Creation Of Names Research Articles

The Next Million Names for Archaea and Bacteria.

Latin binomials, popularised in the 18th century by the Swedish naturalist Linnaeus, have stood the test of time in providing a stable, clear, and memorable system of nomenclature across biology. However, relentless and ever-deeper exploration and analysis of the microbial world has created an urgent need for huge numbers of new names for Archaea and Bacteria. Manual creation of such names remains difficult and slow and typically relies on expert-driven nomenclatural quality control. Keen to ensure that the legacy of Linnaeus lives on in the age of microbial genomics and metagenomics, we propose an automated approach, employing combinatorial concatenation of roots from Latin and Greek to create linguistically correct names for genera and species that can be used off the shelf as needed. As proof of principle, we document over a million new names for Bacteria and Archaea. We are confident that our approach provides a road map for how to create new names for decades to come.

Януш-Леон Вишневський-романіст: особливості творчої манери

The article considers the work of Polish author Janusz-Leon Wisniewski. The peculiarities of his creative manner are indicated. It is noted that the work of the writer in modern European novels is an extraordinary phenomenon. It is characterized by thematic richness, appeal to both traditional topics for literature and contemporary problems. In addition, it is noted that J. Vyshnevsky is an expert on human psychology in general and women’s psychology in particular. At the beginning of the XXI century. a new name appeared in Polish literature – Janusz Leon Wisniewski – Doctor of Informatics and Chemistry, the most popular writer in modern Poland. He is responsible for developing software in the chemical industry. J. Vyshnevsky is a co-author of the first computer software product in the world, based on the automatic creation of systematic names of organic compounds based on their structural formulas. The author’s unique artistic world was presented for Polish and world literature in the first novel “Loneliness in the Network”, later in small narrative genres and other examples of great prose. The works amaze modern readers with candid pictures of events, psychologism of the image of the characters, current topics of today. J. Vyshnevsky is the author of 22 books, the most famous of which are “Loneliness on the Net” (“S @ motność w sieci”), “Martyna”, “Bikini”, “Why do you need men?” (“Czy mężczyźni są światu potrebne?”), “On Facebook with my son” (“On Facebook with my son”), “Love and other dissonances” (“Czułość oraz inne cząstki elementarne”). Vyshnevsky does not describe fictional events. His works focus on the real image of reality. The main creative credo of the writer is the true reproduction of the present. He does not depict reality, but analyzes the circumstances of life. Emotions and real stories are always present in the writer’s works. That is why it is easy for the reader to accept, believe and pass the story through his mind. The author skillfully describes the world of feelings, focuses on the concept of “woman”. It is female images that create the center of the semantic structure of novels, short stories, short stories of the writer. In the works of J. Vyshnevsky it is openly said that he makes his wife, mother, sister, daughter, mistress happy, and destroys their hearts and souls, takes away the desire to live.

КОМУНІКАТИВНА СПРЯМОВАНІСТЬ ВЛАСНИХ ІМЕН В СУЧАСНОМУ АНГЛОМОВНОМУ КІНОДИСКУРСІ

The article is devoted to the question of proper names, the way of their creation and connection of the proper names with personal qualities, traits and character’s lifestyle. The main focus is concentrated on links between proper names and characters’ features in modern English cinematic discourse. The development of modern English-language cinematic discourse has prompted many authors to pay attention to the question of the proper name as a nomination of the hero, a description of his character and lifestyle. The names have a significant meaning, the author expresses not only the actual reference of the character, but also his own attitude to him, gives a certain characteristic and key features of the hero, by which the viewer can make assumptions without even going into details. Names have an impact on the viewer, they have a connotative meaning, which is revealed through the character and details of the hero. The article gives examples of movies and series of the Marvel and DC universes with famous superheroes and thieves, whose names reflect not only the characteristics but also the hero’s belonging to the good or evil side, his actions, behavior and psychological state, as well as superhuman abilities and characteristic. The article also considers examples of anthroponyms and names with a mythological basis, allusive proper names and simple short names. The tendencies of transferring figurative load to proper names are singled out in the work. Given symbolism of proper names in cinematic discourse makes the research relevant in modern linguistics. Further studying in this field as well as semantic analysis of the relationship between the name of the hero and his actions, characteristics, and the author’s attitude to the character are promising in the long run.

