of the change process, and that pastoral development projects are associated with discursive practices through its communicative dimensions that entail social interactions whereby discourses are produced, distributed, and consumed. Although studies in development projects are fundamental in understanding discursive practices of such projects, this paper found a very limited body of knowledge on discursive practices in development planning specifically in the Maasai community. Therefore, this paper uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to underscore constructive effects of the used discourses in project documents targeted to the Maasai community on its wider socio-cultural context. This paper employed Fairclough three dimensional model of CDA as its underpinning theoretical and methodological approach. This model guided analyses of the data retrieved from eight (8) project strategic documents that were targeted to the Maasai community. Analyses involved three analytical levels which are textual analysis, discursive practices analysis and socio-cultural practices analysis level as depicted in the used model. Analysis was eclectic in nature as it involved forth and back analyses between the three levels, whereby the first two levels informs socio-cultural constructivism effects of the used discourses. Generally, the study revealed construction of Maasai’s identity, social relations and varying ideologies as the major three categories of constructivism effects of the underscored project planning discourses in the Maasai community. Furthermore this paper found devastating misconceptions and domination of negative portrayals of the Maasai community within the analyzed documents. Finally this paper recommends radical shift on the conveyed meanings and misrepresentation of the indigenous communities specifically the Maasai community in the global and national strategic and developmental process or frameworks.

Themes Used to Discursively Construct the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya’s Newspaper Headlines

This study investigates the themes that discursively construct the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya’s newspaper headlines, specifically focusing on their role in structuring communication related to the COVID-19 pandemic. While prior research has examined news discourse in various contexts, thematic analysis in Kenya’s news reporting has received limited attention. The study examines 59 COVID-19-related headlines drawn from The Standard and the Daily Nation newspapers. The methodology draws from the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, and specifically employs the Top-Down Approach of sampling texts as espoused by Mautner. Van Dijk argues that those who control discourse indirectly manipulate people’s thoughts and actions. This observation is corroborated by the study’s findings which reveal that Kenya’s print media shaped the COVID-19 discourse through the choice and framing of themes such as bondage, death, economy, education and COVID-19 research and search for vaccines. The analysis shows that Kenya’s print media largely constructed the themes in a negative way and this created a sense of crisis and fear among the populace. These feelings of fear and crisis were exacerbated because the themes encompassed aspects that are crucial to Kenyans, all of which were threatened by COVID-19. Proactive measures such as online learning during the pandemic were almost wholly excluded from the COVID-19 discourse. The media created unequal power relation with the readership by constructing itself as the reservoir of knowledge about COVID-19. The reader was positioned as subordinate and in dire need of guidance. This was an important discursive strategy for legitimizing the authority of the media about the pandemic. It is hoped that this study will make significant contribution to the fields of discourse, communication and media, as it reveals how media discourse plays a key role in shaping our understanding of pandemics.

ANALYSIS OF DISCOURSE AND TERMINOLOGY OF NATION-BUILDING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The article analyzes the problems of nation-building terminology in policy documents, regulatory legal acts and social scientific discourse of Kazakhstan, using Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis. The authors divide content structure into three dimensions corresponding to Fairclough's model: text, discursive practice and sociocultural practice, which allows for a comprehensive assessment and analysis of linguistic and conceptual factors influencing the formation of national policy and public opinion. The study is aimed at identifying contradictions and discrepancies that exist in the terminological base and discursive practices. The authors offer specific recommendations for unifying terminology to improve the effectiveness of public policy in the field of nation-building.

Socio-Political Underpinnings in Intizar Hussain's Basti: A Critical Discourse Analysis

The 1979 Urdu release of Intizar Hussain's book "Basti" was followed by an English translation. It was written against the backdrop of the 1971 political tension, as well as the 1947 events of the establishment of Pakistan and the division of India. The article looks at issues like identity, displacement, and the socio-political changes people went through at these raging times in history. Discourse is taken for analysis from the translated novel by Frances W. Pritchet with the same name, Basti. The research is qualitative in nature and the text is analyzed in the sociopolitical domain of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The study deals with the application of Fairclough’s version of the Dimensional model of CDA. Furthermore, it unearths notions like social, cultural, and political besides memory loss and despair in relation to the aforementioned text.

