Crevicular Fluid Of Patients Research Articles

Investigation of bone remodeling in gingival crevicular fluid in patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion during pubertal period

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate bone remodeling following 3-month and 6-month retention periods of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Materials and Methods: 23 pubertal participants (15 girls- 8 boys, 12-15 years) with maxillary transversal deficiency were enrolled in the study. Following banded-type RME appliance was introduced into the mouth, RME protocol was initiated by turning the Hyrax screw twice daily (morning/evening) with ¼ activation. GCF samples were taken from right maxillary first molars at four different time points (T0: before the appliance was deployed, T1: following active phase, T2: at the end of the 3-month retention period, T3: at the end of the 6-month retention period) using paper strips. Probing depth, gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding percentage at probing were recorded. BALP, OPG, RANKL, and TNF-α levels were measured in GCF samples using ELISA kits. Results: Our study revealed that GCF's BALP and OPG levels remained unchanged over time in tension and pressure regions, and there were no statistically significant differences among regions at each time point (p>0.05). RANKL level was statistically significantly increased in the buccal region (the pressure region) at time T1 (p=0.042). The palatinal region's TNF-α level was statistically significantly higher than the buccal region at T0, T2, and T3 time points (p=0.005, p=0.042, and p=0.006, respectively). Our study showed no correlation between 3-month and 6-month retention periods and biomarkers indicating RME's bone metabolic activities. Conclusions: Further studies with different retention periods and larger sample sizes are suggested.

Effect of Glycine Subgingival Sandblasting on the Incidence of Peri-Implantitis and Expression of Inflammatory Factors in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients with Titanium-Nickel-Chromium Alloy Porcelain-Fused-To-Metal Crowns

This research was aimed to demonstrate impacts of glycine subgingival sandblasting on peri-implantitis (PI), periodontal clinical parameters, and inflammatory factor expression in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with titanium-nickel-chromium (TiNiCr) alloy porcelain-fused-to-metal crown (APC) restorations. A total of 159 patients with TiNiCr APCs were randomly rolled into glycine subgingival sandblasting group (Exp 1 group), erythritol subgingival sandblasting group (Exp 2 group), and conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) treatment group (Con group), with 53 patients in each group. The quantity of oral biofilm was assessed based on plaque staining, and the plaque index (PLI), bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) preoperatively (baseline) and at 3-, 6-, and 12-months postoperatively in various groups were compared. Microbial species and quantities in the GCF were determined using microbial counting, and the incidence of PI postoperatively was calculated in each group. The inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the GCF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that at 3-, 6-, and 12-months postoperatively, the PLI, BI, PD, CAL, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in Exp 1 group were dramatically inferior to those in Con group (P < 0.01). The PLI, BI, PD, CAL, bacterial counts (rods, cocci, and spirochetes) in Exp 2 group were inferior to those in Con group (P < 0.05) at the same time points. Furthermore, the PLI, BI, PD, CAL, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in Exp 1 group were inferior to those in Exp 2 group (P < 0.05) at 3-, 6-, and 12-months postoperatively. The incidence of PI postoperatively in Exp 1 and Exp 2 groups was 5.66% and 3.77%, respectively, which was dramatically inferior to Con group’s incidence of 9.43% (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that glycine subgingival sandblasting can greatly enhance the periodontal condition of patients undergoing TiNiCr APC restorations, reduce the incidence of PI, and lower the levels of inflammatory factors in the GCF.

Investigating the diagnostic potential of IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-36γ in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with different periodontal conditions

Background The study aimed to analyze cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and IL-36γ, to investigate the link between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in periodontal conditions and assess their potential as diagnostic biomarkers for distinguishing between different types of periodontal conditions. Methods 80 systemically healthy non-smokers (25 periodontally healthy, 25 with gingivitis, 30 with periodontitis) were included. Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were obtained. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to determine the diagnostic value of cytokines. Results IL-36γ had the highest sensitivity for diagnosing periodontitis, although its specificity for identifying those without periodontitis was relatively low. The combination of IL-1β and IL-36γ was the most effective in differentiating periodontitis from periodontal health. IL-10 was found to be an acceptable discriminator for distinguishing gingivitis from healthy conditions. However, its sensitivity and specificity for identifying gingivitis were lower. The combination of the three cytokines showed the highest ability to distinguish between periodontitis and gingivitis. Conclusion The levels of IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-36γ in GCF may provide insights into periodontal health and disease status. Further studies are needed to validate these results and explore the potential of these cytokines in periodontal disease management.

