Crime Categories Research Articles

Effects of Internal Forced Displacement on Crime: Evidence from Colombia

Internal forced displacement, a consequence of territorial control strategies by armed groups, has resulted in profound socioeconomic challenges for receiving areas. Approximately eight million people have been affected in Colombia, where internal conflict and criminal networks have prevailed for over five decades. This paper explores the relationship between internal forced migration and crime rates in Colombian municipalities from 2003 to 2016, focusing on spatial dynamics. The study utilizes a spatial panel model and considers five crime categories: homicides, kidnapping, personal injuries, automobile theft, and residential burglary. The results reveal significant associations between forced displacement and certain types of crime, highlighting the importance of spatial analysis in understanding the interaction between migration and crime. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and researchers, facilitating informed policy interventions and community initiatives to address the repercussions of internal migration on crime dynamics.

Environmental crimes: theoretical and legal analysis and problem definition

The article reviews the provisions of domestic legislation and legal doctrine on the concept and classification of environmental crimes. The authors' positions and approaches concerning attributive and substantive characteristics of environmental crimes are presented, the problems of realisation of legal responsibility for their commission are outlined, and the ways of their resolution in the foreseeable future are outlined.

Environmental responsibility as an element of legal culture of the population

The article is devoted to the dynamics of ideas about environmental responsibility on the example of approaches of domestic and foreign legislation, with the justification of allocation of this track as an independent type of legal responsibility. In the introduction the concept of environmental responsibility and the system of measures to ensure it are given. Emphasis is placed on the high level of public danger of crimes in the sphere of nature management and environmental protection. The constant interest of the scientific community in the formation of basic approaches in the considered area is noted. In the course of the description of materials and methods of research the conclusions are formulated that the normative provisions are largely formal in nature, not finding practical application. The main results of the research are presented in the article in the form of concrete proposals to improve the current domestic legislation by reforming the classification of environmental crimes, expanding the criminalization of acts of the relevant group. It is necessary to define clear criteria of differentiation between administrative, civil and criminal-legal prohibitions, which is important not only for law enforcement bodies, but also for the society as a whole. The methodological basis is shown by the objects of legal protection in the sphere of nature management, based on the principles of axiological, activity, historical and logical, comparative and systemic approaches. The methodological block reveals and substantiates the most effective means and ways of environmental safety protection, structures propaedeutic measures. Such forms as conferences are most actively used. Among the set of methods presented in the work the priority is given to design and modelling. The discussion formulates the reasons that prevent the strengthening of environmental safety, names the conditions for overcoming the population's detachment from the systemic counteraction to such violations.

PENALTIES NOT RELATED TO IMPRISONMENT IN THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF UZBEKISTAN: CONCEPT, SYSTEM, SPECIFIC ASPECTS

In this article, the author covered the concept, system, specific aspects general of penalties not related to imprisonment according to the criminal legislation of Uzbekistan. The author notes that the system of non-parole-related penalties continues to develop all over the world at the present time. Among them, fines, public works (including correctional work) are especially widely used. It should be noted that the task of developing a system of punishments in which criminal law is not associated with deprivation of Liberty is of urgent importance for Uzbekistan, which is constantly reforming the judicial system. As the main directions of the criminal justice policy implemented in Uzbekistan, the revision of types of crimes according to the level of social danger, the transfer of many serious or extreme crimes established in the criminal law into a category of crimes of greater social risk and less severe severity, the relaxation of the conditions for applying criminal liability measures to persons who first committed, it can be seen in expanding the scope and capabilities of the basis for the application of types of punishment that are not related to the separation of the convicted from society, in improving the procedure for the enforcement of these criminal justice measures.

Forensic features of methods of committing theft using methods of social engineering and information and telecommunication technologies

Many online media have recently been focusing on the topic of social engineering fraud. Business leaders, computer security experts, and lawyers, in particular, law enforcement officers, however, do not fully understand the kinds of frauds that can be conducted through or with the aid of the Internet and mobile communication, or the ramifications of such frauds for the future of e-commerce. The article will present a forensic characteristic of the system of actions for the preparation, commission and concealment of fraud using social engineering methods and information and telecommunications technologies. This paper has three principal goals. First, it will identify the principal types of social engineering frauds that law enforcement and regulatory authorities are observing. Second, it will explain the major psychological influence techniques that criminals use in conducting such frauds. Third, it will identify the patterns of preparation, commission and concealment of fraud of this type. The paper will begin by presenting a typology of the criminal and the forensic characteristics of his illegal activity. Also, will explore the principal psychological features of social engineering fraud. In conclusion, the features of the methods of committing fraud of the analyzed category of crimes will be summarized and its characteristic features will be revealed.

