Criminalistic Knowledge Research Articles

Emotional Intelligence in the Professional Activities of an Investigator

Introduction. The investigation of the crime is considered in the article from the point of view of interpersonal communication. The relationship between the psychological theory of emotional intelligence and certain aspects of legal psychology and criminalistic tactics is analyzed. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of the study is the synthesis of psychological and criminalistic knowledge: about personality psychology, the psychology of communication, the theory of emotional intelligence and its applicability in various aspects of human activity, legal psychology, and the tactics of individual investigative actions. General theoretical methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, modeling, as well as historical, legal and comparative legal methods were used. Results. The concept of the emotional competence of the investigator is proposed and its influence on the effectiveness of the investigation as a whole, the implementation of individual investigative actions, and the prevention of professional and emotional burnout of the investigator is shown. The features of the use of emotional intelligence in the tactics of individual investigative actions are considered. Discussion and Conclusion. Recommendations for the use of emotional intelligence when conducting individual investigative actions require further discussion and testing in practice. Implementation of general recommendations to expand the communication skills and psychological knowledge of the investigator and develop his emotional competence can increase the effectiveness of the investigation, as well as help prevent professional and emotional burnout.

THE ROLE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE INVESTIGATION OF WAR CRIMES IN UKRAINE: CRIMINALISTIC PROBLEMS

The article is devoted to the study of current problems of the use of digital technologies in the investigation of war crimes in Ukraine. The emergence and formation of new areas of criminalistics due to scientific and technical progress, the introduction of the latest digital technologies and tools of digital criminalistics are substantiated. It is noted that it is important to take into account the modern trends in the development of forensics related to the formation of its separate branches (directions): medical, genotoscopic, aerospace, nuclear, digital and military criminalistics. In the conditions of the war in Ukraine, the problems of researching digital technologies in the investigation of war crimes and improving criminalistic methods and means of combating crime in Ukraine in modern conditions are gaining special relevance. It is substantiated that the process of digitization of criminalistics is a natural stage of development and formation of modern criminalistic knowledge, which involves the introduction of digital technologies in various fields of criminalistic science, forensic expertise and legal practice. At the same time, special attention should be paid to increasing the role of criminalistic didactics, in particular, forensic training of investigators, prosecutors, courts, detectives, criminalistic investigators, criminalistic experts in the field of digital technologies. The most urgent and promising problems of the study of the problems of digital technologies in the investigation of war crimes are highlighted.

Criminalistic didactics in modern conditions of war and digital technologies

The article is devoted to the study of innovative approaches of criminalistic didactics in modern conditions of martial law and digital technologies. The problems of applying innovative methods and technologies for teaching criminalistics are revealed and analyzed, the most promising areas for their improvement and development are highlighted. Suggestions and arguments about the need for mandatory study of criminalistic science by future lawyers are formulated. The necessity of taking into account during the forensic training of future lawyers the current state of development of science and practice, the tasks of adapting criminalistic knowledge to the conditions of martial law, the existing international standards of the European Union, the formation and emergence of new directions in the criminalistic doctrine is substantiated. At the same time, the strengthening and activation of the practical component in the teaching of criminalistic science acquires significant significance. They also need to take into account modern trends in the development of criminalistic science related to the formation of its newest branches: digital, medical, aerospace, genotyposcopy, computer, cybersecurity, nuclear and military criminalistics. A critical analysis of scientific approaches to the problems of criminalistic didactics has been carried out, promising directions for further research on this issue in modern criminalistic science have been identified.

On the Criminalistic Classification of Criminal Proceedings Participants

The article is devoted to the criminalistic significance of different participants of criminal proceedings. It is stated that the classifications used in criminalistics are based on the criminal procedure criterion, or on the form of using forensically relevant information. The author analyzes viewpoints of scholars of criminalistics and criminal process on the classification of criminal court proceedings’ participants and identifies controversial aspects that give rise to doubts. The author also presents her own classification of criminal proceedings’ participants depending on the form of activity whose object is forensically relevant information, as well as the type, volume and degree to which this forensically relevant information is formed. It is suggested that two key classification groups should be singled out — subjects of forensically relevant information (the suspect, the accused, the witness, the victim) and subjects of criminalistic knowledge (the investigator, the detective, the operative worker, the expert, the specialist).

