Creation Of Names Research Articles

Kinomenclature: An analysis of scientific names of mud dragons (Kinorhyncha)

The coining of new species names is one of the most creative processes in science. Scientific names must be unique and stable over time to allow researchers to communicate knowledge on species unambiguously worldwide. Despite the importance of biological nomenclature, few studies analyze nomenclatural trends, which can offer interesting information. In the present paper, we explore different trends in naming Kinorhyncha species over time to answer questions related to kinorhynch nomenclatural acts, compare trends among the different specialists and discuss possible suggestions for future species discoveries. We focus on detecting the main practices followed by the phylum specialists when coining new specific names, temporal trends in the used language and etymological basis for creating the names and differences between author preferences. It is interesting that not all Kinorhyncha names correspond to valid species, although the proportion of not accepted and uncertain names is low. On the other hand, the usage of classical languages (Latin and Greek) remains temporarily stable when coining species names, but other modern languages such as English, Spanish, Danish and Japanese are on the rise, partly due to the nationality of the current kinorhynchologists. Regarding the etymological basis, a replacement of traditional categories (morphology, geography) by eponyms has not been detected, even though the usage of the latter has significantly increased in recent years. Finally, since the creation of names is undoubtedly subjective, personal trends among the authors are obvious, each one following their own style and preferences.

DO CHATBOTS PROVIDE RELIABLE INFORMATION ABOUT MOBILE APPS IN AUDIOLOGY?

IntroductionIn light of the growing interest in utilizing AI for information retrieval, assessing the accuracy and reliability of tools such as chatbots is essential. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of chatbots in providing accurate information about mobile applications (apps) in the field of audiology.Material and methodsThe responses of the Gemini and ChatGPT chatbots to eight open-ended questions posed in Polish and English were compared. Each answer was assessed for correctness.ResultsGemini_ENG achieved the highest correctness with a score of 5 points (62.5%), while ChatGPT_PL scored 2 points (25%), and both Gemini_PL and ChatGPT_ENG scored 1 point (12.5%). Chatbots were most effective in recommending apps for older adults, with three of the four chatbots providing accurate recommendations. However, they struggled when asked to recommend apps for non-English speakers, to describe apps, or to provide direct links, with none of them scoring points in these areas.ConclusionsChatbots are currently unreliable sources of information about audiology apps. Depending on the language, there is significant variability in response accuracy. A good example is that Gemini_ENG performed far better than Gemini_PL. A major issue for all of them was the frequent fabrication of data, including the creation of nonexistent app names and incorrect links.

Library science versus bibliology: A contribution to the study of the impact of politics and ideology on the creation of names for book institutions in postwar Poland — the case of Wrocław

Scientific aspects of devising names of academic institutions and disciplines. The influence of politics and ideology in the post-war period on the choice of names in the case of the Commission for Bibliography and Library Science of the Wrocław Scientific Society, the Department of Library Science for the Employed, and the Chair of Library Science of the Bolesław Bierut University in Wrocław. To analyse this problem, the documentation preserved in the Archives of the University of Wrocław as well as academic papers about the centres educating librarians were used.

Семантические особенности квазиантропонимов в текстах англоязычных фэнтезийных видеоигр

The article presents an analysis of the semantic parameters of quasi-anthroponyms utilized in English-language accompanying texts for fantasy computer games. As a first step, we developed an approach to clarify the term quasi-anthroponym, which had been subject to various interpretations in scholarly publications. Quasi-anthroponyms are defined here as names of animated fictional objects that function as characters within the virtual worlds of video games. Taking into account the correlation between real and fictional elements, fantasy characters are categorized based on the degree of their fictionality. Quasi-anthroponyms naming characters of highly fictional game universes are classified into three major groups according to their semantic potential. The primary semantic parameters underlying this classification include indications of the character’s appearance, specific characteristics and combinations of certain features, such as the character’s functions in the game universe. The significance of this research lies in expanding the field of anthroponymic studies by incorporating relevant language material from virtual game discourse. Moreover, the practical implications are demonstrated through the potential use of these findings in lectures and seminars on contemporary English lexicology and stylistics, as well as in the analysis of texts of fantasy video games in language teaching. This aligns with the growing trend towards gamification of modern educational practices. Ultimately, this study establishes substantive criteria underlying the creation of English-language names for fictitious characters in the realm of fantasy video games. In addition, inventorization, systematization and classification of these linguistic units were conducted.

