Criterion Of Truth Research Articles

Critical Analysis of Javanese Epistemology and Its Relevance to Science Development in Indonesia

Humans have developed science to understand the phenomena they face in their lives. As such, the development of science is inexorably linked with epistemology because it emphasizes the question of truth—the focus of epistemology. The development of science and knowledge has been influenced by specific interests, motives, needs, and historic/cultural backgrounds. To ensure that science is developed in a manner best suited for Indonesian society, such development must be rooted in extant Indonesian cultural values, such as those found in Javanese culture. This study attempts to formulate Javanese epistemology as a basis for scientific development in Indonesia. It finds, first, that knowledge is known as “kawruh” among the Javanese people; second, knowledge is not always limited to the cognitive dimension; and third, a specific criterion for truth is harmony, or “pener”. Javanese people consider “rasa” capable of bringing humans to the supreme knowledge. Although objective knowledge exists, every individual achievement of reality is different. Javanese people consider the validity or truthfulness of statements/actions rooted in their harmony with the empirical rational principle of truth and the existing order, following the adage “bener tur pener”.

La pesadilla de la antropología naturalista: la conciencia

La antropología filosófica naturalista hace un tratamiento reduccionista de la conciencia que adultera la forma en la cual el ser humano se ha entendido siempre, pero no solo naufraga en su intento de naturalizar lo humano en cuanto humano, sino que también desnaturaliza lo humano en cuanto Ser. La conciencia no puede someterse a los criterios de verdad de la ciencia actual, pero tiene su confirmación en ella misma, porque como nos enseña la fenomenología no hay experiencia más radical que la conciencia.

VOLUNTAD DE PODER Y HERMENÉUTICA: RASGOS FUNDAMENTALES DEL SER HUMANO NIETZSCHEANO


 Se pretende ofrecer claves para presentar y comprender la estructura antropológica del sujeto nietzscheano en códigos hermenéuticos. Para ello se utilizará vehicularmente la idea de la voluntad de poder, que se desplegará a lo largo de distintos hitos de la filosofía del autor. Se rastrearán elementos fundamentales del pensamiento de Nietzsche con el fin de mostrar la coherencia de la unidad conceptual de términos aparentemente distantes como los de “devenir”, “genealogía”, “cuerpo” o “ser”, articulados desde la condición perspectivista a la que aboca la original obra de Nietzsche. La integración sintética de los mencionados términos se apoyará, también, en la experiencia radical del nihilismo decimonónico, ofreciendo finalmente un original criterio de verdad cuya ontología respeta tanto la precariedad de la existencia humana como la indigencia de un tiempo privado de sentido último. Tras el diagnóstico de la sintomatología epocal y de la integración del hombre en tal espacio asignificativo y horizonte perspectivista se ofrecerán algunas tentativas de existencia que respeten la peculiaridad hermenéutica del hombre nietzscheano. Teniendo siempre por límite la propia vida efectiva.

O tema da prática na pedagogia histórico-crítica

Neste artigo, divulgamos resultados do balanço do tema da prática no pensamento de Dermeval Saviani, tomando como obra central Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica. Este trabalho insere-se em pesquisa mais ampla, que teve como foco o estudo teórico da noção de “de “prática como critério de verdade”, aprofundando o entendimento desta categoria (a) na obra de Barata-Moura; (b) na obra de Marx e Engels; (c) nas proposições que sustentam as posições histórico-críticas sobre a formação de professores no Brasil e (d) nas teses e dissertações produzidas com a explícita finalidade de discutir a prática como norteadora da formação de professores. Nos move o esforço do inventário crítico das concepções de prática nas proposições que, reivindicando o materialismo histórico e dialético, estão subsidiando e fundamentando a formação de professores.

Aesthetical criterion in art and science

In the paper, the authors elaborate a recent research concerning the originality of artworks in terms of self-organization in the complex systems physics. It has been demonstrated that the originality issue, so conceived leads to a criterion of applied aesthetics that is not restricted to the fine arts domain, but covers also physics, biology, cosmology and other fields construed in the complex systems terms. It is a truth criterion related to the traditional personality conception, transcending gnoseological dualism of subjective and objective reality that is a characteristic of the modern humanities. The signal processing model developed in accordance with the criterion concerns neuroaesthetics indicating an opportunity of its computational foundation. Fechner’s law reproduced by statistical properties of the model, that relates the outer phychophysical scaling of a stimulus to the inner psychophysical sensation scale, is a confirmation of its adequacy. The impact to psychology, education and other humanities is briefly indicated.