Marja ja Veikko, Sirje ja Aare – omakeelsed nimed Soomes ja Eestis 19. sajandist tänapäevani

Soome ja Eesti eesnimekasutuses on olulisi sarnasusi. Nagu mujalgi Euroopas kaasnes 19. sajandil mõlemal maal rahvusliku eneseteadvuse kasvuga soov luua omakeelne eesnimevara. Soomet võib pidada Eesti otseseks eeskujuks, kuivõrd sealt on laenatud ka rida nimesid. Paralleelsusi on näha omakeelsete nimede kasutusele tulekus: uute nimede moodustamises, levitusviisides ja omaksvõtus. Ka ajaliselt kujunes Soome eelkäijaks ning Eestis toimusid samalaadsed uuendused paarkümmend aastat hiljem. Artiklis vaadeldakse omakeelseid nimesid kitsamas tähenduses, st oma keelele toetuvate nimedena esitletud nimesid.
 Abstract. Minna Saarelma-Paukkala and Annika Hussar: Names of native origin in Estonia and Finland from the 19th century to today. A significant change occurred in Finland and Estonia in the second half of the 19th century: given names of native origin were taken into use in addition to international names. Similar changes occurred in many other European countries in connection with the rise in national consciousness. Similar techniques were used in the creation of new names: heathen names in old documents; names from the folklore and mythology; artificially created names; names were translated. There are names which can be interpreted as versions of international names as well as names of native origin. In Estonia, it was recommended to borrow names from closely related languages and Finnish names were primarily borrowed. The Finns have borrowed some Estonian names. The spread of new names was facilitated by their introduction in calendars, their occurrence in the epos and fiction. As of the end of the 19th century, Finland has been ahead of Estonia in terms of time. Already in the last decades of the 19th century, approximately one tenth of children were given names of native origin in Finland. The peak years arrived in the 1930s–1940s when about one third of children were given characteristically Finnish names, girls more often than boys. In Estonia, the peak of female names of native origin occurred at the same time, approximately half of the girls were given names of native origin. Today, naming has become more and more individual, and names of native origin provide plenty of opportunities. In Finland, precisely the names of native origin constitute the source of uniqueness at the moment. In Estonia, the share of persons with unique names has been higher for a longer period of time, but on the account of many versions and spellings. Innovation in names in the 19th–20th centuries has had continuous impact on the use of names by Estonians and Finns. Both languages are full of examples of how certain agreeable structures, sound combinations or name elements will be repeated and reiterated in new names of individual creation.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЙ НЕЙМИНГ В УКРАИНЕ В ЛИНГВОПРАГМАТИЧЕСКОМ ОСВЕЩЕНИИ

Коммерческая номинация в период глобализации, виртуализации, ускорения и симулякризации информационного потока, а также при учете влияния локальных условий становится средством отражения и одновременно активного воздействия на языковую и концептуальную картины мира потребителя, поэтому требует изучения в лингвопрагматическом аспекте, особенно в странах с нестабильной социо-политической ситуацией, к числу которых сегодня относится Украина. Статья посвящена изучению современного русскоязычного нейминга в Украине в аспекте лингвопрагматики. Представлены основные направления изучения нейминга и актуальные лингвистические проблемы в рамках каждого направления. В работе предложены лингвистические критерии создания адекватных неймов с учетом украинских реалий и рассмотрены типичные ошибки в области современного русскоязычного нейминга в Украине. Описаны основные методы определения лингвопрагматической эффективности коммерческих наименований: параметрический, метод факторного анализа, ассоциативного эксперимента, метод мотивационного анализа, социально-психологического анализа, имиджевый метод, метод оценки лояльности потребителей, метод формирования / оценки эмоциональной привязанности потребителя к бренду и другие. С целью определения лингвопрагматического потенциала неймов представлен параметрический анализ номинаций с учетом ряда приемов: определения субъективных ожиданий, выявления зрительных образов, определения субъективных предпочтений.

