Crime Categories Research Articles

Tinjauan Terhadap Modus-Modus Kejahatan Dalam Hukum Cyber Crime

When surfing the digital world, you need to be careful about feeling comfortable on social media. Cybercrime is a form of crime that arises because of the use of internet technology. In line with advances in information technology, several crimes have emerged which are often interpreted as crimes committed in cyber space or areas. Rusbagio Ishak, Kadit Serse Polda Central Java said, this cyber crime has the potential to cause losses in several fields: political, economic, socio-cultural. Cyber ​​crime is various kinds of illegal access to a data transmission. In other words, cybercrime is an illegal activity on a computer system or is included in the category of crimes in cyberspace. The target of this cyber crime is a computer connected to the internet network. Cyber ​​crime is carried out with various purposes. Starting from fun testing hacking skills, to serious crimes that can harm the victim financially. One of the cyber crimes that is rife in Indonesia is a social engineering attack or social engineering. Social engineering is a manipulation technique that exploits human error to gain access to personal information or valuable data.

Does police patrol in large areas prevent crime? Revisiting the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment

AbstractResearch SummaryThe Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment (KCPPE) was seen by its developers to have produced “consistent evidence of the lack of effects of any consequence on crime,” a conclusion that was to have a strong impact on assumptions about police patrol for almost half a century. We identified the original official crime data from the KCPPE, and reanalyzed outcomes focusing on a comparison of the “proactive” versus “control” beats (“reactive beats” were criticized because of violations of treatment integrity); examining broad categories of crime (to increase statistical power); and using count regression models. Our findings are not unequivocal, but point to modest impacts of police patrol on crime in police beats.Policy ImplicationsOur findings suggest that lessons drawn for half a century from the KCPPE need to be revisited. The KCPPE does not show that police patrol in large areas has no influence on crime, and this finding is consistent with several more recent studies. At the same time, we note that the effects of patrol in the KCPPE using our analysis strategy, and those found in other studies of preventive patrol in larger areas, are about half that found in hot spots policing studies. This suggests that police agencies ideally should invest in focused hot spots policing initiatives. However, absent an ability to manage such initiatives, or the crime analysis capabilities to identify crime hot spots routinely, simpler preventive patrol schemes to utilize uncommitted patrol time can be seen as potentially effective in preventing crime.

Peran Interpol dalam Penyelesaian Kasus Kejahatan Siber Berdasarkan Konvensi Budapest On Cybercrimes

Technological development, apart from having a positive impact, also has a negative impact. One of the crimes caused by the development and progress of information technology is a crime related to internet applications, which is often referred to as cybercrime. This category of crimes includes all types of crimes as well as their modus operandi, which are carried out by utilizing internet facilities and as a negative effect of using internet applications. The characteristics of cybercrime crimes that do not recognize national territorial boundaries make these crimes inseparable from the role of the Secretariat of the National Central Bureau (NCB)—Interpol Indonesia. NCB-Interpol Indonesia has an important role in conveying information about cyber crimes committed by foreign or Indonesian citizens, obtained from NCBs of other countries, to the competent authorities. The goals and tasks of ICPO-Interpol will be achieved when NCB-Interpol Indonesia participates in fighting cybercrime because they fulfill international obligations regulated by laws and international conventions that apply in Indonesia. Obstacles that arise in tackling cybercrime crimes are related to national borders and jurisdictions, differences in national law making it difficult to determine which law to apply, extradition treaties, and the process of identifying cybercrime perpetrators

Crime Analysis and Prediction Using Machine Learning

Abstract: The aim of this study is to develop a machine learning-based application that can analyze crime data across different districts in India and categorize them as high, moderate, or low based on the frequency of crimes. Based on the frequency of particular crimes in particular districts we will suggest necessary preventive measures and also recommend some precautions before visiting a particular crime hotspot. The methodology involved using a Logistic regression model for crime classification, followed by k-means clustering to group districts based on their crime rates. The results of the study demonstrated the efficacy of the machine learning model in accurately classifying crimes. The original contribution of this research lies in the development of an application that provides users with valuable insights into the crime rates in different districts