Концепція пласкої землі в святому письмі

The article deals with the concept of flat Earth. There has a adherents and defenders in the modern world, despite the solid age of heliocentric teaching. Flat Earth apologists point out, that the evidence in favor of the scientific heliocentric theory is held on confidence. People should trust the testimony of astronauts, space exploration data, and more. However, the vast majority of people cannot verify this data from their own practical experience. If science is a criterion for truth, then the heliocentric concepts and flat Earth are far removed from this criterion. Moreover, in the cultural experience of the past we can find arguments in favor of the concept of a flat Earth. These testimonies are contained, in particular, in the Old Testament Bible, the sacred texts of Christianity and Judaism. The mythological and religious texts of other nations and cultures also refer to the idea of a flat Earth.

Model Dependent Realism and the Rule-Governed Behavior of Behavior Analysts: Applications to Derived Relational Responding.

A fundamental assumption within radical behaviorism is that all human behavior, including the rule-governed behavior of scientists, can be understood within a functional account. I propose that models of human behavior can be best described as a set of rules that are selected by behavior analysts to solve applied challenges, rather than descriptions of nature as it "truly exists." Model dependent realism (MDR) developed within the field of physics may provide useful criteria that could allow behavior analysts to more accurately track the relative probability of success of a given model within applied contexts. As a case example, I examine dispersive models of derived relational responding in terms of the criteria outlined within MDR, and I describe a preliminary level-scaling account of derived relational responding that encompasses several models in pursuit of a unified account. The account is context dependent and adopts a pragmatic truth criterion, consistent with assumptions within functional contextualism and radical behaviorism as an overarching rule governing the behavior of our applied subfield.

Legal being and its attributes in Presocratic philosophy

The article researches how are the main features of legal being disclosed in the ancient Presocratic teachings. In particular, it is being analyzed the cosmic liability of Anaximander. Pythagoras' ideas about regulation are considered as a separate category, not as a personified image. According to Heraclitus's teachings, it is being researched the place of the Fire and Logos categories in the legal being. The author clarifies the importance of Parmenides's ontological doctrine for the formation of ancient ideas about legal being, as well as the regulatory value of love and hate in the notions of Empedocles. The article analyzes the nature concept as a criterion of truth and quality for the material rules pursuant to the Democritus philosophical doctrine.

Objeto y sujeto en Siegfried Kracauer

El trabajo intenta explicitar el concepto de crítica en la obra de Siegfried Kracauer durante el período de entreguerras. Pone para ello en entredicho una clave interpretativa generalizada que quiere todavía hoy encontrar en este filósofo a un teórico posmodernista avant la lettre. El artículo rastrea el desarrollo de la relación sujeto-objeto en la obra de Kracauer como malla configuradora de los respectivos conceptos de crítica de este. En primer lugar, se analiza la crítica anticapitalista de los primeros años de la década de 1920 como forma peculiar de la Kulturkritik. En segundo lugar, se caracteriza la crítica ideológica a la que el propio Kracauer somete la Kulturkritik a partir de aproximadamente 1925. Finalmente, se analiza la forma de la crítica a partir de 1925 como activación consciente de categorías que constituyen la estructura objetiva del mundo histórico. Se concluye así que en Kracauer, y de una manera irreconciliable con las lecturas posmodernistas, el criterio de verdad se halla condicionado por el polo objetivo.