Elements actively involved in the creation of complex names in the language of cinema

Elements actively involved in the creation of complex names in the language of cinema

지역간철도 노선명과 역명 영역의 다중스케일적 분석

With the announcement of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport's plan to build the 4th Railway Network Construction Plan, it is time to redefine the nature of existing railway line names and station names and consider how to enact them in the future. The line names and station names of interregional railroads are artificial names with a history of up to 100 years or more, containing the cultural symbols and order of the region, and are closely related to the spatial territory. In particular, this paper focuses on the territories of interregional line names and station names, and analyzes the line names and station names in accordance with the “Guidelines for the Management of Railway Line and Station Names” and multi-scale methods. In order to explore the scope of the “regional” scale in the term “interregional railway”, I analyzed the line name, territory of the line, and actual length, and found that the line name, area, and actual length were inconsistent with each other. A large number of station names, the scale of the station name was revealed by the administrative division system. Other types of station names were analyzed using two strategies: scaling down and scaling up. The scaling down strategy is when the names of public institutions, public facilities, and universities are selected as station names, while the scaling up strategy is when natural, historical, and cultural resources that symbolize the region are selected as station names. On the other hand, the competition for station names has led to the creation of station names that combine place names at multiple scales. There are two types of place names: those that combine two administrative regions and those that combine a place name and an institutional landmark. The historicity of place names, i.e. the time scale of the “past,” allows for the interpretation of station names that could not be categorized by “guideline” standards. In the process of repeatedly expanding and contracting the scale of railway lines, such as extending railway lines and building branches, abandoning lines, and straightening lines, the geographical areas of railway line names and station names shared the same fate. Therefore, it is time to consider a legislation that uses a multi-scale approach to reflect the territories of line names and station names, while also capturing their identity as place names.

Русская урбанонимия и ее лексикографическое представление: проблемы и перспективы

The aim of the research is to substantiate the concept of creating a composite dictionary of urbanonyms of the Russian Federation, accumulating information about the most frequent inner-city names, the time of their occurrence, the existing variants of onyms, to identify a range of problems facing this project. The absence of such a publication significantly hinders regional studies of urban toponymy. The scientific novelty lies in elaborating the concept and principles of compiling a dictionary of urbanonyms of the Russian Federation, the proposed model of the structure of a dictionary entry reflecting the main linguocultural features of the names of inner-city objects of the Russian Federation. The paper substantiates the need to develop a composite reference book on the urban toponymy of the country, indicates sources of information about the time of creation of names in various localities, provides the composition of the basic corpus, describes the principles of selection of urbanonyms. The author has developed the structure of a dictionary entry, has given examples of the dictionary entries ‘Sovetskaya Street/Avenue/Square’ and ‘Lenina Street/Avenue/Lane/Drive/Square’. The research findings have shown that the preparation of a composite dictionary of the Russian urbanonymy of the Russian Federation will make it possible to describe the main body of pre-revolutionary and modern urban toponyms and choronyms of the country, identify federal and regional trends in their development, highlight the main periods of occurrence, possible causes of creation and loss.

National and Cultural Features of Creating a Name (Naming) in the Language

Objective: This article investigates the national and cultural features of creating names (naming) in language, aiming to explore the underlying principles and influences that shape the process of naming across different cultures and linguistic contexts. The objective of the article is to analyze the intricate interplay between language, culture, and individual identity in the act of naming.
 
 Methods: The method employed in this study encompasses a comparative analysis of naming practices in diverse linguistic and cultural settings. Through the examination of naming conventions, etymology, and socio-cultural factors, the study seeks to unveil the cultural nuances and linguistic mechanisms that underpin the creation and significance of names.
 
 Results: The results of the article illuminate the profound connection between names and cultural identity, reflecting the rich tapestry of traditions, beliefs, and historical legacies within diverse linguistic communities. The analysis reveals the intricate ways in which language and culture intersect to imbue names with layers of meaning and symbolism, encompassing familial, societal, and spiritual dimensions.
 
 Conclusion: Conclusion part includes, the findings emphasize the intrinsic link between naming and cultural identity, highlighting the intricate web of linguistic, historical, and social influences that shape the process of naming across different cultures. The study underscores the importance of honoring and understanding the national and cultural features of creating names, fostering cross-cultural appreciation and respect for the diverse ways in which language and culture intertwine in the act of naming.