OʻZBEKISTONDA AYOLLAR JINOYATCHILIGINING HOZIRGI HOLATI

In this article, the author gives a criminological description of modern female crime in the Republic of Uzbekistan as the basis for the subsequent development of a system of measures for its prevention and counteraction. The article studies the classification of crimes committed by women in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Quantitative indicators of the level of female crime over the past decade are given, allowing us to assess its trends and dynamics. Based on the specific features of female crime, its structure is analyzed, in which mercenary and violent crimes are singled out, the types of crimes predominantly committed by women are named, and negative trends in female criminal behavior are emphasized. The author argues that the convergence of the qualitative characteristics of female and male crime, the increase in the cruelty of the female crime, the strengthening of the professionalism and organization of the female criminal environment, the growth of recidivism, the rejuvenation of the subjects of crime indicate an increase in the social danger of this phenomenon. The author concludes that the development of general measures for the adaptation and resocialization of convicted women during the period of serving their sentence, and the improvement of the system of incentives and rewards for convicted women to ensure their law-abiding behavior and useful activities.

Changing the Category of Crime by the Court: Law, Theory, Practice

The article is devoted to the criminal law characterization of the change by the court of the category of crime to a less serious one. The criminal law norm provided for by Part 6 of Art. 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, is subjected to dogmatic analysis based on the provisions of the theory of criminal law and judicial practice. The content of the conditions and grounds for changing the category of crime as a tool for the individualization of criminal liability is revealed. The essence of changing the category of a crime by the court is determined, which consists in the fact that the norm is designed to eliminate the contradiction between the need to apply the criminal legal consequences of a less serious crime to the convicted person due to the fact that the punishment imposed on him, reflecting a significantly lower degree of public danger of the deed, corresponds to the category of a less serious crime, and the impossibility to do this for formal reasons, due to the fact that the maximum penalty for a crime committed by the criminal law categorizes it as more serious. In the context of the impossibility of changing the category of crime in a criminal case of a crime of minor gravity in order to assess the actual circumstances of the deed, indicating a significantly lower degree of its public danger, it is recommended to discuss the application of the criminal law norm on the insignificance of the act (part 2 of article 14 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). When passing a sentence, the court is obliged to consider the possibility of changing the category of crime to a less serious one in the presence of those provided for in Part 6 of Art. 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of formal conditions, however, the court has the right to change the category of a crime on the basis of an assessment that the degree of social danger of a crime, taking into account the actual circumstances of its commission, has been significantly reduced. A change in the category of a crime cannot affect the application of criminal law norms that determine the criminality of an act (qualification), as well as regulate the rules for sentencing separately for each crime committed. The practice of a court decision to change the category of a crime when issuing a decision to terminate a criminal case or criminal prosecution on non-rehabilitating grounds does not correspond to the procedural order of application of Part 6 of Art. 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

Racial Disparities in Drug Arrest Before and After De Facto Decriminalization in Baltimore

To mitigate the harms of arrest and incarceration on health and racial equity, jurisdictions are increasingly enacting reforms to decriminalize drug possession via prosecutorial discretion (de facto). Impacts on health outcomes rely on whether this policy can reduce exposure to the carceral system among people who use drugs (PWUD); however, data evaluating effects on arrest are lacking. This study explores possible impacts of Baltimore City's enactment of de facto decriminalization on arrests by race. Police and court records were used to explore possible impacts of Baltimore City's de facto decriminalization on street arrests and ("processed") arrests advancing through the courts among PWUD. Interrupted time series models were used to compare pre-policy (January 2018-March 2020) to post-policy trends (April 2020-December 2021) in arrests for possession of drugs/paraphernalia and estimate racial disparities in street arrests (Black vs other races). Analyses were performed February-May, 2022. The policy was associated with a significant and immediate decline in street and processed arrests for possession which was not seen for other crime categories. While declines were concentrated in the Black community, disparities in arresting persisted after the policy. De facto decriminalization may be a promising strategy to reduce exposure to the carceral system, an established risk factor for overdose and other drug-related sequalae and driver of racial disparities in the US. Further research is needed to elucidate drivers of persisting racial disparities and disentangle policy effects from pandemic-related closures.

Law Enforcement against Illegal Levies as a Form of Abuse of Authority through Saber Pungli

This study aims to analyze law enforcement against illegal levies as a form of abuse of authority through illegal levies. The research method used is normative and sociological legal research methods. The results showed that illegal fees are included in the category of occupational crimes. The government's efforts to optimize the eradication of extortion practices were later strengthened by the signing of the Presidential Decree No. 87 of 2016 concerning the Task Force to Clean Up Illegal Levies (Satgas Saber Pungli). The Saber Pungli Task Force consists of law enforcement officers, namely the Police, the Attorney General's Office, the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center, ORI, State Intelligence Agency, and Indonesian National Army Military Police who have the authority to eradicate illegal extortion practices effective and efficient by optimizing the utilization of personnel, work units, and infrastructure, both at the ministerial/institutional and regional government levels.