Coherence Method in Matan Criticism

This paper aims to formulate the application of the coherence method known in philosophy to the matan criticism. This formulation is important for several reasons. First, the science of hadith as one of the Islamic sciences has been dominated by awareness of its normative dimensions compared to the dimensions of its historicity. Second, in addition to differences there are similarities between the coherence method and the matan criticism, namely in terms of seeking the truth by relying on certain standard.The application of the coherence method in this matan criticism is carried out in three main steps. First, determining the criteria for religious truth that will be used as benchmarks. In this case, the criteria of truth chosen are contemporary maqashid al-sharia, especially in the perspective of Jasser Audah. Second, mapping the theme of the hadith being studied, to facilitate synchronization with the selected criteria of truth. Third, interpreting the hadith that is being studied based on Ulumul Hadith in general and ‘Ilm Ma’ani al-Hadith in particular, by utilizing the latest theories from the sciences related to the hadith being studied.The implications of applying this method can at least be seen through two things, which are at the same time the goal of the formulation of this method. First, the reduction of the awareness domination of the normative dimension in matan criticism. This will have an impact on increasing awareness of the dimensions of historicity and humanity in matan criticism and is expected to contribute to the reduction of exclusive and radical attitudes. Second, integration or at least interconnection between two methods of seeking truth from two different disciplines, namely Hadith and Philosophy.This paper aims to formulate the application of the coherence method known in philosophy to the matan criticism. This formulation is important for several reasons. First, the science of hadith as one of the Islamic sciences has been dominated by awareness of its normative dimensions compared to the dimensions of its historicity. Second, in addition to differences there are similarities between the coherence method and the matan criticism, namely in terms of seeking the truth by relying on certain standard.The application of the coherence method in this matan criticism is carried out in three main steps. First, determining the criteria for religious truth that will be used as benchmarks. In this case, the criteria of truth chosen are contemporary maqashid al-sharia, especially in the perspective of Jasser Audah. Second, mapping the theme of the hadith being studied, to facilitate synchronization with the selected criteria of truth. Third, interpreting the hadith that is being studied based on Ulumul Hadith in general and ‘Ilm Ma’ani al-Hadith in particular, by utilizing the latest theories from the sciences related to the hadith being studied.The implications of applying this method can at least be seen through two things, which are at the same time the goal of the formulation of this method. First, the reduction of the awareness domination of the normative dimension in matan criticism. This will have an impact on increasing awareness of the dimensions of historicity and humanity in matan criticism and is expected to contribute to the reduction of exclusive and radical attitudes. Second, integration or at least interconnection between two methods of seeking truth from two different disciplines, namely Hadith and Philosophy.

Informação, Verdade e Pós-Verdade: uma crítica pragmaticista na Ciência da Informação

Objetivo: O artigo procura destacar os critérios de verdade contidos nos processos informacionais, tanto os científicos os que circulam nas representações dos fatos na sociedade, e manter a Ciência da Informação (CI), como provedora da comprovação verdadeira da realidade. Dada a disseminação de conteúdos nas redes que fazem parte da internet e são chamados informação sem a devida correlação com os fatos, deve-se elencar elementos dentro do campo científico para entender estes conteúdos, que tendem a ser aceitos como verdadeiros sem esta comprovação.Método: A atuação dos usuários em rede de computadores noticiado como informação, assim como a abordagem na CI da difusão de conhecimento dentro da sociedade, tem na revisão bibliográfica a revisão da fundamentação do Pragmatismo Peirceano para utilização do Método Pragmático como possibilidade de instrumento da CI.Resultado: A divulgação de conhecimento científico determinado verdadeiro é o paradigma contido na CI, que deve ser estendido para as relações informacionais divulgadas para a sociedade. O conceito de informação implica nas maneiras de comunicação. Esta inter-relação da informação e seu caráter epistemológico estão implícitos no processo de significação. A inter-relação entre mensagem e informação é parte fundamental da semiose verdadeira. A produção de inferência que produz conhecimento para o sujeito, mediada pelo signo, implica em informação.Conclusões: Cabe à CI promover o método científico de fixação da verdade, e aqui é considerada a proposta Pragmatista como aquela que dá conta de tratar tanto a verdade científica quanto a verdade dos fatos.