Criminalistic support of activities of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine: problems and directions for improvement

The article is devoted to the study of current problems of criminalistic support of the Bureau of Economic Security of Ukraine (hereinafter BES of Ukraine). Modern scientific approaches and perspective directions of improvement of activity of the newly created body which is assigned tasks on counteraction to the offenses encroaching on functioning of economy of the state are analyzed. The most perspective directions of improvement of activity of this body are allocated, potential risks of realization of new approaches in activity of bureau are defined. Emphasis is placed on the need to take into account a comprehensive approach to solving problems in the field of combating criminal threats, which can ensure the success and effectiveness of this newly established body in the field of economic security of Ukraine.It`s substantiated that the essence of forensic support of the BES of Ukraine should be considered as: 1) activities to create conditions for the effective application of criminalistic knowledge and tools (technical-, tactical- and methodological-criminalistic) and collection and research of evidence on the facts of criminal offenses in economic and financial spheres, solving criminal and criminal proceedings means; 2) a specific type of criminalistic activity carried out by certain entities in order to optimize, improve the efficiency and quality of investigation and prevent this category of criminal offenses. This approach determines the need to develop the concept of a separate theory of criminalistic support of the BES of Ukraine as a priority area of research in modern criminalistic doctrine. A comprehensive study of this problem involves taking into account three areas - technical -, tactical - criminalistic and the direction of ensuring the formation and improvement of criminalistic methodics of investigating criminal offenses of economic orientation.It`s noted that the introduction of fundamentally innovative approaches to combating criminal threats in the field of economic security in Ukraine in turn creates the basis for possible potential in the activities of this body and the implementation of such new approaches in practice. Therefore, the mechanism for introducing a new such body and implementing the provisions of this Law should be sufficiently balanced, well thought out and clearly legally defined. The scientific approaches and offers on the decision of researched problems are formulated, possibilities of application of criminalistic knowledge in practical activity of this body are analyzed, perspective directions of the further scientific researches of this problems are outlined.

Some questions of the history of the formation of the system of criminalistic knowledge

The article discusses the problematic issues of the historical preconditions for the formation of the system of criminalistics knowledge. Analyzed the scientific works of scientists and practitioners of law enforcement agencies regarding the system of criminalistics knowledge and criminalistics science. The importance of taking into account the historical period regarding the formation of the structure and system of criminalistics knowledge is emphasized. Systematization of criminalistics knowledge took place in several stages. Thus, one of the first to summarize and classify criminalistics knowledge was Hans Gross. Similarly, SM Tregubov and RA Reiss attempted to form a system of criminalistics knowledge in their scientific works. A. I. Vinberg and B. M. Shaver in their work argued for the need to distinguish in criminalistics science of the general and special part. In certain historical periods, different views were proposed on the formation of a system of criminalistics knowledge, which is associated with the historical development of society at that time, the state of scientific research on the detection, detection and investigation of criminal offenses. Depending on the historical stages, practitioners and scientists offered their own system of criminalistics knowledge and criminalistic science.

The historical aspect of the systematization of criminalistic knowledge in the countries of the world

The article is devoted to the history of formation of criminalistics knowledge in different countries of the world. Some issues of the history of systematization of forensic knowledge have been studied by such scientists as R. S. Belkin, M. V. Danshin, V. A. Zhuravel, V. P. Kolmakov, V. O. Konovalova, V. V. Yusupov, V. Yu. Shepitko and al. However, the works do not reveal the historical aspect of systematization and formation of the system of criminalistics knowledge.The purpose of the article is to consider issues related to the history of systematization of criminalistics knowledgeAttention is drawn to the differences in the understanding of different scholars of the system of criminalistics knowledge in different historical periods. The process of systematization of criminalistics knowledge in different countries of the world is analyzed. Issues related to the formation of a system of criminalistics knowledge are outlined.The history of systematization of criminalistics knowledge covers several stages. Scientific works are characterized, which contain a certain system of criminalistics knowledge proposed by various authors. Yes, one of the first to summarize and classify criminalistics knowledge was Hans Gross. Also in different countries of the world, scientists have proposed their vision of the system of criminalistics knowledge. In particular, in the works of Uils William, A. Chebyshev-Dmitriev, RA Reissa, S.M. Tregubov, E. Locar, etc., as well as in many legislative acts of France, England, Scotland, North America contain criminalistics recommendations for the investigation of crimes