AIST: An Interpretable Attention-Based Deep Learning Model for Crime Prediction

Accuracy and interpretability are two essential properties for a crime prediction model. Accurate prediction of future crime occurrences along with the reason behind a prediction would allow us to plan the crime prevention steps accordingly. The key challenge in developing the model is to capture the non-linear and dynamic spatial dependency and temporal patterns of a specific crime category, while keeping the underlying structure of the model interpretable. In this article, we develop AIST, an A ttention-based I nterpretable S patio T emporal Network for crime prediction. AIST models the dynamic spatio-temporal correlations for a crime category based on past crime occurrences, external features (e.g., traffic flow and point of interest information) and recurring trends of crime. Extensive experiments show that AIST outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques in terms of accuracy (e.g., AIST shows a decrease of 4.1% on mean average error and 7.45% on mean square error for the Chicago 2019 crime dataset) and interpretability. 1

Violence and State Attribution: The Case of Occupied Palestine

Israel, as an occupying power, has the obligation to protect Palestinians against all acts of violence. This article examines Israeli settler violence from the lens of this obligation and of the law of state responsibility. In doing so, it first provides examples of settler attacks against Palestinians, with particular emphasis on acts of violence that are backed up or facilitated by state security forces. Second, in an analysis of these acts of settler violence, it argues that these belong to the category of state-backed crimes. Third, it outlines what constitutes state responsibility for wrongful acts, as codified in international law, and demonstrates that acts of settler violence are crimes that are attributable to the state, which trigger state responsibility. Settler violence against Palestinians, which is often lethal and always injurious, is not and has never been a matter of domestic law enforcement.

Analysis of juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Tyva

The article deals with issues related to the analysis of juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Tyva (Russia). In particular, a study of the criminological characteristics of juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Tyva was conducted, information and analytical statistics of internal affairs bodies were studied, where data on types of crimes for 12 months of 2022 were examined in more detail in comparison with the same period of 2021 in the Russian Federation, as well as crimes committed in the region under consideration. In the course of the conducted scientific research, general scientific, private scientific and special legal methods of cognition were used. An empirical study was conducted, within the framework of which students of Tuva State University were surveyed in order to obtain information about possible causes of juvenile delinquency according to the respondents. The analysis made it possible to assess the criminological state and establish the characteristics of the offender's personality. The authors present their own point of view of the need to put into practice a number of measures to prevent juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Tyva. The scientific novelty of the research consist in the establishment of the features of juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Tyva, in particular its quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the overall structure of crime. An attempt to predict the trend of juvenile delinquency in the Republic of Tyva and identify the main factors influencing juvenile delinquency, as well as in the development of preventive measures of delinquent behavior of adolescents in order to help stabilize this category of crime, keep its level at a socially tolerant level, contribute to a positive change in the qualitative characteristics of crime, namely the structure of crime, its nature. In particular, when carrying out individual preventive work with minors, state bodies need to put into practice a unified document management system for the timely exchange of information that will allow them to adequately respond to all challenges and threats in activities to protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of minors.

Az intellektuális bűnözés feltalálása

This paper examines the process during which Hungarian society „invented” the category of intellectual property crimes at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Since the rapidly urbanizing capital was at this time the economic and financial center of the country, the focus of this investigation is Budapest. The effort to define intellectual property crimes can be identified in criminal law, criminology, and in public opinion as well. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the development of modern capitalist economy and bourgeois society happened extremely quickly in Hungary, so the modern forms of crime closely related to the process – including intellectual property crimes – were codified in the criminal law in response to this, in the framework of a longer process. From the sources available from the turn of the century, it is clear that crimes of an intellectual nature had already appeared in Hungary in the early period of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, but they only became really „visible” from the early 1900s. Then, as a result of the First World War and the social and economic crisis following the defeat, the number of white-collar criminals increased by leaps and bounds. Accordingly, from the 1920s onwards, the issue of intellectual property crime became a defining topic in both police and press discourse. While the amount of economic or financial crimes committed by white-collar people increased significantly in the early 1920s and then during the Great Depression, their quantity and the types of crimes also changed continuously, adapting to changes in the economic environment.