PROPER NAMES OF THE LITERARY HEROES IN THE PROSE ABOUT WAR - THE "FACE" OF THE LITERARY WORK

The article is devoted to the study of the proper names of the literary heroes, which are elements of creating images. Names in the literary text are attractive with their content, because behind a well-chosen name there is a person. It is known that the names of the characters largely determine the “face” of the literary work, so the authors put a certain value in the proper name of the literary hero. The purpose of the study is the analysis of the proper names of the literary heroes that function in the novel “Saving March” by A. Kokotyukha, in the collection of short stories “After the 24th” by V. Ivchenko, and in the novel “Saving Eve” by N. Romanovska. Our task is to describe characteristic proper names of the literary heroes, to evaluate them; to prove that the character’s image and name are closely intertwined; to determine the motives for issuing call signs. The objects of the study are anthroponyms used in the works of A. Kokotyukha, V. Ivchenko, and N. Romanovska. The subject of the research are the proper names of the literary heroes and their stylistic role. Research methods are determined by the specificity of onymic material, which requires a systematic approach and the use of the traditional descriptive method and its main techniques: observation, interpretation and generalization. The functional load of the proper names of the literary heroes is determined by the method of contextual analysis. It has been proven that proper names of the literary heroes play an important role in the literary text, they carry information. It can be hidden in the pre-onym semantics of the basis of the anthroponym, in the author’s characteristic, it can be expressed in a whole series of different connotations. In A. Kokotyukha’s novel, traditional surnames, names and their unofficial variants with significant characteristic potential are recorded. Ivchenko’s stories are filled with nicknames (callsigns) of Ukrainian soldiers. Motives for the formation of nicknames have been clarified: from truncated surnames, names, professions, occupations, appearance, favorite heroes, funny situations, etc. Attention is drawn to the special manner of V. Ivchenko - the ability to give titles to his stories. In the headings there is a coding of the author’s idea. From the novel by N. Romanovska, only the names of the main characters have come into view, who, in addition to a number of different functions, perform the most important one - symbolic. The peculiarities of the creation of names indicate the position of the authors themselves and the individual characteristics of their thinking. The prospect of further investigations is the study of the proper names of the literary heroes and the titles that function in the works of modern authors.

A special case of anthroponyms-giving based on idiotisms in Ewe: examination of language facts in the creation of proper names of persons and their semantic interpretations

This study concerns onomastics and focuses on a particular aspect of the attribution of anthroponyms among the Ewe people. Its objective is to attest that among the Ewe there are anthroponyms based on idiomatic phrases and, then, to show the necessary measures for their semantic interpretations. Speaking of idioms in this work means to highlight the phrases or expressions specific to Ewe language that can be used as proper nouns of persons. We point out in passing that idioms are fixed forms of discourse specific to a given language. After a general overview of the possible meanings of idioms according to different points of view of the authors, the research focused on the cases of their use in the anthroponyms-giving process among the Ewe. This work has revealed that to understand the meaning of the anthroponyms created on the basis of idioms, the researcher must first know these Ewe idioms, in their primary form, since their interpretation still does not illustrate exactly what they may signify in another language. The semantic interpretation of the anthroponym based on an idiom does not depend on the addition of the meanings of the lexemes composing it taken separately, but rather on all the items considered as a whole. The meaning always depends on the prior knowledge of idioms in the language. This amounts to saying that the assortment of lexemes forming an idiom in the creation of an Ewe anthroponym is a conglomeration of items falling back on a specific meaning already stabilized in the language. As a result, these anthroponyms have a denoted meaning in Ewe and to understand them it is therefore necessary to learn the idioms of the language. The results of the study revealed to us that there is a plethora of anthroponyms created on the basis of idioms among the Ewe The theoretical framework of reference for this research is mainly based on the theory of the naming function and particularly that of the degree of referential strength of the proper name as defined by Kleiber (1981 and 1984) for the semantic interpretation of the proper names of persons.

‹‹Taǰik›› and Other Names to Denote Muslims in Armenian Historical Sources as a Reflection of the Cognition of a Different Ethnic-confessional Community

In the course of history, peoples and tribes have given each other designations on the basis of distinctive features, qualities and circumstances. The pretext for the creation of such names was the geographical area, special qualities of a particular people, religious affiliation or epic genesis. With the beginning of the Arab conquests and campaigns in the middle of the 7th century CE, Armenia fell under Arab domination becoming part of the Arab Caliphate within the next decade. The aim of the paper is to present what names were given to Muslims in what historical context, how these names reflected the perception of a different ethnoreligious community.