Evaluation of interleukin-6 in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with periodontitis

Introduction: Periodontal diseases are disease processes involving the periodontium, a term that describes the supportive apparatus surrounding a tooth. Periodontitis is when the periodontal condition has progressed beyond gingivitis into a chronic, destructive, and irreversible inflammatory disease state. The bacteria can then penetrate deeper into the tissues and surrounding periodontium, triggering a host response in an attempt to defend against the invading bacteria. Many inflammatory cytokines regulate periodontitis pathophysiology through a cross-talk between tissue and immune cells. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a vital cytokine regulating host response to bacterial infection. Aim: The current study aimed to quantify IL-6 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and assess the correlation with periodontitis. Materials and Methods: There were 22 study subjects: 11 study subjects (with periodontitis) and 11 control subjects (with healthy periodontium). The commercial human IL-6 ELISA kit (Elabscience) was used to measure the level of IL-6 as ng IL-6/ml of GCF. Results and Discussion: The control group had a mean ± standard deviation level of IL-6 of 0.56 ± 0.29, whereas the study group had 1.58 ± 0.23. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: IL-6 assessment in GCF has an excellent prognostic role in periodontitis.

Expression of C Reactive Protein in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Periodontitis Wearing Metal-Ceramic Dental Crowns

Metal-ceramic crowns (MC) have long been considered as gold standard for dental prosthetic restorations. Our study aims to evaluate the influence of MC, with conventional technology used for the framework, on the periodontal parameters and levels of C reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, in gingival crevicular fluid in patients diagnosed with periodontitis. Two groups were established: the test group T-28 teeth from the lateral area wearing a MC crown and the control group C-28 teeth without any wearing. These parameters were evaluated: probing depth, Gingival Index, and longevity of crowns. The quantitative assessment through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the targeted pro-inflammatory mediator was performed. There is a difference statistically significant between the groups T and C regarding the marker’s levels and gingival index, a very strong correlation between these levels and probing depth and a strong correlation between longevity and Gingival Index. Periodontal clinical parameters are more pronounced the longer the time elapsed since the application of the crowns. Expression of C reactive protein is higher in the presence of MC crowns.

Effects of periodontal initial therapy combined with orthodontic treatment on anterior tooth function and inflammatory factors in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with periodontal disease induced anterior tooth displacement.

To evaluate the effects of periodontal initial therapy combined with orthodontic treatment on anterior tooth function and inflammatory factors in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with periodontal disease induced anterior tooth displacement. This was a clinical comparative study. A total of 140 patients with anterior teeth displacement caused by periodontal disease in Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from May 2020 to May 2022 were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Patients in the control group received periodontal initial therapy, and those in the study group were provided with orthodontic treatment on the basis of initial therapy. Further comparative analysis was performed focusing on the clinical effects of the two groups, the changes of probing depth, anterior overjet degree, oral function and inflammatory factors in gingival crevicular fluid before and after treatment. The efficacy of the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group(p=0.00). After treatment, the probing depth, the anterior overjet degree and the rate of bleeding on probing in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P=0.00). Furthermore, the proportion of tooth mobility degrees I, II and III in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group after treatment(P<0.05). The levels of post-treatment inflammatory factors in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group(p=0.00). Periodontal initial therapy combined with orthodontic treatment has a significant effect on anterior teeth displacement caused by periodontal disease, which deserves promotion clinically.

Quantitative Evaluation of Pentraxin-3 in Peri-Miniscrew Implant Crevicular Fluid in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Prospective Study.