The historical aspect of the systematization of criminalistic knowledge in the countries of the world

The historical aspect of the systematization of criminalistic knowledge in the countries of the world

MODERN STATE AND INNOVATIVE DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH OF CRIMINALISTIC TECHNIQUE

The article is devoted to the researchers of current problems of innovations in criminalistic technique. The theoretical bases of development of criminalistic innovations in criminalistic technique and problems of their application in practice are analyzed. The main innovative areas of use of criminalistic technique in law enforcement activities, which ensure its efficiency and effectiveness, are identified. The concept of criminalistic innovation is considered, its essential features are singled out. It is substantiated that the creation and application of innovative criminalistic products today is a priority task of criminalistics and an urgent need of practice. Research of new branches of criminalistic technique largely determines the innovative directions of modern criminalistic research in the field of criminalistic technique. The use of means of criminalistic technique should cover all types of activities, which takes into account the trend of expanding the scope of criminalistic knowledge in legal practice.

On the Need to Develop Professional Competences in Criminal Procedure and Criminalistics in Corrections Officers of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia

The paper substantiates the idea that while performing law enforcement functions correctional institutions face the risks of illegal behavior on the part of those individuals who do not want to embark on the path of reformation. The most effective response to the facts of criminal acts committed by convicts is associated with the implementation of the principle of the inevitability of criminal punishment for such behavior. The speed of such a response is of paramount importance and depends on corrections officers themselves. The response can be effective only if officers of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia (FSIN Russia) use the full range of procedural and criminalistic tools at their disposal. Based on the analysis of the criminal procedure status of institutions, bodies and officials of FSIN Russia and the content of their functional responsibilities, we make an attempt to find out whether corrections officers need criminalistic knowledge. We identify the main areas in which corrections officers demand criminalistic knowledge. These include: law enforcement (for direct use in the implementation of criminal procedure powers, as well as for indirect use in the implementation of their main activities aimed at the execution of criminal penalties), education (for training personnel for penal institutions and bodies), and research (for further elaboration on the issues related to the investigation of prison offences). Key words: correctional institutions; criminalistics; convicts; criminal process; prison-related crimes; investigation of crimes; Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.

Judicial ballistics in the system of criminalistic knowledge

The criminalistic is a science that is dynamically evolving and changing. This applies, first of all, to the content and system of modern criminalistic knowledge. This applies to the section of criminalistic techniques ballistics. Problems of modern content of ballistics and its place in the system of criminalistic knowledge were considered in the works of such scientists as: V.V. Areshonkov , R.S. Belkin, A.A. Belyakov, V.V. Biryukov , P.D. Bilenchuk , Hans Gross, A.V. Ishchenko , V.V. Kovalenko, A.V. Kofanov , Y. Lantsedova , J. Novak, S. Polishchuk , O.F. Sulyava , V.S. Shapovalova , V. Yu. Shepitko and others. Despite the large number of scientific developments on this issue, it still remains controversial. With this in mind, the aim of our article is to analyze the problematic issues related to the content of ballistics and its place in the system of criminalistic knowledge. The article discusses controversial issues regarding the place of “forensic ballistics” as a section of criminalistic technology in the modern system of criminalistic knowledge. The proposals of scientists regarding the creation of a separate forensic doctrine are highlighted, where knowledge on forensic research of firearms, bladed weapons and explosive devices is combined. Proposals of scientists regarding the name of such a theory have been discovered: “weapons research”, “weapons science”, “forensic weapons science”, and “forensic armology ”. The possibilities of using criminalistic knowledge in the examination of weapons, traces and circumstances of its use within the framework of ballistics are considered. In our opinion, it is inappropriate to combine into a common section of criminology or a separate forensic theory of the study of firearms, melee weapons, explosive devices. As for the latter, there are features of their expert study, which differ from the examination of weapons, traces and circumstances of its use. In addition, in different countries of the world, as well as law, law enforcement and science distinguish between different types of weapons and explosive devices.