Specific practice of application of the criminal law provisions establishing liability for bribery of an employee of an enterprise institution or organization

The article, resting upon the data of official statistics, examines the practice of application of the criminal law provisions which establish liability for bribing an employee of an enterprise, institution, or organization.Quantitative indicators of this crime category are calculated, particularly, their rate (336 crimes) and the av- erage annual number (34 crimes). The main trends and periods of reproduction of the crimes under study are determined: the first period (2013–2019) is characterized by a stable upward trend from the minimum initial number of 16 crimes (2013) to the maximum number of 67 crimes (2019); the second period (2020–2022) is notable for a sharply decreased number of recorded crimes and a relative stabilization of the relevant indica- tors at the level of average numbers for the whole period under study.The practical application of Part 5 of Art. 354 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which describes one of the special releases of a person from criminal liability provided for in the Criminal Code, is an isolated instance and has no noticeable anti-corruption influence on the area of legal relations under study.The article determines the main quantitative indicators which reflect the imposition of criminal liability and punishment on the persons who offer an illegal benefit, as well as on those who receive it. Their ratio is 30% to 70%, respectively. The author arrives at the conclusion about defectiveness of the construction of the sanctions established under Parts 1–4 of Art. 354 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and suggests that their optionality be limited to three main types of punishments, and this is reasoned, in particular, by the specifics of the actual criminalization of the crime under study. The author established that a fine was the predominant type of punishment (90% of those convicted). It is noted that release from punishment was very rarely (3.4%) applied to those convicted under Art. 354 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and this makes this category of cases significantly different from others which have the corresponding share reaching a half of the total number of convicts.Given the social and role characteristics of the convicts most of whom are engaged in the fields of med- icine and education, the author suggests that deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or practice certain professions be included in the sanctions under the relevant provisions as an additional punishment.

Effects of foreign residents on crime: Evidence from South Korea

Many countries worldwide are facing social change as they are increasingly becoming multicultural societies. South Korea has maintained a homogeneous ethnic identity for a long time but is experiencing an immense inflow of foreign residents. This study empirically examines the effects of foreign residents on crime. The employment permit system is adopted as an instrumental variable to seek a causal link. We found that increasing the number of foreign residents in the total population is positively related to the incidence of crime. The number of arrests also increases with the crime incidence, and we found little significant change in the ratio of arrests to crimes. Moreover, the increase in crimes falls largely within the category of violent crimes rather than felonies, property crimes, and intellectual crimes. Based on the results, we suggest that the government needs to promote a multicultural and accommodating culture and enable immigrants to settle stably in Korean society.

Adoption of the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions against Cyber Crime

The development of computer technology and the internet provide implications-the implications are significant in the settings and the establishment of regulations in cyber space and cyber laws as well as to the development of crime in cyberspace or often referred to as cybercrimes. Of the various things that need to be emphasized that the internet was not initially designed for tracking and tracinguser behavior, but it is designed for the needs of the military in the face of war the world at that time. Normatively, with the establishment of Law Number 11 Year 2008 On Information and Electronic Transactions as new rules that apply, and all the population is considered to have been knowing. Adoption of the Law on Information and electronic transactions against cybercrime. In the era of industrial Revolution 4.0 is the current utilization of the technology, the more massive the better government agencies, private companies, national banking, center for research and society. Sociological research empirical, then studied at first is secondary data, to then proceeds with the research on primary data lapangam or to the community. The author will give an overview first the definition and the classification of crime is cybercrime, the perpetrators and victims of form and modus operandi as well as how the public reacts to kejehatan cybercrime such. Cybercrime is a criminal activity in the virtual world with a network utilizing the computer as a tool and a network of the internet as a medium. In a broader sense, cybercrime is all the illegal actions committed through a computer network and the internet to get advantage by harming the other party. Then in the narrow sense, cybercrime are all illegal actions that are intended to attack computer security systems and the data processed by a computer system.

Historical Co-offending Networks: A Social Network Analysis Approach

Abstract Recent decades have witnessed growing use of social network analysis (SNA) to study criminal activities, including that of co-offending. However, few studies have examined co-offending networks within a historical context. This paper focuses on group-based crime in a large English town during the Victorian period, employing SNA methods to examine the prevalence, structure and composition of co-offending relationships. Networks for property, violent and victimless crimes were partitioned to compare co-offending across crime categories. Results indicate that co-offending groups were typically segregated, although there was a loosely-organised community of property crime offenders connected by ‘brokers’ who collaborated with multiple groups. Evidence also suggests that co-offending was largely characterised by assortative mixing in regard to sex, age and marital status.