National security system of the Republic оf Kazakhstan: theoretical concept and practice of its implementation

The research is devoted to the organizational structure and functioning of the national security system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is evaluated from the perspective of relevant scientific ideas in domestic and foreign science. In the future, this concept is extrapolated to legislative norms in order to determine its full and consistent practical implementation. The study results in the conclusion that to improve the effectiveness of the application of legislative norms, it is necessary to develop specific requirements for ensuring national security, used in strategic planning of directions and stages of socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. To solve this problem, the necessary mechanisms are proposed and justified. This issue covers a wide range of issues, among which the Central place is occupied by the conceptual framework for building a national security system, as well as the key parameters for their implementation. In this context, the present study is based on the assessment of compliance of the theoretical model of the national security system of the Republic of Kazakhstan with modern scientific concepts, as well as determining the completeness and completeness of their implementation in the practical activities of the state apparatus. Ensuring national security is based on scientific knowledge, the truth criteria are established by society. Key words: national security, system of ensuring national security, subjects of ensuring national security, national security measures, State planning system.

М. В. БРЕЧКЕВИЧ (1870–1963) ТА ЙОГО ВНЕСОК У ВИВЧЕННЯ ІСТОРІЇ СЕРЕДНЬОВІЧНОГО БАЛТІЙСЬКОГО ПОМОР’Я

In the article based on archival sources and special historical literature, it is given the characteristics of main points of live, scientific and pedagogical work of famous Ukrainian historian, medievalist, the founder of the Department of Ancient and Medieval history in Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Mytrofan Vasyliovych Brechkevych. The research is based on the historicism, scientific and author’s objectivity, general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparation) and special historical (historic-typological and historic-systematic) methods. In the article the contribution of M. V. Brechkevych was analyzed. The author came to the conclusion, that during his professional live Brechkevych remained true to the principles developed at the beginning of his career. He was a historian-positivist, who as the rest of the scientist of this direction considered the historical source to be the main criterion of truth. The main object of Brechkevych’s scientific research was the history of the Pomeranian Slavs of the 12th – 14th centuries, to which he dedicated numbers of his works in the first half of the 20th century. In his first printed work «Sviatopolk – Prince of Pomerania» (Yuriiv, 1902) Brechkevych considered one of the important periods in the history of the East Pomeranian principality, its struggle with the Teutonic Order in the 1240s. The study comprehensively analyzes the question of the origin of princely power in Eastern Pomerania, the relationships of the Eastern Pomeranian principality with Poland. Brechkevych’s main work on the history of Pomerania was his master’s thesis «Introduction to the social history of the principality of Slavia, or Western Pomerania» (Yuriiv, 1911), in which he made an attempt to analyze on the basis of Pomeranian letters and chronicles the process of feudalization in the West Pomeranian lands during the 12th – 13th centuries and the role of German colonists in it. The work describes in details the princely land tenure, the formation of the first Pomeranian monasteries, which became active leaders of Germanization in this region.

The Link Between Necessity And Randomness In Scientific Discovery

The article is devoted to the problem of the link between the essential and the accidental in the process of scientific discoveries. The author criticises Karl Popper concept who states that each scientific discovery is entirely “accidental”. The author‟ viewpoint is based on the methodology of dialectical materialism as a whole, the concept of dialectical determinism, current works on the theory of truth and the criterion of truth. The article treats randomness as the form of being and the phenomenon of necessity. The randomness is presented in the act of discovery by a variety of phenomena such as the particular time, the author of the discovery and the specific aspect of the scientific problem determining this discovery. The necessity here has to do with a specific measure reflecting the limits of change for the phenomenal side of scientific discovery, and this is true for other objective and subjective processes. The author argues that revealing the link between the essential and the accidental in scientific discovery is a critical foundation for solving all epistemological problems, the problem of the criterion of the truth in the first place.