Modern problems of criminalistic tactics: traditional and innovative directions of development

The article is devoted to the research of current problems of criminalistic tactics. The modern tendencies of development of criminalistic tactics are analyzed, the basic innovative directions of researches and problems use of tactical means in law enforcement activity which provide its efficiency and effectiveness are defined. The interrelation of criminalistic tactics with practice, modern achievements of science and technology, tendencies of development of criminalistics and other sciences is traced, the integrative character of criminalistic knowledges is noted. The current understanding of the concept of criminalistic tactics is considered, its definition taking into account traditional and innovative approaches in criminalistic science is offered.Is justufied that one of the most important tasks of further development of criminalistics is to improve the structure of criminalistic tactics in view of the emergence, development and current state of certain innovative directions of this branch of criminalistics. Research of new branches of criminalistic tactics to an increasing extent defined innovative directions of modern criminalistic researchers in this field of knowledge. The use of criminalistic tactics should cover all activities (investigative, judicial, prosecutorial, attourneys, searches, detective, etc.), which takes into account the tendency to expand the scope of criminalistic knowledge in legal practice. At the same time, attention is drawn to the negative trend of excessive expansion of such boundaries by some scholars and it is noted that such proposals and approaches must be limited to taking into account the subject of criminalistics (tactics) and the objects of its study.Is noted that the current trends in the development of criminalistic tactics require the expansion of its research boundaries, require innovative approaches to solving these problems.Innovative directions of research today, along with investigative and judicial tactics, are also its other particular sub-sectors, such as tactics of public prosecution, tactics of professional defense, tactics of search activities, tactics of criminal activity. In further researches demand problems of particular scientific theories, tactics of carrying out investigative (search), unspoken investigative (search) and judicial actions, questions of tactics of the organization and carrying out of tactical-criminalistic complexes Scientific approaches and proposals for solving the researched problems are formulated, innovative directions of development of criminalistic tactics are defined.

Formation of a modern system of criminalistics knowledge

With the rapid development of various branches of science, one may come to the conclusion that we require a new approach to the system of Criminalistic knowledge. Although a few scholars have studied issues related to renovation of the system of Criminalistic knowledge (including R. S. Belkin, V. A. Zhuravel, N. I. Klymenko, V. Yu. Shepitko and others), however, currently there are little to no complex researches on the contemporary system of Criminalistic knowledge in Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of our article is to provide insights into changes in the system of Criminalistics knowledge. Today, Criminalistics system is undergoing significant changes. In particular, modern scholars write about current trends in development of Criminalistics and suggest criteria for classification of Criminalistic knowledge. This article covers much debated issues relating to changes in the Criminalistics system including the addition of separate branches and subbranches. We have pointed out the differences in understanding of Criminalistics in Ukraine, Western Europe, the USA and the UK. In addition, we have discussed the practical value of incorporation of the latest scientific discoveries in Criminalistics into the Criminalistics structure, namely the use of DNA sequencing techniques in crime investigations and introduction of nuclear forensics, cyber criminology, philosophy of criminalistics, forensic chemistry etc.Thus, changes in the system of Criminalistic knowledge are connected with the development mechanisms of Criminalistics. Today, the hottest topics are limits on expanding Criminalistics knowledge and emergence of new branches and subbranches in the system of Criminalistic knowledge.

CRIMINALISTICS AS A SYSTEM OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN GLOBAL THREATS AND TRANSFORMATION OF CRIME

The functional purpose of criminalistic knowledge in the conditions of global threats and significant change of crime is considered. In the new conditions of the development of society, criminalistics is called upon to develop the latest means of counteracting crime. A separate direction in criminalistics should be the protection of information sources and the problems of information security. The role of the usage of criminalistic knowledge in counteracting information challenges and information (hybrid) war is emphasized. The process of crimes investigation and judicial proceedings is defined as “the struggle for information”. The possibility of obtaining objective information depends on the criminalistic means involved. Criminalistic tools (techniques, methods, technologies, recommendations) should correspond to informational manifestations, successfully counteract crime. The importance of introducing the practice of criminalistic knowledge application, the latest scientific, technical and other means of collecting evidence in global armed conflicts has been argued. Attention is paid to changing the tasks that are put in front of criminalistics. It has been suggested that there are criminalistics tasks at the following levels: strategic and tactical; theoretical informative and pragmatic (applied). Changing the tasks of criminalistics is caused not only by the transformation of crime, but also by the introduction of new mechanisms (European standards) into the practice of law enforcement, the need to use criminalistic knowledge in various jurisdictional processes.