A RIGOROUS METHODOLOGY FOR AN ETHICAL AGENDA OF THE ACT:

In this paper, we are concerned with the tension of a dialogical ontology with a structuralist episteme on the Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis model, the Social Theory of Discourse (1992; 2003). Our approach considers that, on the one hand, its origins in the Systemic Functional Grammar (HALLIDAY, 2004) maintain a "top-down" structuralist residuality, which remains in textual and linguistic analysis. However, on the other hand, we recognize that the Bakhtinian dialogism assumption (BAKHTIN, 1993; 1986) functions as a "bottom-up" dialogical eventicity that forms the ethical basis of the critical perspective. This methodological treatment of the relationship among events, practices and texts by their description and interpretation is what allows the transition from a static ethical agenda to an empowering ethical agenda. The real empowerment, embedded in the “critical purpose”, needs the consideration of the responsible and responsive integrality of the act (COSTA, 2013; 2012)

The operation of ideology in coronavirus vaccine Twitter influencer commentary

The study sought to provide a greater comprehension of the contending discourses and ideologies of coronavirus vaccine acceptance and reluctance in South Africa as revealed by Twitter influencer commentaries.1 Naturally occurring data generated between February 2021 and February 2022 was collected from Twitter in the form of Tweets authored by South African social media influencers. The paper utilised Fairclough’s model of critical discourse analysis and we found that vaccine hesitant discourses functioned as the foundations of cultural, moral and political ideologies. They constructed a reality in which the coronavirus vaccine was deemed as risky and potentially lethal. Discourses that shed light on the ideologies underpinning coronavirus vaccine acceptance included medical-scientific and familial discourses. This research contributes to scholarship on vaccine discourses in the era of social media and pandemics. The findings may provide opportunities for productive communication and intervention with the occurrence of similar divisive phenomena in digital spaces.

UNVEILING ‘PROFIL PELAJAR PANCASILA’ THROUGH A NAS DAILY VIDEO: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF CHARACTER EDUCATION VALUES IN DIGITAL NARRATIVES

Character education is one of the goals of our National Education System. Teaching character education can be accomplished by various media, one of them is watching inspiring videos. This study explores the character education values implied in a video retrieved from Nas Daily YouTube channel. The character values focused in this study are the six dimensions of ‘Profil Pelajar Pancasila’ in the Merdeka Curriculum. This study uses the model of critical discourse analysis by Teun A. Van Dijk that examines the discourse in three elements; text structure, social cognition, and social context. The findings revealed that the video embraces all of the six dimensions of ‘Profil Pelajar Pancasila’ in the Merdeka Curriculum. This could strengthen the insight of educators to seek more character-empowering shows for the learners.

Discursive Representation of Social Actors in Selected Speeches of the Former Zimbabwean President, Robert Mugabe

This study investigates the discursive devices deployed by the late former Zimbabwean President, Robert Mugabe, to represent social actors in his speeches, in order to unveil how these devices and the ideologies in them are mobilized to maintain political power and garner popular support. The data for the study comprise his: 2002 world summit on sustainable development speech in South Africa, 2005 party manifesto speech in Zimbabwe, 2003 Non-aligned speech in Malaysia, and 2007 UN speech in New York. These were subjected to qualitative analysis with insights from Teun A. van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of Critical Discourse Analysis. The study reveals that Mugabe uses discursive polarization strategies to emphasize positive things/de-emphasize negative things about his in-group (himself, Zanu-PF, the majority black, majority Zimbabwean supporters, and the third-world country allies), but emphasizes negative things/de-emphasizes positive things about the out-group (the minority white Zimbabwean land grabbers, the USA, the UK, Tony Blair, George Bush, etc.). The discursive strategies identified were used to pursue land ownership, anti-imperialist, revolutionary, and Marxist ideologies. The study concludes that these strategies were employed by Mugabe as linguistic, rhetorical and political strategies to maintain power and mobilize the support of majority black Zimbabweans for years.