ZOOPHORE UNOFFICIAL NAMES: MOTIVATIONAL ASPECT

The purpose of this article is to find out the peculiarities of the use of zoosemisms as a basis for the creation of informal names. The subject of the study is to identify the main groups of zoophoric informal onyms of the adult population depending on the characteristics of motivation. The material was collected in the settlements of the Halych district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. The main method of research is descriptive and its basic methods of systematization and interpretation of language units. Animal names have been and remain the subject of onomastic research as a source of creation of proper names. Main feature of a member of a certain collective lays the foundation for the emergence of a nickname. Speakers' concept of animals, objects of the material or spiritual world, their importance in human life are the reason for the transfer of the phenomenon from a certain reality to the denotation. Nicknames themselves may contain positive or negative connotation. It is achieved by various ways of creating expression: expressive internal form of the nickname, its metaphorical, semantic and stylistic ability of suffixes involved in the creation of nicknames, the expressiveness of the sound shell of a nickname. The processes of metaphorization and metonymization proved to be very common in determining the motivation of such onyms. Zoosemisms, which formed the basis of the motivation of nicknames, are represented by such thematic groups of vocabulary as the names of domestic and wild animals; names of domestic and wild birds; names of fish, amphibians and reptiles; names of insects. The researched material testifies the predominance of vocabulary to denote domestic animals and birds, as daily observations of the behavior of these creatures make it possible to compare their behavior and appearance with the same features of the nearest neighbors and fellow villagers. And because of this, the nicknames of this group are often considered offensive and informants do not always want to call them. The prospect of our work is to find out the motivation of children's individual zoophore nicknames.

Prokaryotic names: the bold and the beautiful

In recent years, names of ∼170 new genera and ∼1020 new species were added annually to the list of prokaryotic names with standing in the nomenclature. These names were formed in accordance with the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Most of these names are not very interesting as specific epithets and word elements from existing names are repeatedly recycled. The rules of the Code provide many opportunities to create names in far more original ways. A survey of the lists of names of genera and species of prokaryotes shows that there is no lack of interesting names. The annotated selection presented here proves that at least some authors have exploited the possibilities allowed by the rules of the Code to name novel organisms in ways that are more attractive. I here call upon all colleagues who describe new taxa to devote more thought to the naming of new genera and species. It takes some effort, and it requires proper use of the lexicon of Classical Greek and Latin as well as an understanding of the Code and the guidelines of its orthography appendix. Creation of attractive names will boost the general interest in prokaryotic nomenclature.

Origin and semantics of Canadian toponyms

The article deals with the study of Canada’s place names and the features of revealing their linguistic and cultural specificity. The relevance of such research is determined by the lack of comprehensive studies of Canada's toponymic system, and the need to delineate the creation and origin of such names. The author traces the individual place names and analyzes the place names that are typologically united on the basis of the lexical-semantic meaning of the structural-morphological system and investigated within one area.Based on historical and linguistic classifications it is determined that the development and transformation of place-names in contemporary Canada is done according with the strict principles. Analyzing the form and the content, we can identify the source of the origin of the place name as well as ththe nature of the occupations of the people who created it. The main features of the Canadian toponymic system – descriptiveness and transparency – were laid by the indigenous population, the Indians of the North American continent. The names transferred from Europe reflect the religious beliefs of the newcomers, their loyalty to their nobles and patrons, the type of their occupation and preferences. According to the classification proposed by Yaroslav Rudnitsky, it is stated that the historical, geographical, ethnographic conditions characterise different place names.Transparency and descriptiveness of names derived from the autochthonous toponymic landscape; a large number of redefined geographical terms in place names, which provides a clear distinction in place names; a considerable number of anthropotonyms and transposed names formed by emigrants help to trace and understand the patterns of habitats nation distribution across the territory of modern Canada.