TOPICALITY OF FORENSIC MOLECULAR GENETIC EXAMINATION AND ISSUES REGARDING ITS PERFORMING

Modern progress in forensic molecular genetic examination allow to obtain information about a particular person using traces variety of biological origin especially while committing grave crimes against human life and health, that are usually found at the scene and belong to a human body. A significant advantage of this method under crime investigation is precisely the safe exclusion of suspected persons not involved in the commission of a crime, in identifying those who committed a crime with a high probability level. At the present stage of forensic molecular genetic examination development there are significant gaps in legislation that are solved by adopting relevant normative and legal acts and improving existing ones. Effective method for of DNA analysis development is the creation of appropriate bases of genetic features of a person. However, the legislative consolidation of this process should take place in the context of respecting and protecting personal rights. However, terms of performing molecular genetic examination significantly exceed the terms of pre-trial investigation. This problem can be solved by expanding network of laboratories that perform such examination. Despite presence of a small number of problems, it is possible to affirm that DNA analysis is the most effective and reliable of all known methods of person identification at the present stage. At present, expert molecular genetic analysis develops not only as a section of molecular genetic research but also as a complete element of criminalistic knowledge that is aimed at investigating and disclosing crimes. Therefore, implementation of molecular genetic research methods into the practice of law enforcement agencies in Ukraine will significantly increase investigation effectiveness of many serious crimes against person.

CRIMINALISTICS SUBJECT: STAGES OF FORMATION AND MODERN APPROACHES

Currently transformation of criminalistics subject is determined due to reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the prosecutor's office, courts and other bodies of criminal justice authorities of Ukraine, change of status, powers of operational units, bodies of pre-trial investigation , expert institutions, and their organizational and structural reformations. Concepts regarding the initial stage of development criminalistics subject has been improved. This stage defined the period 1893–1914 years, when the data on the criminalistics subject reflected in writings, mainly Western European criminalists (H. Gross, R. Reiss, A. Nicheforo, etc.). Five stages of development approaches to the criminalistics subject are proposed: first (1893–1914) – physical evidence research, the behavior of criminals and the activities of participants in criminal process; second (1915 – until the 1930s) – technical support for crime investigation; third (1930s to 1967) – disclosure, investigation and prevention of crimes; fourth (1967 to the end of the 20th century) – research on patterns of information emergence about the crime and those based on cognition of these patterns, forensic means and methods of disclosure, investigation and prevention of crimes; fifth (beginning of the 19th century until the present) – criminalistics is defined as a science studying criminal activity patterns, genesis of information about a crime or any phenomenon in society and which is used in a number of types of legal proceedings and related social relations. The author has proved that in such new approach to the definition of criminalistics subject it is necessary to take into account the scope of criminalistic knowledge application, conceptual approaches to crime investigation provided by criminal procedural law, modern legal terminology.

PROBLEMS OF FORMING OF CRIMINALISTIC METHODICAL MEANS IN STRUCTURE OF COUNTERACTION TO CRIMES AGAINST JUSTICE

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of formation of criminalistic methodical means in the structure of counteraction to crimes against justice. The place of criminalistic methods in the system of criminalistic knowledge and criminalistics as a science and practice іs with that aim analyzed. The historical backgrounds of the use of guidelines for the investigation of crimes certain types are specified. The problems of constructing special criminalistic methods are considered, concerning its structure, types, dependencies, goal, and the subjects that use it. Particular attention was paid to the study of various scientists positions regarding the individual elements of this technique.
 It is proved that the formation of special criminalistic methods of investigating a crime against justice, considering the possibility of combining them into a complex of criminalistic methods of crimes against justice, requires the installation of a “consumer” who should apply such criminalistic recommendations in the form of this mehods. Transforming models of the criminal process from inquisitorial to adversarial and mixed leads to the fact that the person investigating the crime receives a new and changing set of functions and powers from the legislator. Often this leads to the fact that the persons conducting a pre-trial investigation of crimes are called differently. According to the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, the investigator actually lost procedural independence, which led to the fact that another procedural figures began to perform certain functions of the pre-trial investigation (or decision making at this stage): detective, prosecutor as procedural manager and the investigating judge. Accordingly, the methods for investigating crimes (including crimes against justice) should be formed taking into account the subject to which they apply.
 A separate problem in the formation of special criminalistic methods has become the growing need for their registration in the relevant state register, which will allow monitoring the effectiveness and quality of investigating such crimes.