THE NATIONAL BASIS OF MARKED VOCABULARY OF A DOMESTIC NATURE

In this article, the direct relationship of the names of objects, products used by a person in everyday life with everyday life is considered, the opinion of scientists is differentiated, lexical types, patterns, ways of creation of household vocabulary names are shown, the essence, lexical system, linguistic functioning as linguistic units in the semantic space is determined. From the point of view of national knowledge, the word hearth is interpreted.

Secondary nomination in medical discourse from the perspective of cognitive-communicative strategies

The study of medical discourse is one of the key problems of cognitive-communicative grammar, since the sublanguage of medicine - with all its forms and means of expression and general use - is an integral part of any national language. The analysis of professional speech in various communicative situations is of interest to both Ukrainian linguists and researchers of other Slavic languages. The goal of scientific research is to investigate the ways of creating secondary nominative units in medical discourse and to establish their types according to various characteristics. The article summarizes various reasons for the creation of secondary names in modern linguistics, defines the role and significance of the secondary nomination in the process of replenishing the vocabulary of the modern Ukrainian language. The emergence of secondary nominations is caused by both intra-linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The creation of such names is due mainly to changes in society, which contribute to the deepening of knowledge about objects and phenomena of the real world, the principle of linguistic economy when creating new words, and emotional and expressive factors. The primary nomination, based on object-sensory perception, is a generalization of social experience and the creation of a conceptual level of knowledge, the secondary nomination generalizes linguistic evidence. The main methods of research are: method of component analysis, method of modeling, method of associative experiment and method of cognitive analysis. Conclusions. The role of secondary nomination as a text category is defined, in particular in binary contrasts. It was found that metaphorization is the most productive means of creating secondary names in medical discourse. A typical way of creating secondary names of persons is suffixation as an ancient and traditional way of creating words. The advantage of secondary suffixed names over official foreign terms is that they are more understandable primarily to patients

LITERARY-ARTISTIC ANTHROPONYMS IN FAIRY TALES

Our research is devoted to the study of the literary heritage of Vasyl Sukhomlynskyi, in particular literary and artistic anthroponyms. We determined the aspects that are dominant in the formation of the literary and artistic anthroponymicon of Vasyl Sukhomlynskyi. Anthroponyms are an important element of an artistic work, as they contribute to the creation of an artistic image, help to realize the authorʼs worldview. Proper names are included in the universal categories of artistic text. The writerʼs work on the anthroponymic space of the artistic text involves the selection of own names from the real world or the creation of new names based on known models. Proper names help the reader to better perceive the artistic text, decipher the authorʼs intention. Nowadays, linguists are increasingly interested in proper names in literary texts, as evidenced by numerous scientific studies. LHA in the literary works of Vasyl Sukhomlynskyi are carefully selected, ensure the realism and veracity of the created images. In the analyzed texts, 41 literary and artistic anthroponyms were identified, which, in addition to the nominative function, also perform a localization, sociological, characteristic, expressive and evaluative function, and also determine the authorʼs attitude to the character. The work revealed that the localization function is manifested in the fact that the author chooses Christian names for the characters – children of peasants, hardworking people, with pronounced character traits, reproducing Ukrainian traditions as much as possible Vasyl Sukhomlynskyiʼs works represent a variety of subjects and plots, constitute an inseparable artistic whole, testify to the authorʼs unique idiostyle, which is particularly reflected in his own titles. The peculiarities of research and analysis of artistic anthroponymy are revealed in the fact that linguists study the anthroponymy of an artistic text, focusing on peopleʼs proper names, their origin, structure, frequency of use, social and national characteristics. Scientists draw attention to the incompleteness and openness of the classification model of literary and artistic onyims, offering their own classifications of anthroponyms. In addition to the study of the structure of the Ukrainian onomasticon with the division of the anthroponymicon, scientists classify LHA according to the functional and stylistic load. Key words: onomastics, anthroponyms, literary and artistic anthroponyms, linguistics.