ENHANCING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL COMPETENCIES IN ASPIRING POLICE OFFICERS VIA VOCATIONAL TRAINING

In the face of significant global changes affecting Kazakhstan and ongoing reforms across state structures, society is witnessing a surge in specific categories of crimes, emphasizing the urgency of addressing socially dangerous trends. Consequently, there is a crucial need for improved initial professional training for law enforcement officers and an exploration of effective pedagogical methods to foster the necessary personal and professional qualities for their service. The purpose of the article is to demonstrate the development of pedagogical and psychological skills of future police officers in the educational process. The research employs analytical methods, including a thorough examination of psychological and pedagogical literature, scrutiny of normative documents governing educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and an analysis of curricula for initial vocational training courses at the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Additionally, diagnostic techniques including surveys, expert evaluations, and empirical data analysis and synthesis were employed. The study involves a questionnaire survey of 350 students undergoing initial professional training for senior, private, and junior command staff, with results compared to expert assessments provided by instructors. The findings reveal a tendency for students to overestimate their self-evaluation regarding the development of professional and psychological skills, qualities, and stability. In response, the authors advocate for an increase in the study hours dedicated to the "Fundamentals of Psychological Preparedness" discipline and propose a curriculum revision aimed at fostering analytical-psychological and technical-psychological skills, professional thinking, and professional-psychological qualities among students. This research aims to establish the theoretical underpinnings for cultivating the professional psychological preparedness of future police officers. It involves analysing its constituent elements, pinpointing challenges, and suggesting objectives for psychological and pedagogical interventions aimed at the students' personal development. The findings of this study offer practical value for the development of educational programs in initial vocational training courses and provide a foundation for further investigations in this field.

Iran's Criminal Policy on Economic Crimes

This article examines Iran's criminal policy regarding economic crimes. The present research was conducted using a descriptive and analytical method. The expansion of economic crimes has hindered the government’s achievement of national objectives in the domain of economic security. Iran’s economic environment, due to numerous vulnerabilities, creates a more conducive ground for committing economic crimes compared to advanced economic systems. However, Iran’s criminal policy, especially its penal policy, lacks specific measures to address this category of crimes. Due to the absence of a structured penal policy, the generalization of economic crime instances, insufficient coverage of economic crimes, and the lack of specific criteria to distinguish these crimes from other offenses, this concept benefits actual economic criminals more than it does the legal system and society’s citizens. Findings indicate that Iran's criminal policy regarding economic crimes faces numerous challenges. Among the most fundamental challenges and ambiguities are the lack of a comprehensive and precise definition of the concept and purpose of economic crimes, the breadth of cases due to leniency in judicial approaches, the flawed adoption of penal policies and the degree of their appropriateness and effectiveness, the absence of a clear definition of economic crimes, multiple legislative bodies in the field of economic crimes, pluralism in judicial criminal policy, populist penal approaches in dealing with economic crimes, the absence of a cohesive and unified criminal policy, and the security-oriented nature of criminal policy in economic crimes. These are among the current challenges and issues in Iran's criminal policy regarding economic crimes.

Realizing Restorative Justice Through Rehabilitation For Narcotics Abuse As An Implementation Of The Principle Of Dominus Litis

Rehabilitation is one form of restorative justice in Indonesia's criminal justice system. The rehabilitation practice also able to reach drug abusers. The condition of correctional institutions that are overcapacity is the reason for the importance of alternative punishment for narcotics cases. On the other hand, narcotics is the category of victimless crimes, so the victims and perpetrators must be protected to reduce other impacts. This research uses the juridical-normative method by studying legislation and principles of criminal law. The results represent that the prosecutor's office has an important role in realising restorative justice in drug cases based on the dominus litis principle. The use of rehabilitation is limited to drug abusers who commit criminal acts against themselves. It is still necessary to reorient the policy of terminating cases of narcotics abuse by the prosecutor's office so that the implementation of rehabilitation is truly compatible with the principle of victim protection in punishment.