The effectiveness of risk stratification systems in diagnosis of nodular thyroid disorders

Risk stratification systems, one of the optimal solutions for differential diagnosis of nodular pituitary disorders, are currently under development. The high prevalence of pituitary diseases makes it necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of risk stratification systems and to widely implement them into routine clinical practice. To evaluate the effectiveness of modern risk stratification systems used to diagnose nodular pituitary disorders. A total of 1,606 medical records of patients operated on for nodular pituitary disorders in 20062014 were analyzed. The preoperative ultrasonography results and cytological findings were evaluated. The ultrasonography results were classified using the TI-RADS system, while the biopsy data were classified using the TBSRTC system. The surgery protocol and the pathomorphological data were the truth criterion. The effectiveness of the TI-RADS and TBSRTC systems, as well as their contribution to the performance of endocrinologists in outpatient clinics, was analyzed. Cluster analysis revealed a significant volatility of ultrasonography signs in the TI-RADS category, while there was no dominant sign that could be considered the diagnostic standard. Factor analysis proved the consistency of the imaging TI-RADS system based on individual signs. The signs being evaluated are characterized by high significance level but different priorities depending on the type of putative pathology. Discriminant analysis revealed that TI-RADS was a robust and versatile system to be used for various types of nodular pituitary disorders. The overall effectiveness of the TI-RADS system in diagnosis of pituitary tumors was low: it was characterized by 75.4% sensitivity, 84.7% specificity, and 80.1% accuracy. However, this system concretized the indications for fine-needle aspiration biopsy and drew the cytologists attention to the likelihood of pituitary tumor. The implementation of the TBSRTC system reduced the percentage of non-informative (by 9.8%) and controversial results (by 1.7%). Cytological examination was more effective in detection of pituitary cancer compared to ultrasonography (91.0% accuracy, 94.9% specificity, and 76.5% sensitivity). The impressions of ultrasound technicians and cytologists were concordant in 873 (54.4%) cases. A survey conducted among endocrinologists in outpatient clinics showed that implementation of the TI-RADS and TBSRTC risk stratification systems reduced the decision time (p0.001) and errors both in diagnostics (p0.001) and treatment approach selection (p0.001). The combined use of the TI-RADS and TBSRTC systems allows one to personalize the treatment approaches for patients with nodular pituitary disorders. The implementation of these systems has a positive effect on endocrinologists performance as it reduces the decision time and the likelihood of making errors in diagnosis and treatment strategy selection.

Procesos Logísticos y La Administración de la Cadena de Suministro.

En este trabajo de investigación se analiza de manera sistemática los componentes y procesos logísticos que se desarrollan en la administración de la cadena de suministro, de manera que se comprendan sus características e interacciones y los criterios de medición para evaluar su desempeño. Lo anterior desde una perspectiva estratégica y una reflexión de tipo racional analítica con un enfoque holístico y sistémico para el análisis y comprensión de los procesos logísticos y la cadena de suministro. Para esto se revisan múltiples artículos científcos en bases de datos indexadas; como criterio de verdad se utilizó argumentación cualitativa, y se integraron los conceptos de logística, administración de la cadena de suministro, gestión de compras y proveedores, gestión de la producción y distribución, redes logísticas, indicadores logísticos, seguridad de la cadena logística y Modelo de Referencia de las Operaciones de la Cadena de Suministro.Como resultado, en este trabajo se logró estructurar una unidad de conocimiento en la que se describen los diferentes procesos inherentes a la cadena de suministro que permite entender las interrelaciones que se presentan entre ellos. Así mismo se estableció la importancia de la administración de la cadena de suministro y las medidas de rendimiento para valorar la gestión logística y el desarrollo de estrategias de diferenciación con respecto a sus competidores.

Points at Issue With the Definition of Forgery (the Case Study of Article 326 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation)

The object of the research is the definition of forgery as it is used by the legislation, in particular, in Article 326 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The authors see the following problems: no legal definition, no single point of view in the doctrine of criminal law and incoordinations with other terms used in law. The wording 'forgery or counterfeiting state registration sign' used in Article 326 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation makes the situation even more complicated. Thus, the subject of this research is different doctrinal interpretations of the term 'forgery' and judicial practice. The methodological framework of the research covers such methods as analysis and synthesis, comparative law analysis, system-structured and formal law approaches, theoretical prognistic method and interpretation of legal provisions. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author offer their own definition of the term 'forgery' and concludes that forgery and forgery documents/items are compatible and intersecting terms. The authors also conclude what criteria of truth and authenticity can be used to describe items/documents as forgery-counterfeiting, forgery but not counterfeiting and counterfeiting but not forgery. They also make recommendations on what amendments should be made in the applicable law. 