To fight, to confront, and to resist: exploring the representation of Chinese Zhangjie in sister

ABSTRACT Numerous studies have explored the multifaceted portrayal of Chinese women, yet limited attention has been given to older sisters, specifically “zhangjie (长姐),” both in social and academic contexts. This study employs intersectionality as a theoretical framework within which a three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis (CDA) is used to decode the representation of zhangjie identity in the recent Chinese blockbuster Sister. By closely examining both verbal and nonverbal elements, the study aims to elucidate the triple set of jeopardy that zhangjie encounter, as well as their resistance to three layers of deprivileged identities (in relation to gender, class and social infrastructures) in contemporary China. Furthermore, we argue that centralising the intersectional predicaments of Chinese older sisters highlights critical questions about the effectiveness of neoliberalism in the face of structural oppressions.

A critical discourse analysis of Jayland Walker's demise in digital journalism

This research investigates the shooting incident involving Jayland Walker, an African American citizen, on June 27, 2022, resulting from a traffic violation in Akron, United States, and its subsequent coverage across major online media outlets such as CNN News, NBC News, and The Washington Post. Utilizing qualitative methods and drawing on Van Dijk's (1985) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model, the study focuses on analysing the ideologies embedded in ten online news stories from June 2022 to August 2022. The findings highlight a discernible trend in the representation of Jayland Walker by CNN News and The Washington Post, where he is predominantly portrayed as a victim, with the police depicted negatively through strategic use of lexical elements and metaphors, underscoring the influence of media ownership ideologies in shaping news content. In contrast, NBC News maintains a more neutral stance, attributed to frequent changes in ownership. The research contributes theoretically to CDA, providing a conceptual framework for students engaged in critical discourse analysis studies, and offers insights into the complexities of media representation in incidents involving discrimination and police violence.

Discourse of ‘Self’ and ‘Other’ in Newspaper Editorials on Insecurity in Nigeria

The spate of security threats in Nigeria has recently become quite alarming, dominating newspaper headlines and editorials. This article examines the discourse strategies deployed in the representation of ‘self’ and ‘other’ by editorials in two Nigerian newspapers on the security challenges in Nigeria. Drawing insights from Van Dijk’s socio-cognitive model of critical discourse analysis, the sampled editorials on insecurity in Nigeria from two e-versions of newspapers from the northern ( Leadership Nigeria) and southern ( Punch) parts of Nigeria, published from 2017 to 2020 are subjected to discourse analysis. The paper identified the deployment of eight discourse strategies, motivated by nationalist and humanist ideologies. The newspapers polarise between self and other through positive in-group and negative out-group ideologies on the security challenges bedevilling Nigeria with attendant implications for Africa and the world at large.

“Look at Lagosians and Say I Am Going to Be in Charge”: Ideologies in the 2019 Lagos State (Nigeria) Gubernatorial Debate

Abstract Man, in the generic sense, is a political being whose entire life is permeated by politics. Because language plays a critical role in politics, the study was aimed at examining language as an instrument of persuasion and/or appeal in the 2019 gubernatorial debate in Lagos State. It was born out of the desire to unravel the linguistic strategies utilised by politicians to curry the electorate’s votes. Van Dijk’s (1997) socio-cognitive model of critical discourse analysis (CDA) was blended with Culpeper’s (2013) impoliteness theory to analyse the thirty-two (32) texts which were purposively sampled from the responses of the contestants. The theories were merged to establish how authors represent one another while communicating their plans. The analysis of the data revealed that the US/THEM dichotomy of the ideological square was employed by all the candidates. Findings revealed that politicians often raise very germane socio-economic issues in the polity in their presentations in a way that displays solidarity with the citizens, all in a bid to curry their votes. While lexicalisation is also another strategy employed to foreground issues to their own advantage, linguistic impoliteness (e.g., bald on record, name-calling, negative impoliteness, etc.) is deployed by politicians to whittle down opponents’ influence in order to increase theirs. The study concludes that the explication of the discursive, rhetorical, and linguistic strategies deployed by politicians helps citizens become more discerning listeners who make political choices based on convictions and not on rhetoric.

