Creation Of Dictionary Research Articles

IT Applications for the Tuvan Language: Regional Practices and Future Plans

In the era of digitalization and globalization, the likelihood of the disappearance of small languages, including the Tuvan language is very high. One of the reliable and promising solutions for preserving a language is its inclusion in the digital space as a language of accumulation, processing and transmission of information, a language of communication on the Internet. Currently, a number of tasks aimed at preserving and popularizing the Tuvan language are being car­ried out within the framework of the state program to support the development of the Tuvan language in the Republic of Tuva. Various government agencies of the Republic of Tuva and interested IT specialists are working on the digitalization of the Tuvan language. Tuvan State University (TuvSU) also makes a significant contribution to the development and popularization of the Tuvan language. Teachers of the Department of Informatics of TuvSU together with scientists from the Faculty of Philology and the "Turkology" scientific and educational centerwork in the following areas: development of software products for teaching the Tuvan language, creation of software tools for text processing in the Tuvan language, creation of linguistic information resources. Along with TuvSU teachers, students from the faculties of physics, mathematics and philology also take part in this research work. The topics of students' coursework and final qualification papers are related to IT developments. This article presents the experience of research and development of teachers of the Department of Computer Science in the field of preservation, study and development of the Tuvan language using information and communication technologies in these three areas. In the first direction, electronic textbooks, interactive simulators, and mobile applications for teaching the Tuvan language are being developed. The second direction is focused on the creation of software products for processing texts in the Tuvan language — a morphological analyzer of the Tuvan language, program for checking Tuvan texts for plagiarism. The last direction is related to the creation of electronic dictionaries and translators for the Tuvan language, which can be used in all spheres of life.

HISTORICAL EVENTS INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF MILITARY VOCABULARY IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND WORLD WARS)

The paper deals with the influence of various historical events on the emergence, evolution and adaptation of military terms in the Ukrainian language. The object of research is the military vocabulary of the Ukrainian language, and the subject is the processes of its formation under the influence of historical circumstances. The study focuses on the identification and analysis of specific military terms that arose in different historical periods, namely, during the First and Second World Wars. The article examines the reasons and circumstances of the appearance of certain lexemes or word combinations, their consolidation in the military terminology system, as well as how these terms are defined and described in modern dictionaries. The methodological basis of the research includes historical-comparative analysis, methods of semantic and etymological analysis, as well as a contextual approach to the study of terminology. Special attention is paid to how social and political circumstances influenced the transformation of military lexicon and its adaptation to the modern linguistic environment. The study also investigates the preservation and relevance of these terms in today’s usage, particularly in military literature, official documents, and mass media. A complex analysis model of the influence of historical events on the formation of the term system of military vocabulary in the Ukrainian language is proposed. As a result of the research, several possible options for changing the initial meaning of the military term will be demonstrated. The research conclusions are interesting not only from a linguistic point of view, but also contribute to a deeper understanding of the cultural and historical processes that influenced the development of the language. These results can be useful for linguistic studies, creation of dictionaries, for teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language, and development of educational materials for foreign students studying the Ukrainian language.

SIMILARITIES OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC RELATIONS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES

This article deals with corpus linguistics, ideas about the corpus and its parallel corpus link, its structure, corpus types, tokens, lemmas, stemming. Today, the theoretical and practical significance of the corps is in the study of the existing possibilities of language in Uzbek linguistics, the identification of problematic aspects of linguistics, the creation of electronic dictionaries, increasing the effectiveness of modern information technology in language learning, automatic translation, search and computer analysis. In solving problems, there is a need to build a corpus of language in specific areas.

The social media sentiment analysis framework: deep learning for sentiment analysis on social media

Researching public opinion can help us learn important facts. People may quickly and easily express their thoughts and feelings on any subject using social media, which creates a deluge of unorganized data. Sentiment analysis on social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook has developed into a potent tool for gathering insights into users' perspectives. However, difficulties in interpreting natural language limit the effectiveness and precision of sentiment analysis. This research focuses on developing a social media sentiment analysis (SMSA) framework, incorporating a custom-built emotion thesaurus to enhance the precision of sentiment analysis. It delves into the efficacy of various deep learning algorithms, under different parameter calibrations, for sentiment extraction from social media. The study distinguishes itself by its unique approach towards sentiment dictionary creation and its application to deep learning models. It contributes new insights into sentiment analysis, particularly in social media contexts, showcasing notable advancements over previous methodologies. The results demonstrate improved accuracy and deeper understanding of social media sentiment, opening avenues for future research and applications in diverse fields.