Rejection of the name Borreliella and all proposed species comb. nov. placed therein.

Rejection (nomen rejiciendum) of the name Borreliella and all new combinations therein is being requested on grounds of risk to human health and patient safety (Principle 1, subprinciple 2 and Rule 56a) and violation to aim for stability of names, to avoid useless creation of names (Principle 1, subprinciple 1 and 3) and that names should not be changed without sufficient reason (Principle 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes).

Lauryno Ivinskio augalų ir grybų genčių vardai Povilo Matulionio Žolyne: Lauryno Roko Ivinskio 210-osioms gimimo metinėms

The article analyses 142 plant and mushroom genera names by Laurynas Ivinskis, which are presented in the first glossary of botanical terms published in Lithuania – the collection of plant names Žolynas Dalys II. Lietuvos augalų žodynas ir augalų taislas (1906) compiled by Povilas Matulionis. It identifies the methods of creation of plant and mushroom genera names applied by Ivinskis, the means and motivation of the formation of neologisms; the names analysed in the study are compared with the names of the same genera used in Ivinskis’ manuscript Prigimtūmenė (Nature) and Ivinskis’ names provided in Lietuviskas botanikos žodynas (Lithuanian Dictionary of Botany); it is determined which names of the genera of plants and mushrooms established themselves in general usage.

Imię teoforyczne Józef w strukturach antroponimicznych i toponimicznych Polski

The article presents the productivity of the name Józef and its variants in the creation of Polish personal and place names in the historical perspective, taking into account the frequency and geographical location of such names. In the surnames derived from the name Józef, known from the Middle Ages and later sources, various adaptations of the name have been recorded, including graphic and phonetic variants, dialectal and East Slavonic realisations. Most of the toponyms derived from the afore-mentioned name were more recently created in the 19th century. Among the names, toponyms with the suffixes: -ów, -owo, and -in dominate. Some place names have a commemorative genesis. The surnames and place names discussed in the article occur in various regions of the country, but the largest turnout is in the Mazowieckie, Łódzkie, Wielkopolskie and Lubelskie provinces.

MULTICOMPONENT INFORMAL NAMES

Functioning of informal onyms of various structural types belongs to the range of relevant problems of onomastics.The aim of the article is to find out the specificities of the multicomponent informal names of persons operating in Ivano-Frankivsk region. The aim provides solving of such problems as: generalizing the research on the structure of informal names in modern linguistics; characterizing the motivation and ways of expressing the components of the multicomponent informal onyms; determining the most frequent anthroponymic formulas of informal names of Naddnistrianshchyna region of Ivano-Frankivsk.The object of the research is multicomponent informal names. The subject of the study is the structural components of multicomponent informal names (individual and akin names) of inhabitants of the Halych district of Ivano-Frankivsk region.The most common anthroponymic formula for the researched compiled informal names of mentioned region are two-component compounds that represent akin names: name + patronymic (propatronymic, andronymic) on behalf of the name, surname or nickname of the father (grandfather, husband) . These onyms are elements of the structure of three- and four-component names with appellatives added: full name / variant of the name + two-component compound; appellative to denote cognation + two-component compound; full name / variant of denotate name + three-component name; appellative to denote cognation + three-component name. Somewhat smaller part of the studied onyms is two-component nicknames, derived from nouns (name or appellative) and from adjectives concerted with them. The prospect of the study is seen in the comparison of peculiarities of creation and operation of multicomponent informal names in different regions of Ukraine.