Führerprinzip or 'I Was Following Orders' in Jus in Bello Era

In June of 1945, the International Military Tribunal (ITM) formed in London, faced the problem of a non-yet existing legal armor for the Nazi crimes. Two new rules were widely accepted there. First, a new category of war crimes, the “crimes against humanity” was legally defined. Second, the ex-ante rejection of the defense line “I was following orders” or Führerprinzip (the principle of the duty to obey every order given by the military leader). In the first part of this paper, I will present in brief, the historical and legal context of the rejection of Führerprinzip as a defense line of the Nazi defendants in Nuremberg trials as also in Eichmann’s trial in Jerusalem, where the same legal context was enacted. Next, I will expose a short history of conscientious objection in war ethics and the International Law on Human Rights that supports it. This exposition reveals that objection to criminal orders has the status not only of a right, but also of a duty for the soldiers on either side of the war. In the third part, the Rawlsian view on conscientious objector will be exposed as the meeting point of a broadly Kantian conception of war ethics and the existing International Law frame. In the final part I will present some philosophical aspects of jus in bello theory, as also the critique of its importance, and its contribution to the reification of the moral importance of conscientious objection in wartime and the rejection of Führerprinzip.

Perbandingan Kinerja Algoritma K-Means dan K-Medoids Dalam Klasterisasi Jumlah Tindak Pidana Kejahatan Berbasis Wilayah Kepolisian Daerah

Criminal acts are often a problem that occurs in Indonesia. Where currently the number of reports handled by the police regarding criminal acts is always there every day. Indonesia's population is increasing and the background of perpetrators who are unemployed is often one of the reasons why the police find it difficult to resolve criminal acts that occur due to limited human resources. To overcome this problem, information is needed that provides areas in Indonesia where criminal acts frequently occur so that the police can make decisions to allocate human resources to protect those jurisdictions from criminal acts that occur. Using data on criminal offenses and the employment of criminal offenders, namely not working from 2021, data was taken from the National Police Criminal Investigation Unit's Pusiknas Annual Journal. The data will be clustered using data mining techniques using the K-Means and K-Medoids algorithms. These 2 algorithms produced 2 clusters with the smallest Davies Bouldin index value found in the K-Means algorithm with a value of 0.272. With the research results which produced 2 clusters, it can be concluded that there are categories of high crime and low crime.

Use of special knowledge in the investigation of crimes committed by employees of collection agencies

The article discusses some issues of the organization of proceedings in criminal cases committed by employees of collection agencies against debtors in debt collection. The introduction of a new rule of Article 172.4 of Criminal Code of Russian Federation into the criminal law is positively assessed, which, according to the authors, will strengthen the level of protection of the rights and legitimate interests of individuals with overdue debts in the credit sphere, especially in the field of microloans. It is noted that this is a new type of crime, for the effective investigation of which law enforcement agencies are not quite ready to a certain extent due to insufficient development of practical recommendations for conducting investigative and other procedural actions. Attention is paid to such an aspect as the use of special knowledge when conducting procedural actions on this category of crimes, which is due to the specifics of their commission. The methodology of the study consists in the use of an integrated and information-analytical method of processing forensic information, forensic investigative practice, as well as an objective assessment of the recommendations available in the legal literature on the production of procedural actions with the involvement of special knowledge. Recommendations on the use of specialist assistance in the production of verbal and non-verbal procedural actions are presented. Attention is drawn to the large volume of examinations conducted in cases of this category, the choice of which is influenced by the nature of the criminal activity considered in the article. It is concluded that the specifics of the implementation of criminal activities of employees of collection agencies in the collection of overdue debts affects a significant area of public relations, the knowledge of which is often difficult or impossible without the use of special knowledge.

Classification of crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks (technologies) under the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan

In the criminal law doctrines of the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan, as well as in the legal acts and official documents adopted in these states, there are different approaches to the classification of crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks (technologies). These differences lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of criminal law counteraction of the corresponding type of illegal acts. In this regard, the author analyzes alternative approaches to the classification of crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks (technologies). It is concluded that based on the structural features of the Criminal Codes of the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan these types of socially dangerous acts should be classified depending on the characteristics of the object and subject of these unlawful attacks, the nature and degree of public danger of the act, the form of guilt, as well as the methods and means of committing these crimes. The conclusions and recommendations made in this article have a certain theoretical significance and can be used to further study of the classification of crimes committed using information and telecommunication networks (technologies) under the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan.