ДОЛГ ВОИНА-ПРОФЕССИОНАЛА КАК ДЕТЕРМИНАНТА СМЫСЛА ЖИЗНИ

The article is devoted to the study of opportunities, conditions and factors of professional activity allowing one to find and realize life-meaning human values. Despite the fact that life meaning is subjective and connected with vocation, it has an objective - moral - meaningful core that provides the value of an individual’s life activity both for him and for the society. Using the example of examining the specific characteristics of a professional soldier’s duty (tensions in combat training, extreme conditions, readiness for self-sacrifice, etc.), the authors show their altruistic requirements as determinants of a person’s life meaning making it possible to realize his personal potential at most. The criterion of moral choice truth is evaluation of history; and it is applicable to activity in any profession.

El archivo y el testigo. Un análisis de la relación entre memoria y justicia a partir del caso colombiano

In memory studies and in the field of transitional justice, the story of the victims is usually seen as relevant. It is usually assumed that what is said by the victims has an absolute value of truth and cannot be controverted, otherwise we would be attacking their dignity. And, next to this, it is maintained that everything held by the perpetrators is false, and therefore we cannot believe absolutely in what they tell. But we have to take into account that neither perpetrator nor victims are witnesses, but, from a legal point of view, they are active parties in that social relationship we call crime. In this text, I want to discuss the relationship between the witness and the archive and for that I use the Colombian case as a case study. Initially I analyze the question of memory and later I analyze the relationships between truth and memory. With this text, I intend to contribute to the studies of transitional justice that take for granted, without further analysis, the validity of the documentary contributions or the stories of the victims and the witnesses. It is not a mere theoretical pretension, since it depends on the elaboration of truth criteria for both the criminal justice system and the Truth Commissions.

LOGICAL ASPECTS OF LEGAL HERMENEUTICS

Problem setting. The generally accepted need for interpretation and interpretation is associated with the problem of ambiguity in the use of language systems. The task of interpretation and interpretation is to clarify the content of the subject of thought, which in some way corresponds to the object. Of particular significance today is the problem of understanding and rationalizing the ways to achieve it in the law with the use of logical knowledge, awareness of the social consequences of the results of legal interpretation and legal interpretation.Recent research and publications analysis. The logical aspects of legal hermeneutics, in particular, the logical mode of interpretation, have been incorporated into the history of legal hermeneutics from the outset and continue to evolve in the theory of law, to find their embodiment in modern hermeneutics and new legal sciences, such as legal technology. Among modern logical and legal studies it is necessary to note the works of E. V. Buligin, works on the methodology of law R. Tsipelius, domestic researchers on the issues of legal hermeneutics P. M. Rabinovich, hermeneutic logic O. M. Yurkevych, and others.Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to explore the logical foundations of legal hermeneutics.Paper main body. Legal hermeneutics is a system of rules for the interpretation of laws. A literal interpretation is carried out in order to establish the general meaning of the legal text containing the normative provisions. "Spirit" is not subject to literal interpretation. In the Anglo-American system, they are referred to as "originality" and "nonoriginalism". In legal hermeneutics, different ways of interpretation are distinguished: grammatical, special legal, logical, systematic, historical, evolutionary, and teleological. Legal hermeneutics refers to so-called "dogmatic" hermeneutics. Logical interpretation involves clarifying the structure of logical forms of thought, establishing their correctness according to the criteria of truth. A systematic interpretation is an analogue of a contextual approach. Historical interpretation is carried out using etymological analysis. The interpretation of the rules of law can be formal and informal. The principle of logic is one of the general principles of the interpretation of the law. The logical method of interpretation is most often used in cases where it is not possible to understand the unfortunate grammatical form when conflicts are found between individual norms, etc. Hermeneutical logic is used, if necessary, for additional explanatory procedures - interpretation and interpretation.Conclusions of the research. Results: the definition of a set of logical tools that is used in legal hermeneutics: a logical method, logical principles, a logical way of interpreting and interpreting legal norms. Novelty: clarified the differences between the tools of formal logic and hermeneutic logic in legal hermeneutics. The practical significance: application in legal methodology, legal hermeneutics and practice of interpretation of legal norms.