Borders of use criminalistics and medical knowledge in crime investigation

The article studies of the issues related to usage of criminalistic and medical knowledge in criminal proceedings. I have singled out the forms of their usage including separate or parallel usage, interaction and mutual borrowing of individual techniques and methods.Today, criminalistics is actively developing as a science, with its theoretical wing going particularly strong. Scientists come up with new concepts, certain provisions or theories. However, I believe that the currently attention is partially shifted from the issues related to usage of criminalistic knowledge and their place in the system of modern scientific knowledge in various spheres. This is especially true in cases when criminalistic knowledge has to be explored in connection with the modern medical knowledge. Although the following scholars studied the issues related to usage of criminalistic knowledge: R. S. Belkin, V. A. Zhuravel, N. I. Klymenko, V. Yu. Shepitko and others. Нowever, their works do not touch heavily upon the connection between usage of criminalistic knowledge in criminal proceedings simultaneously with expertise in other scientific areas, particularly, Medicine. Thus, the purpose of the article is to outline the extent of usage of criminalistic and medical knowledge in crime investigation. For example, criminalistic and medical knowledge may be used in criminal proceedings in a variety of ways. It may be used separately or in parallel, in interaction or interconnection. The mutual interaction between these two areas of knowledge have given birth to a variety of branches of science including “criminalistic medicine”, “medical traosology”, “medical and criminalistic examinations” and “medical and criminalistic identification”.

The event of crime as object of criminalistic knowledge

Criminal activity in real life manifests itself in the form of an event of a specific crime. The crime event arises and functions in the form of a system. This system has a criminal nature, which is due to the wrongfulness of the act and the public danger of its consequences. The incipient of the system of the event of a crime is initiated by concrete actions or inaction of the subject. The development of this system is ensured by the interaction of a certain set of elements. Such elements are in the cause-effect relationship (interrelation, interdependence, subordination). These elements form the structure of the system of the crime scene. Depending on the type of crime, the criminal system includes the subject, object, place and time of encroachment, various objects, means, processes (system elements). All of them exist in fact and possess the qualities of objects of the material world. The specifics of the properties of systemic elements determines the peculiarities of the formation of a criminal act. Forensic cognition of the crime (a systemic multifactorial phenomenon of reality) should contribute to the creation of an effective forensic toolkit for the rapid detection of crimes, the optimal preliminary investigation and prevention of criminal acts.

DESIGNATED PURPOSE OF CRIMINALISTIC KNOWLEDGE AND AMBITION TO THE EUROPEAN STANDARDS IN COUNTERACTING CRIMINALITY

The formation and development of criminalistic knowledge and their targeted purpose are considered. Subjects of applying criminalistic knowledge in different countries of the world and in different historical periods are defined. The tendencies concerning changes in the subjects of applying criminalistic knowledge in the adversarial criminal process are retraced. One of the tendencies of the past was the shift of the scientific-cognitive emphasis in favor of the investigating crimes process, which entailed the final displacementfrom the subject domain of Criminalistics of such phenomenon as the crime with all the consequences. Criminalistics focused on the cognition of the material traces of crime, on the collection, evaluation and use of evidence, cognition ofproofprocess. During this period, the only consumer and subject of the use of criminalistic knowledge was the investigator. In connection with the reform of the judiciary and law enforcement bodies, there appear new subjects, using criminalistic knowledge: the parties of the criminal proceedings, the procedural head, the head of the pre-trial investigation body, the investigating magistrate, etc. In addition, reforming of the entire law enforcement system, the creation of new institutions (in particular, in the area of corruption counteraction), is associated with the emergence of specific officials - detectives (persons who combine investigative and operative activities). Legislative bases for creation of search services - private detective agencies (private detectives) are also being developed. Thus, the adversarial process leads to the change of the subjects using criminalistic knowledge. Now we can speak about the formation of "competitive criminalistics", criminalistics for the prosecution party and the professional protection party, as well as criminalistics for the court (forensic criminalistics). The introduction of progressive European standards, the expansion of the methods of judicial protection of an individual in the criminal proceedings and the means of proof is associated with the changes in criminalistic tools, with offering of methods, techniques and technologies used in countering criminality.