Проблема интерпретации окказиональных имен собственных в цикле стихов Т. Элиота «Популярная наука о кошках, написанная Старым Опоссумом» и повести Т. Пратчетта «Кот без дураков» и особенности их передачи в русскоязычных переводах

The paper addresses the ways of naming presented in T. S. Eliot’s poetic cycle and in T. Pratchett’s novella, which are humorous encyclopaedias about the life of cats. The aim of the paper is to determine the peculiarities in the approach to the creation of proper names in these works, as well as to identify the principles of their rendering in Russian translations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in developing a contrastive classification of proper names according to the ways of their creation and in comparing their translation variants. The work discusses in detail the ways of word formation used by T. S. Eliot and T. Pratchett and offers possible interpretations of cat names. In addition, the researchers note the difficulties that translators face and the translation techniques they resort to. As a result, the differences in the naming systems created by the authors and their functions are identified, which lead to differences in the ways of formation of occasional felinonyms. Thus, Eliot’s most frequent word-formation models turned out to be compounding and blending, which creates difficulties in interpreting and translating names into Russian, while Pratchett’s occasional names are either predicative constructions or short letter-sound complexes expressing the emotion of the owner, which allows using such translation practices as semantic development and variant correspondence.

Stories of names: exploring Chinese high school language-other-than-English learners’ foreign name(s) usage and its role in multilingual identity construction

ABSTRACT Names serve as a rudimentary bond that connects us to the world. The relationship between language learners’ foreign names adoption and their identity construction has been receiving increased attention. With most studies conducted in English-learning contexts, this study contributes to this line of research by adopting a multilingual framework to explore the role of name choices in the construction of Chinese high school language(s)-other-than-English learners’ multilingual and linguistic identities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten students who studied multiple foreign languages, focusing on their self-perceptions in relation to different names and their stories of identity negotiation through name usage in various social and linguistic settings. Findings show that names are vehicles of meaning that transmit messages to both the bearer and the people around them. The learners adeptly navigated among names of different linguistic origins, which enriched their identity as multilinguals. The choice, creation, adoption and rejection of foreign names reflected learners’ agency along with their struggles as multilingual learners and users on various sociocultural levels. It is argued that learners’ usage or non-usage of foreign names and their multilingual identity share a co-constitutive relationship and that names reflect, perform and shape the bearers’ multilingual identity.

New compound names in Lithuanian: diversity and formation peculiarities (the 2nd decade of the 21st century)

In the 2nd decade of the 21st century the Lithuanian stock of proper names is enriched with new compound names. They are formed in the following ways: a) from ordinary compound names, either changing or adding a new termination or altering the stems, e.g. Jo-gaĩl-is beside Jo-gáil-a, Dei-mant-ė́ja beside Deĩ-mant-ė, Ei-výl-ė beside Ei-vìl-ė; b) adding to a new name a stem used in other compound names, e.g. Ner-mìl-ė, Man-gìr-is; c) from Lithuanian stems of different origin (appellatives, hypocoristics, borrowings) added to the stem of other compound names, e.g. Bang-ì-mant-as: bang- < bangà ‘wave’, Jó-vyt-ė: vyt- < Výta, Výtė, Výtautė, Teo-mìl-ė: teo- < Teo, Teodorà; d) combining two new expansive stems, e.g. Ad-vità ← ad- < Adà, Adèlė + -vita < Vità, Jovità, Oks-mind-à ← oks- < Oksanà + mind- < Mìnda, Mìndaugė. These names continue the tendencies of the formation of names of the previous period. Most names are made without taking semantics into consideration. The stems are taken from popular names. The first stems are more diverse than the second, which coincide with frequent stems from the previous century. New stems are more frequent as first members of the compound. They are more often made from borrowings than from inherited lexicon. Some of them became stable new stems, etc. All this shows that the creation of new compound names remains an ongoing process.

Cladistic analysis reveals polyphyly of Tomarus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae): new classification and taxonomic revision