CURRENT STATE AND DEVELOPMENT VECTORS OF LEXICOGRAPHIC PRACTICE IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD

The article analyzes the current trends in the development of lexicographic practice in Russia and abroad. The authors proceed from the fact that the evolution of lexicography as a socially oriented science is determined by a multitude of external and internal factors, dominated by changes in the social life, transformation of users’ data acquisition and reading habits, improvement of technologies, etc. Shifts in the lexicographic paradigm result in the unification of approaches to the creation of dictionaries as well as their content and structure, which indicates the integration of the global scientific and methodological space of lexicography. Lexicographic resources aspire for hybridization, which provides for the solution of a wide range of tasks, use of corpus data, “client-orientation”, which changes the user concept of dictionaries towards personalization of query and dictionary browsing modes. Dictionaries are created in an electronic environment using the capacities of new digital tools and artificial intelligence. Lexicography for specific purposes, represented primarily by terminological dictionaries, databases, ontologies and thesauri, remains a priority. Bilingual and multilingual lexicography is actively developing too, witnessing a significant growth in the number of language parallels and the expansion of the repertoire of services facilitating translation and communication processes. On the other hand, the development of lexicography is determined by national interests, which manifests itself in the creation of dictionaries that form and preserve the national identity of the members of the linguoculture described in the dictionary. The lexicographic concept of cultural heritage is being formed. It is framed by dictionaries of language and culture, phraseological and paremiological dictionaries, onomasticons, dictionaries of idiolects, mythology, folklore, etc. The lexicographic practice adequately responds to the challenges of the time, improving the existing and developing some new methods and techniques of creating dictionaries, thus formatting the general scientific methodological paradigm.

PRINCIPLES OF COMPILING A GERMAN-UKRAINIAN DICTIONARY OF PARONYMS

This article addresses the principles of selecting paronyms and the methodology for compiling an electronic German-Ukrainian dictionary of paronyms using a corpus-based approach and systematic analysis to identify similarities and differences in the use of paronyms in speech. The author presents a concept of paronymy as a systemic phenomenon involving etymologically related words with similar morphemic structures but different meanings. By conducting a comparative analysis of collocations, the study identified 1,836 paronyms organized into paronymic series, each comprising two to nine components. The article examines existing dictionaries of paronyms and highlights their lexicographic shortcomings, such as excessive normative/prescriptive orientation, inadequate development of dictionary entries from both linguistic and didactic perspectives, and a lack of rigorous evaluations of modern data to inform dictionary compilation. The ideal paronym dictionary should rely on corpus data, providing reliable information with generalizations about individual word uses within conventionalized language usage. Corpus-based tools, such as those used for contrasting near-synonyms, systematically identify similarities and differences between paronyms in a contrastive manner. This process determines the degree of semantic closeness among expressions with similar contextual usage by comparing their immediate collocational patterns. The recorded semantic closeness or distance between paronyms is based on their contextual overlap in usage. The lexicographic processing of the selected paronyms was carried out with TshwaneLex, a computer-based dictionary creation software that allows lexicographers to develop dictionaries for any language without requiring advanced IT skills. TshwaneLex offers various features such as automatic cross-reference tracking, advanced dictionary comparison/merge functionality, and support for all world languages through full Unicode compatibility. The lemma editing process uses a tree-based interface to represent the hierarchical structure of the lemma, including different meanings, submeanings, word formations, multi-word units, examples of usage, cross-references, and more. Furthermore, the input/output architecture is designed to support the development of additional interfaces for various data sources as add-ons or plug-ins, facilitating other output formats. The article notes that a PHP-based software module is currently available for hosting the TshwaneLex dictionary on the internet, providing an accessible platform for electronic dictionary publication.

The Importance of the Development of Compilation of Monolingual Dictionaries (by the Example of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Kazakh Language)

There are many types of dictionaries depending on the purpose and scope of use. Among them, a special place is occupied by monolingual explanatory dictionaries, which reflect the vocabulary of the cultural life of the people as a whole. Explanatory dictionaries are a real resource that collects the vocabulary of a language in one place. The creation and improvement of monolingual dictionaries has its own unique features. Therefore, it is important to continue the tradition of employing the basics of lexicography in explanatory dictionaries, expand them, republish them, and constantly update them. The article emphasizes the importance of constantly updating the explanatory dictionary and improving its vocabulary articles. In particular, the 15-volume “Dictionary of the Kazakh Literary Language”, prepared by the Akhmet Baitursynuly Institute of Linguistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2011, was selected. This dictionary is an example of creating an explanatory dictionary, reflecting existing traditions and practices of scientific creation of dictionaries. In addition, the article also discusses such issues as ways to enrich the content of dictionary entries by selecting the examples from works of art, examples of spelling complex words, conventional abbreviations; it also provides various explanations of individual concepts for dictionary entries. Particular attention is paid to explaining political terms such as “sovet” (Soviet) and “tarikh” (history) associated with the Soviet era.

Diachronic predictor of affective ratings of English words

This work considers implementation of a diachronic predictor of valence, arousal and dominance ratings of English words. The estimation of affective ratings is based on data on word co-occurrence statistics in the large diachronic Google Books Ngram corpus. Affective ratings from the NRC VAD dictionary are used as target values for training. When tested on synchronic data, the obtained Pearson‘s correlation coefficients between human affective ratings and their machine ratings are 0.843, 0.779 and 0.792 for valence, aroused and dominance, respectively. We also provide a detailed analysis of the accuracy of the predictor on diachronic data. The main result of the work is creation of a diachronic affective dictionary of English words. Several examples are considered that illustrate jumps in the time series of affective ratings when a word gains a new meaning. This indicates that changes in affective ratings can serve as markers of lexical-semantic changes.