Suç Kategorisi Tespiti için Yığınlama Topluluk Öğrenimi Modeli Kullanan Çatı Tasarımı

Crime refers to an action legally defined as harmful to society, and it is important to understand the type of crime to prevent these actions. However, crime can occur at any time and place, making it difficult to predict. Data generated based on previously committed crimes contributes to overcoming this difficulty. This study proposes a novel model for classifying criminal activities using a Doc2Vec that can cause a numerical representation of texts regardless of length and a stacking ensemble model that includes 8 different machine-learning models. Unlike the literature, the model processes the features as text and converts them into vectors rather than categorically. In this way, it enables using features that cannot be used in the literature. The proposed model is tested using a distributed online competition database, Francisco Crime Classification, which contains crimes committed over 12 years. An accuracy value of 99.28% was obtained for the 15 crime categories with the highest crime records, while precision, recall, and f-score values were 99.18%, 99.38%, and 99.20%, respectively. With cross-validation (k=10), 99.80% performance was achieved with a std. value of 0.001. These performance values are higher than those of all the studies in the literature using categorical feature structures. The results show that converting criminal activity reports, which contain text-based features, into vectors that can be processed with natural language processing techniques such as Doc2vec instead of using them categorically in model training can directly contribute to the classification performance and provide a more efficient model with less preprocessing.

Информационные технологии как объект формирования современной криминальной ситуации в сфере экономической деятельности

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the situation, structure and dynamics of certain qualitative parameters of crimes in the sphere of economic activity committed with the use of information and telecommunication technologies.
 The author focuses on the fact that information technologies have an impact on the development of practical use of Chapter 22 of the RF Criminal Code.
 Intensification of such practice led to an increase in the number of criminal cases and the reflection of crimes in the relevant forms of the Main Informational and Analytical Center of the RF Ministry of the Interior. In particular, the following type characteristics of crimes and persons who committed crimes were considered: the number of women, persons without permanent sources of income; the dynamics of persons who committed a crime as part of an organized group and a criminal community (organization). All facts were confirmed by statistical data.
 The author notes that the development of new information technologies can both significantly increase law enforcement practice concerning this type of criminal activity and contribute to the creation of a modern system of measures aimed at preventing encroachments in the sphere of economic activity.
 Methods: In the course of the study we used general scientific methods of social processes cognition (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, system-structural method, measurement, description, abstraction), as well as private scientific methods - document analysis, statistical methods. As an empirical base we used separate forms of statistical observation of the Main Informational and Analytical Center of the RF Ministry of the Interior.
 Results: Based on the results of the study, criminal acts belonging to the category of crimes under Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and committed with the use of information and telecommunication technologies were identified. The relevant statistical data were collected and analyzed. The corpus delicti of crimes that have been the subject of record keeping since 2022 (articles: 1742, 174.1, 183.5 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) have been studied.

THE PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE AS A SUBJECT OF COMBATING CRIMES AGAINST THE BASICS OF NATIONAL SECURITY OF UKRAINE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of the prosecutor's office in countering crimes against the foundations of Ukraine's national security. In addition, there are characterized the relevant group of crimes, carried out the analysis of legislation and scientific developments, which characterize the relevant concepts of "national security" and "crimes against national security", their nature and role in the modern conditions of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. There are also considered the main tools that are available to the prosecutor's office in the framework of activities to counter the relevant category of crimes and protect the interests of the state, their importance and relevance in modern realities. Participation in criminal proceedings at all stages in cooperation with other law enforcement agencies is currently the most affordable way to involve the prosecutor's office. At the same time, the question arises in a way how important is the effectiveness of the activities carried out within the framework of each of the stages of criminal proceedings, starting from their opening to its subsequent execution. Also there is an example of such a crime. It indicates that such crimes are mostly committed with direct intent. In order to understand how urgent an issue of the appropriate counteraction to crimes against the foundations of national security is, there are analysed statistical data regarding the total number of open proceedings, the number of those brought to court, and the number in which the courts issued a verdict. The dependence of the number of committed crimes on the geographic location of the region was also revealed: the closer to the territory where hostilities are being waged or which were under occupation, the greater the number of open proceedings is.