To assess the levels of Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) in peri-miniscrew implant crevicular fluid (PMICF) before and after orthodontic force application Material and Methods: This study included 40 miniscrew implants (MSI) sites in 11 orthodontic patients with high arch discrepancy requiring first premolar extraction using maximum anchorage mechanics for the retraction of anterior teeth. After alignment, the en-masse anterior retraction was carried out using the MSI-supported direct anchorage method. PMICF was collected from the crevice of MSI using Periopaper strips 1.2µl (OraflowInc. USA) after one hour, 24 hours, and three weeks of MSI insertion and after one hour, 24 hours, seven days, three weeks, and six weeks of the force application. Samples were quantitatively analyzed for PTX3 levels through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The trend in the change of PTX3 levels was evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The mean concentration of PTX3 immediately after MSI insertion was 1.19 ng/ml, significantly higher than after 3 weeks after MSI insertion (0.72 ng/ml), which may correspond to the baseline. After loading, the mean PTX3 concentration increased significantly with the peak at 24 hrs (1.28 ng/ml), followed by a gradual decline till the completion of the study (0.5 ng/ml). After MSI insertion, a rise in PTX3 levels in PMICF suggests an underlying inflammatory process. The slow decline in PTX3 level and return to the baseline after loading suggests an adaptive bone response to the stimulus.

Role of six cytokines and bone metabolism biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance treatment in comparison with aligners: a clinical study.

The objective of this study was to assess bone biomarkers and cytokines in patients with conventional labial appliances (CLAs) and aligners. Participants were recruited to undergo orthodontic treatment with CLAs and aligners according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Periodontal examination was accomplished at baseline and 4 weeks using the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BoP). Samples of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected at baseline (T0) before the start of treatment and at the 1-month follow-up (T1) to assess bone metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers. GCF from participants with CLAs and aligners was evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Comparison between labial conventional orthodontic treatment and aligners were assessed using an unpaired t-test. The difference between T0 and T1 was measured using a paired t-test. BoP, PI, and GI demonstrated no significant difference between participants treated with aligners and subjects with CLAs at baseline and at 4 weeks (P > .05). Bone markers and other biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin [IL]-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8) showed significant differences (P < .05). Also, a significant difference between CLAs and aligners was noted among all biomarkers (P < .05) except IL-β. Aligners and CLAs increase the level of inflammatory and bone metabolic biomarkers after 1 month.

MALDI-TOF/MS Profiling of Whole Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients with the Invisalign System and Fixed Orthodontic Appliances.

The movement of teeth by orthodontic treatment with the Invisalign (IN) system and fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA) is characterized by the reconstruction of periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone, and gingiva. A reflection of these phenomena can be found in the composition of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). A total of 90 samples from 45 participants (45 whole saliva and 45 GCF), including 15 patients with FOA, 15 patients with IN, and 15 patients with oral health, were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis. Mass fingerprints were generated for each sample. Three models were tested: a quick classifier (QC), a genetic algorithm (GA), and a supervised neural network (SNN). For both groups of samples (saliva and GCF), the GA model showed the highest recognition abilities of 88.89% (saliva) and 95.56% (GCF). Differences between the treated (FOA and IN) groups and the control group in saliva and GCF samples were determined using cluster analysis. In addition, we monitored the effect of long-term orthodontic treatment (after 6 months) in the lag phase of orthodontic tooth movement. The results show increased levels of inflammatory markers (α-defensins), which may indicate an ongoing inflammatory process even after 21 days from force application.

Effect of photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive to mechanical debridement on the nonsurgical treatment of peri-implant mucositis: A randomized controlled clinical trial

The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been evaluated as an adjunctive technique for bacterial decontamination of implants with peri-implantitis. Given the controversies over the efficacy of the application of PDT to treat peri-implant diseases, the present clinical study aimed to evaluate the posttherapeutic clinical parameters and cytokine levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid in patients with peri-implant mucosal inflammation, receiving mechanical debridement (MD) alone or in association with PDT. In this double-blinded randomized clinical trial, 52 patients with peri-implant mucosal inflammation were selected and they were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: a MD group and an MD + PDT group using an 805 nm laser and indocyanine green (ICG). Although the decrease in bleeding on probing was the primary outcome, pocket depth, PUS, pain on probing, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-8 were also evaluated at baseline, 2-week, and 3-month postintervention. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to analyze inter-group differences and a P ≤ 0.05 was considered for significant differences between tested parameters. Statistically significant improvements (P < 0.001) were detected for all variables after comparison of baseline data with those collected at each time interval of the study. Nevertheless, the inter-group comparisons of these variables between the baseline, 2-week, and 3-month intervals did not reveal any significant decrease in sites treated with either MD alone or MD + PDT. The application of PDT using 805-nm laser and ICG as an adjunct therapy to MD did not provide any additional improvements in the clinical or biologic parameters of peri-implant mucosal inflammation.