MODERN OIKONYMS OF UKRAINE WITH RUSSIA'S COMMON STRUCTURE: NORMATIVE ASPECT

The article analyzes oiconyms with the Russian-language form, recorded on the territory of the modern Odessa region. These are the names of the Dalnichen, Zoria Truda, Miliardivka, Nadezhda, Nadezhdivka, Polezne, Sukhyi Ovrah, Udobne, Ulianovka, Yuzhne. The history of occurrence of these names in the specified region has been clarified, their discrepancy with the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language is described.Formulation of the scientific problem and its relevance. Dozens of settlement’s titles, which have a Russian language form or phonetic morphological structure, function in the modern omyns space of Ukraine. They are distributed predominantly in the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine, in particular in Odesa oblast, for example: Nadezhda, Poleszne, Udobne, and others. Such oikonyms (in addition to the older, historical names) do not correspond to the principles of Ukrainian toponymyc creation and violate the spelling norms of modern Ukrainian language, and therefore they require changes in accordance with the rules of the current Ukrainian orthographic code.Analysis of the research of this problem. Linguists have repeatedly drawn attention to Ukrainian oiconyms with the Russian language form. Among them, L.T. Masenko, D.G. Buchko and others. In our opinion, the reason for such innovations was, on the one hand, the desire of the then authorities to erase the memory of the local population about the pre-Soviet history of the region, to form the idea of the advantages of the Soviet-communist system itself, which creates a new outlook, and, on the other hand, the Russian form of oikonyms had to signal a new era in the creation of names. These names should have been related to the Soviet people, whose main language of communication was Russian.The purpose and task of the research is to find out the history of the emergence of names with the Russian language structure in the territory of the modern Odessa region, to analyze their conformity / non-compliance with the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language.The object of the research – the names of the Dalnichen, Zoria Truda, Miliardivka, Nadezhda, Nadezhdivka, Polezne, Sukhyi Ovrah, Udobne, Ulianovka, Yuzhne, which are recorded in various parts of the present Odessa region.Subject of research - origin of historical names of settlements in the studied region, renamed in the Soviet period; The reasons for the emergence of so-called new oikonyms and names with the Russian language form in the Odessa region.Research methods. The following linguistic methods and techniques are used for the analysis of selected oikonyms: descriptive (the structure of oikonym with the Russian-language form and names – ideological innovations is described, the motives of the nomination are determined), etymological analysis (the etymons of historical (primitive) names of settlements are established).Scientific novelty. For the first time, a comprehensive linguistic analysis of the names of settlements of the present Odessa region, which have a Russian language form or phonetic-morphological structure, is proposed.Theoretical value of the research. The results of the study deepen knowledge about the causes of the appearance of oikonyms with the Russian language form in the Odessa region. We emphasize the fact that the formal structure of the oiconyms of Dalnichen, Zoria Truda, Miliardivka, Nadezhda, Nadezhdivka, Polezne, Sukhyi Ovrah, Udobne, Ulianovka, Yuzhne does not correspond to the norms of current Ukrainian spelling.The practical value of the results of the study. The analyzed oikonyms are considered as a fragment to a complete linguistic description of the names of the settlements of the Odessa region, which will be part of the perspective «Historical-etymological dictionary of the Odessa region’s okononyms».

A new genus and three new species of mangrove slugs from the Indo-West Pacific (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Onchidiidae)

Mangroves of the Indo-West Pacific have remained poorly explored, so even the diversity of the onchidiid slugs, which are some of the most abundant animals in mangroves of the Indo-West Pacific, is not well known. Thanks to several years spent exploring mangroves in the Indo-West Pacific (more than 260 stations), especially in South-East Asia, the diversity of mangrove gastropods can now be addressed through revisions following an integrative taxonomy approach (nomenclature, field observations, comparative anatomy and DNA sequences). A new genus of onchidiid slugs is described, Paromoionchis Dayrat & Goulding gen. nov., which includes five species, three of which are new: Paromoionchis boholensis Dayrat & Goulding gen. et sp. nov., P. daemelii (Semper, 1880) com. nov., P. goslineri Dayrat & Goulding gen. et sp. nov., P. penangensis Dayrat & Goulding gen. et sp. nov. and P. tumidus (Semper, 1880) comb. nov. Paromoionchis gen. nov. is distributed from western India to the subtropical waters of Japan (33° N) and southeastern Australia (33° S). The creation of new taxon names is supported by rigorous nomenclature: the types of all existing species names in the family were examined, the original descriptions carefully studied and nomenclatural issues addressed. The diversity and biogeography of this new genus is discussed in a broader context.