The power of words in political discourses of the general election campaigns in Kenya

This paper examines the power of words in political campaign discourses in Kenyan media. The study focuses on the several meanings of concepts employed by politicians in the run-up to the general elections of August 2022. Discursive practices and linguistic tactics are employed in discourses to achieve a particular political, social, psychological or linguistic goal. Critical theories of language see the use of language as a form of social practice. Critical discourse analysis claims that major social and political processes and movements have a partly linguistic and partly social and political character. Social relations of power are linguistic and discursive in nature. They are exercised and negotiated in discourse. The study utilised Mitchel Foucault’s approaches to political discourse and Norman Fairclough’s critical approaches to discourse analysis. Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis was employed in the study. First is the analysis of text; words are a part of the community, and texts contain interpretation. Secondly, language is viewed as a discursive practice, which is the production or the constitution of text and, finally, the analysis of language as a social practice, which includes the analysis of norms. The study sought to contribute to studies dealing with the discursive construction of power and ideology in political discourses. The study demonstrates that Kenyans do not vote independently; rather, they are persuaded to vote through the power exerted by the rhetoric of the politicians and the professional media practices that assist their presentation.

Gender Representation in True Story Television Film

The research was conducted on two Real Story FTV titles entitled "My Wife Is Like a Loaner Sucking My Money" and "My Feelings Are Being Played by My Husband". The research objective was to find out how gender is represented in Real Story FTV. This study uses a qualitative approach, with the method of critical discourse analysis model of Norman Fairclough. The analysis was divided into three stages, but the ones used in this study only reached the Text analysis stage (Micro level). The results of the study concluded that gender representation in the two FTV titles Real Stories is represented unequally, and causes gender bias. Many women are labeled as materialistic, money-crazed, usurpers, and men are labeled as someone who is unfaithful. The conclusion is that the media, through the FTV TV Show Real Stories, still represents gender unfairly, causing gender bias among the public to be difficult to eliminate.

'You Are Not Alone, We've Got You': Power Plays, Devotion, and Punishment on Healthy Eating and Pro-Eating Disorder Websites.

Healthy eating (HE) and pro-eating disorder (pro-ED) websites are popular sources of dietary and weight loss information, social support, and lifestyle inspiration. However, the discursive styles and language used by authors/moderators and users of these two site genres have not been widely studied or compared. Forty-three HE websites and twenty-four pro-ED websites were analysed using Fairclough's model of critical discourse analysis. Findings indicate that sites share common characteristics in terms of power relations played out by authors, 'successful' dieters, and those attending these sites. These power plays encourage moral and spiritual commitment to the care of one's body, with authoritative language used to support readers' loyalty and adherence to dietary plans. On HE sites, medicinal properties were attributed to 'clean' or 'pure' foods, whereas pro-ED sites conveyed their importance for weight reduction. Healthy eating sites were largely entrepreneurial, promoting products or themselves. Pro-eating disorder sites typically featured discussions of bodily disgust, the chastisement of others, and self-discipline in the name of 'Ana', such that dieting came to be framed as part of a devotional, often punitive, body project. On both sites, morality discourses were gendered around the thin female body and the 'ideal mother', with occasional praise for muscular male bodies. Our findings indicate how transitioning from healthy eating preoccupations to eating disorders may be facilitated by normalising discussions about restrictive dieting and the shaming of bodies, overseen by self-appointed diet 'experts' and 'buddies' online.

Portrayal of Muslim Female Character: A Critical Study of Bollywood Movie Raees

The Indian film industry provides a huge source of entertainment to the masses not only in India but also across the borders as well. With the help of artistic fictional expressions, it not only caters to locating facts and realities in the contemporary social structure but also has the undeniable capacity to persuade viewers in a certain way. Indian cinema or “Bollywood” has marked its place in the minds of its consumers and consequently restyled their perceptions about the world around them. There is a variety of subjects, issues and cultures that are projected by the Indian cinema. Amongst them, the portrayal of Muslim females has been the popular theme of Indian cinema. However, Muslim characters like women remain subject to bias. To dissect this phenomenon in Bollywood, present study is an attempt to examine the depiction of Muslim women in Bollywood. For this purpose, Movie, “Raees” (2017) has been selected. Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis (2003) used as the methodological framework. Under the theoretical realm of framing theory, this study focuses on the portrayal of the female character in the Bollywood movie Raees. The study concludes that Muslim women are being portrayed as disconnected from their religious beliefs. Keywords: Framing, Muslim women, Critical discourse analysis, Bollywood, Raees,