The phylogeny of Tomarus Erichson, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini) was explored by parsimony using morphological characters to approach its taxonomic and nomenclature problems. The genus was not supported as a monophyletic group, and the recovered lineages did not match at all any of the previously known classifications. Three different lineages and six monophyletic groups were recovered, which could be treated as independent genera. However, the classification proposed here is as conservative as possible concerning to the creation of many new names and generic taxa. Thus, four genera are now recognized: Euligyrus Casey, 1915 new status (2 species), Ligyrus Burmeister, 1847 revised status (18 species, including Oxygrylius Casey, 1915 new synonymy), Proculigyrus new genus (1 species), and Tomarus Erichson, 1847 revised status (18 species). Three subgenera are recognized for the genus Ligyrus: Anagrylius Casey, 1915 revised status (2 species), Ligyrodes Casey, 1915 revised status (3 species), and Ligyrus revised status (13 species). A complete taxonomic treatment is presented for each genus, including descriptions, keys, and occurrence maps. A revised status is presented for the following species: Ligyrus (Ligyrus) nasutus (Burmeister, 1847), T. amazonicus (Arrow, 1914), and T. gyas Erichson, 1848. Lectotypes are designated for Bothynus neglectus LeConte, 1847, L. amazonicus Arrow, 1914, L. bryanti Rivers, 1891, Scarabeus fossor Latreille, 1813, S. relictus Say, 1825 T. gyas, T. maimon Erichson, 1847, and some synonyms of L. sallaei Bates, 1888 (Ligyrodes propinquus Casey, 1915 and Ligyrodes aztecus Casey, 1915), S. gibbosus DeGeer, 1774 (Bothynus morio LeConte, 1847, L. californicus Casey, 1909, and L. spissipes Casey, 1909), S. relictus (Ligyrodes parviceps Casey, 1915 and Ligyrodes quadripennis Casey, 1915), and S. bituberculatus Palisot de Beauvois, 1811 (Ligyrus maximus Arrow, 1913 and Ligyrus latus Arrow, 1914). Ligyrus patagonus Steinheil, 1874 is a new synonym for L. rubripes Boheman, 1858. Type species are designated for the synonyms Grylius Casey, 1915 and Ligyrellus Casey, 1915. New combinations (new combination) are presented for: Euligyrus ebenus (De Geer, 1774), E. similis (Endrödi, 1968), Ligyrus (Anagrylius) moroni (López-García & Deloya, 2019), L. (Ligyrus) paranaensis (López-García & Deloya, 2019), L. (Ligyrus) peninsularis (Casey, 1915), L. (Ligyrus) spinipenis (Neita & Ratcliffe 2017), and Tomarus amazonicus. Ligyrus (Ligyrus) allonasutus new species is described to include populations of T. nasutus from western Mexico to Panama. Phylogenetic and taxonomic value of mouthparts, elytro-tergal stridulatory apparatus, and male genitalia is discussed along with a description of the biogeographic patterns of distribution for each genus.

Yeh Hai Bombay Meri Jaan: Requiem for a Cosmopolitan City

Critical toponymies, instead of viewing place names as transparent signifiers that designate places as ‘objects’ or ‘artifacts’, have foregrounded the necessity for understanding place naming as ‘a contested spatial practice’ and attempted ‘a critical interrogation of the politics of place naming’. In view of the frequency of colonial erasures and appropriations of the spaces of the colonised, post-colonial reclamations of place resort to technologies of toponymic cleansing, founding and restoration as acts of resistance. Toponymic resistance can occur on both the creation and deployment of alternative names and the use of alternative pronunciations for established names. Viewing ‘pronunciation to be an important element of the cultural politics of place naming within post-colonial societies’, Kearns and Berg argue ‘that even when widespread agreement on the name of a place prevails, the way the name is pronounced reflects, and contributes to, the constitution of imagined communities’. Arguing that plural pronunciations of the city’s names – Bombay, Bambai and Mumbai – evoke multiversal cosmopolitan urban imaginaries that are sometimes disjunctive, this article shows that Hindi cinema employs ‘multiplicity of means’, amalgamating the linguistic tools of toponymy with paralinguistic and extralinguistic codes, to produce the myth of the cosmopolitan city or ‘the Bombay Dream’.

The Process of Creating a New Brand Name for a Fruit Variety: A Review and Suggested Improvements

In an effort to protect intellectual property beyond patent and plant breeders’ rights and as a marketing tool to increase and maintain sales, the creation and trademarking of brand names for fruit is growing and gaining importance in the fruit industry. New fruit varietals, especially from long-lived tree fruits and vines, take many years of research to develop and bring to market. Differentiating what is essentially a commodity product is difficult, especially given bulk sales and packaging limitations. A distinctive brand name can be a powerful method of differentiating a new fruit from its competitors. To the best of our knowledge there has not been any study examining the process of brand name creation for fruits. This English language literature review examines the brand name creation process overall. A step-by-step process is discussed and situated in the context of fruits. Research on the overall process is dated: We propose a new preliminary research step to improve the process and discuss the need for future research on the role of the Internet and social media in the naming process. An overview of trademark considerations is provided. Knowledge of this process will assist breeders and marketers with brand name creation whether achieved internally or through an external agency or combination thereof.