Między reklamą a nazwą własną. Przymiotnik tani w nazwach polskich aptek

Between an Advertisment and a Proper Name. The Adjective Tani ‘Cheap’ in the Names of Polish Pharmacies The paper considers a particular case of onomastic motivation, providing examples of the use of the adjective tani ‘cheap’ in the creation of pharmacy names in Poland (e.g. Tanie Leki ‘cheap medicines’, Tania Apteka ‘cheap pharmacy’). This Polish word is frequently used in marketing, both as an element of company names and marketing slogans. In many instances tani constitutes part of a complex pharmacy name, e.g.: Calotygodniowa Apteka Familijna — Tylko Tanie Leki, Super Tania Apteka im. Zawiszy Czarnego, Centrum Tanich Lekow — Apteka św. Barbary. On the basis of judgments from Polish administrative courts, the article discusses the question of the distinction or lack of one between advertisements and proper names. The significant fact is that the Pharmaceutical Law has prohibited the advertising of the operations of pharmacies since 2012 and, as a result, the use of names with the component tani was found to be in violation of the provision. In response to this, the owners of stores have argued that the proper name refers to the object alone, having no literal meaning. The controversial phrases were used to create legal names which are placed on signboards and in announcements. The paper focuses on a more general problem: chrematonyms and appellative lexis can hardly be distinguished due to their persuasive and marketing value.

O problematyce kobiecej na płaszczyźnie językowej w kontekście zagadnienia równych szans w Polsce, Rosji i Bułgarii

This article aims to outline issues related to equal treatment of women and men that can be observed at the language level in Poland, Russia and Bulgaria. So far, the Polish, Russian and Bulgarian languages have not been subjected to a comparative analysis with regard to the use of feminitives. The article provides a contrastive analysis of names for professions and functions as well as certain linguistic conventions in the languages in question. Drawing on extensive linguistic material, the authors’ research exposes the problem of linguistic asymmetry in the creation of female names in the three Slavic languages representing the Western, Western and Southern groups respectively.

Wybór tekstów ilustrujących proces przemian nazewniczych w latach 1945–1950 na Śląsku

Ze względów pragmatycznych, emocjonalnych oraz państwotwórczych niezwłocznie po zakończeniu działań wojennych przystąpiono do zmiany niemieckich nazw miejscowości i ulic. Repolonizacja i polonizacja nazewnictwa w początkowym okresie przebiegała żywiołowo i wielotorowo. Sytuację uporządkowała powołana 6 stycznia 1946 r. Komisja Ustalania Nazw Miejscowości. Cytowane źródła przedstawiają proces przemian nazewniczych w pierwszych latach powojennych oraz motywacje tworzenia nowych nazw, zasady, którymi kierowano się przy ustalaniu nazw urzędowych. Ponadto ukazują udział mieszkańców w kreowaniu nowych nazw oraz przywiązanie do nazw znanych, „swojskich”.

Fantasy Word Sounding in Marketing Phonosemantics

Abstract The paper represents the results of a linguistic experiment aimed at establishing if the sounding of different fantasy brand names can cause the same associations in collective consciousness. The experiment drew upon crowdsourcing. The data received can be useful for marketing phonosemantics in relation to the methods used for the creation of new brand names.

Software Tools for Big Data Resources in Family Names Dictionaries

This paper describes the design and development of specific software tools used during the creation of Family Names in Britain and Ireland (FaNBI) research project, started by the University of the West of England in 2010 and finished successfully in 2016. First, the overview of the project and methodology is provided. Next section contains the description of dictionary management tools and software tools to combine input data resources.

Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.