Частные механизмы доказывания по уголовным делам

The article continues to develop the author’s ideas about the mechanism of proof in criminal cases. This time, private mechanisms of proof are under the research scope. Here hypotheses about their existence are put forward and confirmed, as well as about the place of private mechanisms in the general mechanism of proof. The author presents a large–scale classification on 13 grounds, where the system-forming factor in distinguishing the mechanisms of proof is the category of crimes, clearly demonstrates the relationship between two mechanisms — criminal activity and evidence activities in the form of a three-level “mirror” display: mechanisms, characteristics and techniques. It is established that the classification of private mechanisms of proof will allow us to advance in the construction of a “conceptual bridge” between these mechanisms, clarify their essence and identify flaws for further improvement.

Features of Classification of Crimes Committed by Persons using Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Healthcare

Recognizing positive possibilities of artificial intelligence technologies in healthcare, as well as current ways to use them, the author identifies the main forms of implementation of digital innovation: physical form in the form of a medical robot and intellectual form in the form of software, registered as medical devices. It is stated that the legal issues related to bringing to justice for actions related to the use of intelligent systems in healthcare, which led to negative consequences, including harm to the life and health of patients, have yet to be resolved. According to the current legal regulation in Russia it is a medical organization and a medical professional using artificial intelligence systems or medical robotics equipped with digital technologies who are held liable for the harm caused to the life and (or) health of citizens while providing them with medical care. In turn, system developers, as well as those who train a system based on artificial intelligence (developers of artificial intelligence systems), are not held liable. The problems of classification of crimes committed by medical professionals using artificial intelligence technologies in healthcare are considered. A medical worker providing medical care using artificial intelligence may be the subject of a crime under Part 2 of Article 109 and part 2 of Article 118 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but not under Article 238 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In addition, the rules for the classification of crimes committed by other entities (the operator of information systems) using artificial intelligence technologies are formulated.

Temporal and Semantic Fusion for Multi-Label Crime Classification via a TCN-BERT-Coupled Approach

Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques leverage the justice system in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. AI-empowered multi-label crime classification can facilitate the precise and expedient categorization of various legal documents. Multi-label classification within the justice system has an indispensable role in achieving accurate legal categorization that invigorates case analysis, optimizes resource distribution and refines the contours of legal processes. To support this critical function, this paper proposes a temporal convolutional network (TCN)-bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT)-coupled model for multi-label crime classification. The proposed method fuses the temporal formation and semantic information in the model to obtain a high-quality result. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieved the best accuracy in comparison to existing methods on a public dataset.

Financial Assets in Digital Form and How They Influence Classification of Crime

The approval of new legislative acts regulating the financial assets in digital form,including digital rights, digital currencies and the digital ruble, gives grounds forrethinking their legal status and influence on the sphere of criminal law enforcement.The purpose of the study is to identify the legal nature of financial assets in digitalform, taking into account the current state of legal regulation of their turnover, toassess the existing approaches and develop recommendations for the qualificationof crimes in which the subject or means of committing them are digital rights, digitalcurrency, digital ruble or electronic cash. From these perspective are considered theissues of qualification of crimes against property, drug crimes, corruption crimes,laundering of money or other property acquired by criminal means, bankruptcrimes, malicious evasion of repayment of accounts payable, concealment of fundsor property from the collection of taxes, fees, insurance premiums. The generalconclusion based on the results of the study is that financial assets in digital form,representing property rights, must be considered as a sign of these crimes, exceptwhen their actual involvement is beyond the scope of the crime. In order to determinethe dimensional characteristics of the relevant crimes, the issues of assessing thevalue of digital rights and digital currencies are considered.

ANALISIS YURIDIS RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DALAM KEPASTIAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA

Abstract
 Restorative Justice is an approach to justice that focuses on the needs of victims and perpetrators of crime, and involves community participation, rather than implementing the principle of punishing perpetrators accompanied by the judge's considerations. Crimes committed by children are basically inseparable from various life pressures, both economic and social. As a result, quite a few children become perpetrators of crimes or crimes. This research uses a Normative Juridical research method using a statutory approach, a case approach and a conceptual approach. For children's cases, diversion must be carried out in every examination of children's cases from investigation, prosecution to examination at trial, taking into account: the category of crime, the age of the child, the results of social research from the father, the support of the family and community environment. The judge's authority is to examine and decide on children's cases at the first level with a single judge and as a facilitator in diversion. The advice that can be given is that children who commit crimes must still receive protection in the juvenile criminal justice system. One of them is implementing restorative justice using the diversion method, and judges who have the authority to examine and decide on children's cases must be proactive in encouraging restorative justice using the diversion method.
 Keyword : Restorative Justice, Juvenile Crimes, Judge’s Authority, Diversion