Evaluation of alkaline phosphatase in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals.

In recent decades, biomarkers have been used to predict the progression of chronic periodontitis. One of these biomarkers is alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Due to limitations of the performed studies, this study was performed to determine the amount of salivary ALP and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals. Twenty-three patients with severe chronic periodontitis and 23 healthy individuals referred to the Periodontology Department of Ahvaz Jundishapur School of Dentistry were evaluated in this analytical epidemiological study. Salivary ALP and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were measured using ALP measuring kit and Hitachi device. Mean (standard deviation) of ALP enzyme was 19.43 (12.5) in GCF of patients with chronic periodontitis and 12 (1.48) in the healthy group, and it was 80.17 (23.9) in the saliva of patients with periodontitis and 24.78 (4.37) units per litre in the healthy group. There was a significant difference in the mean of this enzyme in GCF and saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy individuals (P < 0.001). The results showed that mean of ALP enzyme is significantly higher in GCV and saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis than in healthy individuals. Therefore, it seems that this parameter can be used as a useful biochemical parameter for the diagnosis of periodontal disease.

Immunological evaluation of the crevicular fluid in patients with gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis: a 1-year cross-sectional study

Objective: To assess the levels of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-32 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) in patients with gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis before and one year after implant installation. Material and Methods: Forty-nine samples of GCF and PICF were collected from March 2018 to March 2019. The patients were classified: patients with gingivitis (n=7), patients with periodontitis (n=14), patients with peri-implantitis (n=4) and healthy patients (n=24). The crevicular fluid from the 49 patients was collected before implant installation (n=8) and one year after implant placement (n=8). The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the levels of cytokines in crevicular fluid. Results: Patients with gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis showed higher concentrations of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-32 when compared with control group. In general, the levels of IL-12 and IL-15 increased when compared to the moments before and after implant installation. There was also an increase in the concentration of IL-18 in the control group volunteers after implant installation. Conclusion: The results and methodology of this study showed that there was no difference in the synthesis of IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IL-32 in healthy individuals or in those with periodontal injuries. However, there was an increase in the cytokines IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 one year after implant installation, which would be increasing the inflammatory activity in peri-implantitis.

Levels of SERPIN family proteins in peri-implant crevicular fluid in patients with peri-implantitis.

PurposeSerine protease inhibitors (SERPINs) family has been discovered in many disorders with proteolysis mechanisms. Our study determined the SERPINBs protein expression via public‐based GEO databases and further validated by peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) of peri‐implantitis patients and healthy recruiters.MethodsThis study is a retrospective analysis. A total of 123 participants of Fujian Medical University Fujian Stomatological Hospital, consisting of 58 cases of peri‐implantitis and 65 samples of healthy control were retrospectively analyzed by ELISA assays and explored the gene enrichment pathways and clinical significance of SERPINBs expression accompanied by two different cytokines (IL‐6 and TNF‐α). Moreover, the clinical significance of SERPINBs was evaluated in peri‐implantitis patients with PICF samples by the receiver operating curve (ROC) using the area under the curve (AUC).ResultsKEGG database showed that Starch and sucrose metabolism, Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, Prion diseases, Pentose phosphate pathways, and Olfactory pathways are up‐regulated; GO database showed that synapse organization, synapse assembly, sequestering of triglyceride, sensory perception of smell, and regulation of synapse organization pathways are up‐regulated. SERPINBs were overexpressed in peri‐implant tissues and peri‐implantitis patients with PICF. SERPINBs was positively correlated to IL‐6 and TNF‐α in peri‐implantitis patients with PICF. The ROC‐AUCs of SERPINBs achieved a significantly higher range from 0.895 to 0.939 in peri‐implantitis patients with PICF. Therefore, certain SERPINBs expressions were not only perceived through PICF and peri‐implant tissues but also showed potential significance in peri‐implantitis.ConclusionSERPINBs play an influential role in the pathogenesis of peri‐implantitis via binding with other inflammatory cytokines.