Hierarchical approaches to Text-based Offense Classification.

Researchers working with administrative crime data often must classify offense narratives into a common scheme for analysis purposes. No comprehensive standard currently exists, nor is there a mapping tool to transform raw descriptions into offense types. This paper introduces a new schema, the Uniform Crime Classification Standard (UCCS), and the Text-based Offense Classification (TOC) tool to address these shortcomings. The UCCS schema draws from existing efforts, aiming to better reflect offense severity and improve type disambiguation. The TOC tool is a machine learning algorithm that uses a hierarchical, multilayer perceptron classification framework, built on 313,209 hand-coded offense descriptions from 24 states, to translate raw descriptions into UCCS codes. We test how variations in data processing and modeling approaches affect recall, precision, and F1 scores to assess their relative influence on model performance. The code scheme and classification tool are collaborations between Measures for Justice and the Criminal Justice Administrative Records System.

Crime Prediction Utilizing ARIMA Model

With the development of society and the progress of human beings, the issue of crime has attracted more attention. This research uses one of the most common time series models named the ARIMA model as the main algorithm to predict the crime data by month in San Francisco from 2003 to 2015, obtained from Kaggle. This research is about to study all categories of crime and specific crime cases as well. The focus is on the number of cases that happened every month. By applying the ARIMA model, it can be tested whether the trend of happened crime cases fits the model and predict the future crime tendency. The verification and prediction of crime data are studied with the help of the ARIMA model. And the goal of studying this dataset is to improve the safety and security of human beings. In this research, the ARIMA model simulates the previous crime trend effectively and forecasts the future crime trend with high accuracy. This is helpful to improve the safety level and reduce the crime rates in San Francisco.

Эволюция уголовной ответственности за сексуальное насилие в отношении родственников в Китае

Introduction. The paper examines the historical and social foundations of the criminalization of incest in the People’s Republic of China, analyzes the evolution of sexual relations as an element of public consciousness, socially significant interest, sexual lifestyle, placed under criminal protection. Purpose. To analyze trends in the development of criminal legal counteraction to domestic sexual violence in the Chinese legislation from the moment of the emergence of the first available sources of criminal law for research to the present. Methods. In the course of solving the tasks set, the authors used not only the general scientific dialectical method of cognition of socio-legal and moral phenomena, but also the specific scientific methods such as historical, comparative legal, logical, sociological. Results. By studying the genesis of the criminal law regulation in the field of sexual relations, the historical, philosophical, and socio-political prerequisites for the criminalization of certain socially dangerous acts in the field of sexual relations have been identified and studied. Conclusions. Despite the close attention of the legal community and the public to a comprehensive detailed theoretical study of this category of crimes, a significant number of issues of the statutory regulation of such acts in the legislation of many countries today remain unresolved and require detailed scientific analysis, reflection and reference to positive foreign, primarily historical experience of the legal regulation.

An Examination on the Consistency of Forensic Information in Criminal Courts in India

The study aims to examine how forensic science and law interact, as well as to evaluate the role and significance of forensic evidence in the criminal justice system. The research will emphasise the many uses of incidental evidence. The primary method used to collect the data for this project was a prospective study of official record data that followed criminal cases in two jurisdictions (Los Angeles County, Indianapolis, Evansville, Fort Wayne, and South Bend) from the time police incident reports were filed until the case was finally resolved in court. Municipal, county, and state crime laboratory services are represented by the sites selected. Data for the study were gathered using a random sample of the population of recorded crime occurrences for the year 2021, stratified by crime category and jurisdiction. We solely focused on the violent assault crime episodes out of 4,205 overall instances, which included 859 violent assaults, 1,263 burglaries, 400 homicides, 602 rapes, and 1,083 robberies. An arrest was made in 49% of assault incidents. Bivariate analyses of instances with and without evidence from the crime scene revealed statistically significant increased rates of arrest, prosecutor referral, charge, and conviction in cases with forensic evidence. Using multivariate analysis, it was shown that acquiring physical evidence was a statistically significant predictor of arrest. Despite the increased focus given to forensic evidence in recent years, little empirical information is available about the types of evidence that are often acquired as well as how frequently they are submitted to and analysed in forensic crime laboratories. Even little research has been done to clarify how such evidence affects the criminal justice process.