Analysis of IL-1\u03b2, CXCL8, and TNF-\u03b1 levels in the crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis or healthy implants

BackgroundOur study aimed to assess the level of IL-1β, CXCL8, and TNF-α in peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) collected from patients with no clinical symptoms of mucositis or peri-implantitis and compare them with cytokine concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) acquired from patients with healthy periodontium and those with varying severity of periodontitis.MethodsA total of 189 subjects were included in the study, and GCF/PISF samples were checked for IL-1β, CXCL8, and TNF-α levels using an ELISA test.ResultsThe IL-1β level in PISF in patients with implants was significantly lower than in GCF in patients with mild, moderate, or severe periodontitis. The CXCL8 level in PISF was considerably lower than in patients with moderate periodontitis. The TNF-α level in PISF in patients with implants was markedly higher compared to subjects with healthy periodontium or patients with mild periodontitis.ConclusionAnalysis of cytokine levels may help describe the pathogenesis and early diagnosis of peri-implantitis and prevision in high-risk patients.

Assessment of Nickel and Chromium Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment with or without Fluoridated Tooth Paste.

Background:Release of metallic ions, especially nickel and chromium, present in orthodontic fixed appliance attachments such as brackets and archwires has been a basis of concern in current years. The present study was conducted to assess nickel and chromium level in gingival crevicular fluid in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.Materials and Methods:Forty patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were divided into 2 groups of 20 each. Group I was fixed orthodontic treatment group and was given nonfluoridated toothpaste and Group II was fixed orthodontic treatment group and was given fluoridated toothpaste. The assessment of salivary nickel and chromium levels was done using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results:In group I, there were 6 male and 14 female and in group II 7 males and 13 females. The mean nickel level (ng/ml) before treatment in group I was 0.49 and in group II was 0.52, on 7th day was 0.52 and 0.54, on 30th day was 13.4 and 100.2, and on 6th month was 0.54 and 0.52 in Group I and II, respectively. The mean chromium level (ng/ml) before treatment in Group I was 0.48 and in Group II was 0.52, on 7th day was 0.52 and 0.53, on 30th day was 40.6 and 62.4 and on 6th month was 4.9 and 0.52 in Group I and II, respectively. The difference was significant (P < 0.05).Conclusion:The release of metal ions such as nickel and chromium was more with fluoridated toothpaste as compared to nonfluoridated toothpaste in patients undergoing fixed orthodontics.

LL-37 and hBD-2 in the gingival crevicular fluid of smokers and nonsmokers with periodontitis

Abstract Introduction The association between smoking and periodontal diseases has been described in clinical and epidemiological studies. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the LL-37 and human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) levels in crevicular fluid of patients with generalized periodontitis in smokers (S) and nonsmokers (NS). Material and method A total of 35 patients with generalized periodontitis stages III and IV, 15 NS (11 female, 4 male) and 20 S (7 female and 13 male), were included in the study. The evaluated clinical parameters were bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to quantify the LL-37 and hBD-2 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of these patients. The results were analyzed statistically with the level of significance set at 5%. Result In relation to periodontal clinical parameters, no statistically significant difference was observed for BOP and PD between groups S and NS. There was a higher CAL in the S group than in the NS group (p = 0.0095). There was no statistically significant difference between the levels of LL-37 and hBD-2 when comparing groups S and NS (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion It was concluded that smokers have a higher clinical attachment loss than nonsmokers, but that smoking did not influence the levels of LL-37 and hBD-2 in the gingival crevicular fluid in periodontitis.

Evaluation of Adiponectin and Resistin Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis Before and After Treatment: A Clinico-Biochemical Study.

Aim:The aim of this study was to find out the association of adiponectin and resistin levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) with the clinical parameters before and after scaling and root planing in periodontitis patients.Methods:A total of 50 patients were recruited from the Outpatient Department of Periodontics, JKK Nattraja Dental College and Hospital, Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu, India. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional ethical board. Informed consent was obtained from the patients and the study-related procedures were explained. Patients were divided into two groups. Group I (25 patients) consisted of healthy patients. Group II (25 patients) consisted of periodontitis patients. The periodontitis patients after treatment were considered as Group III. GCF samples were collected before treatment and 21 days after treatment. The levels of adiponectin and resistin were evaluated using Immunotag™ Human RETN enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (ITEH0269) and Immunotag™ Human ADP (adiponectin) ELISA kit (ITEH2593). The levels were correlated with the clinical parameters.Results:There were an increase in the mean adiponectin level and a decrease in the mean resistin level at the end of periodontal therapy.Conclusions:Adiponectin which is an anti-inflammatory component was found to increase after periodontal therapy, and resistin which is an inflammatory component has been decreased after periodontal therapy.

Levels of procalcitonin in saliva and peri-implant crevicular fluid in patients with peri-implant diseases and health

ObjectiveTo evaluate the levels of procalcitonin in saliva and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) among healthy and peri-implant disease patients and correlate these levels with clinical and radiographic peri-implant parameters. DesignThree groups of 20 participants each [Group-1: healthy, Group-2: peri-implant mucositis, and Group-3: peri-implantitis] were selected. Peri-implant plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and crestal bone loss was assessed. PICF and saliva samples were evaluated for procalcitonin levels and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for comparisons among the study groups. Multiple comparisons were considered for Post hoc two-group comparisons using Bonferroni-corrections. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient analysis was used to analyze the correlation between procalcitonin levels of both fluids and clinical peri-implant parameters. ResultsGroup-3 demonstrated significantly higher values for peri-implant plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and crestal bone loss as compared to Group-1 and Group-2. Participants of both Group-2 and Group-3 reported significantly increased procalcitonin levels in saliva and PICF in comparison to Group-1. Significant positive correlations were found between PICF procalcitonin levels and bleeding on probing, probing depth, and crestal bone loss in Group-3 and significant positive correlation was found between PICF and bleeding on probing in Group-2. For salivary procalcitonin levels, a significant positive correlation was observed between procalcitonin and bleeding on probing in Group-3. ConclusionsThe outcome of this study suggests that procalcitonin might play a role in peri-implant inflammation, and higher procalcitonin levels is suggestive of a probable surrogate biomarker for peri-implant diseases.

Total Oxidant and Antioxidant Capacity of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva in Patients with Periodontitis: Review and Clinical Study.

Periodontitis is inextricably linked to oxidative-reductive (redox) imbalance. However, little is still known about the resultant ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in patients with periodontitis. The multitude of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and their synergistic effects cause an interest in the evaluation of the total antioxidative capacity. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the total oxidative and antioxidative activity of gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in the periodontitis, as well as to relate these biomarkers to clinical indices of periodontopathy. Additionally, by calculating the oxidative stress index (OSI), the intensity of redox disturbances was also evaluated. Fifty-eight periodontitis patients were included in the study and divided into two subgroups depending on the severity of the disease. In the non-stimulated/stimulated saliva as well as a gingival crevicular fluid of the study group, we found significantly higher OSI and total oxidant status (TOS) as well as lower total antioxidant capacity (TAC). However, the ability to reduce iron ions (FRAP) was significantly lower only in stimulated and non-stimulated saliva of patients with periodontitis. The examined parameters correlated with the periodontium’s clinical condition, which indicates the exacerbation of the inflammatory process. However, TAC, TOS, OSI, and FRAP did not differentiate individual stages of periodontitis.

Quantification of TNF-α in Patients with Periodontitis and Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective The present study aimed to compare variations in quantified tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels in patients with periodontitis stage 2 grade B (POD2B) and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to identify any relationships between this cytokine and these diseases. Methods Levels of the cytokine TNF-α in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with POD2B and/or T2D were evaluated. A total of 160 subjects were distributed into four groups: those with POD2B (n=44); those with T2D (n=37); those with POD2B/T2D (n=40); and healthy subjects (n=39). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood glucose (BG) levels were quantified in each subject. Data were collected on body mass index (BMI), loss of insertion (LI), and probe depth (PD). Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the most acutely affected periodontal pocket and gingival sulcus in each subject, and TNF-α was quantified by multiplex analysis. Results Kruskal Wallis tests was used to identify differences in TNF-α levels, LI, PD, BMI, BG, and HbA1c by group. Differences (p<0.001) were found for LI, PD, BG, and HbA1c. A Spearman test was used to calculate possible correlations between TNF-α levels and LI or PD identified a weak but significant negative correlation of TNF-α with LI (Rho=-0199; p=0.012), and a moderately positive correlation of LI with PD (Rho=0.509; p < 0.001). Conclusions No variation was found between TNF-α levels and the presence of POD2B, POD2B/T2D, or T2D, suggesting the absence of any direct relationship between progression of these diseases and TNF-α levels. However, a correlation was present between low TNF-α concentrations and greater LI.