Способ представления образных значений лексем «булка» / “Brötchen” в двуязычном русско-немецком лингвокультурологическом словаре

The article is dedicated to the comparison of the metaphorical meanings of the lexemes ‘булка’ and ‘Brötchen’ in the German and Russian languages. In contemporary linguistic-cultural studies, comparisons of concepts and the creation of bilingual linguistic-cultural dictionaries play a special role, with key concepts of conceptualization and categorization. The research aim was to develop the structure of a dictionary entry in a bilingual figurative type dictionary, providing a clear representation of the similarities and differences in the directions of metaphoricalization. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the commonly accepted classification of lexical units based on their lexical and grammatical features was not used in developing the structure. A semantic feature was chosen as the category, allowing for the construction and tracing of semantic relationships with units of different groups, including lexemes of higher levels of abstraction, facilitating the search for figurative equivalents based on a given parameter. The research results expand the understanding of the concepts ХЛЕБ/BROT, whose distinctive features are still insufficiently studied. The developed rubricator can be applied in creating a specialized electronic dictionary.

Derivation of Verbs from Loanwords in Arabic According to Arabic Derivational Paradigms

A sample of 186 loanwords with derived verbs in Arabic was collected and analyzed to explore how these verbs are derived from loanwords; part of speech of the derivable source loanwords; which derivational verb patterns are followed; why verbs are derivable from some loanwords but not from others; and the constraints imposed on the derivation of verbs from loanwords. Data analysis revealed that some loan verbs remain as they are when borrowed in Arabic (comment, update). In 41%, the derived verbs in Arabic are an Arabization of the verbs in the doner language. In 59%, Arabic speakers derive a verb from loan nouns for which no derived verbs exist in the doner (source) language. In 12% of the loanwords, two verbs are derived which follow adifferent derivational patterns, with a different meaning and transitivity. The derived verbs in the sample follow nine Arabic derivational patterns regardless of the source language. A root consisting of 3, 4 or 5 consonants is extracted from the loan word, with vowels added in between. 82% follow five quadri-consonantal paradigms and 16% follow three quinque-consonantal paradigms. The most productive paradigm is فعلل /fa؟lal/ CVCCVC (Afghanize > أفغن/?afɣan/ (VT, make Afghani in character or nationality); Amalgamate > ملغم /malɣam/; Americanize > أمرك /?amrak/ (46%). The second most productive paradigm is فعّل /fa؟؟al/ CVCCVC (19%) as in Gypsum> جبّس/dʒabbas/ (VT); hacker> هكر /hakkar/ (VT); hang>هنج /hannag/ (VI); Latinize>لتن /lattan/ (VT). The quinque-consonantal paradigms تفعلل /tafa؟lal/ CVCVCVC is used in 9% of the loanwords as in democratize > دمقرط/damaqraT/ (VT). The tri-consonantal paradigm is the least productive (2%) as in Ekleipsis (Gr) eclipse>كسف /kasafa/ (VI). All derived verbs herein conform to the Arabic phonotactic and morphotactic systems and are frequently used in daily speech. The same strategies for creating augmented verbs are used in all native but many loanwords. Verb derivation from nouns as countries is feasible but not used, and for others, it is not possible and is counter intuitive to extract consonants to form a root. Recommendations for the creation of a loanwords dictionary and a Arabic derivations’ dictionary are given.

Liepājas Centrālās zinātniskās bibliotēkas Vecbibliotēkas fonda 17.–19. gadsimta franču valodas vārdnīcas

From the 17th century onwards, the French language dominated international communication and the exchange of current information within educated Europe, strengthening its position in the 18th century with the spread of Enlightenment ideas. The importance of French literature of this period can also be seen by observing the shelves of libraries. In the range of resources offered by the reading library of the city of Liepāja, founded in 1777, books in French occupy second place (second only to books in German, which was the dominant language of the educated part of society at the time studied) according to their number, including those intended for language learning: grammars, reading books, phrasebooks, and other dictionaries. The article studies and analyses the range of 17th–19th centuries monolingual French dictionaries, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries with a French section from the collection of the Liepāja library, a total of 20 units. The research area chronologically covers the period from the oldest dictionary, published in 1674, to the last dictionary, published in 1847. In the context of the study, the status and place of the French language in international circulation and on the local scale of Courland are discussed to study what the mentioned dictionaries say about the social and cultural space of Liepāja. The research does not belong to the field of lexicography, as it does not offer an analysis of dictionary creation methods; it focuses on social and cultural practices possibly linked to the use of dictionaries and uses research methods of intellectual history and cultural transfer. The research results reflect the development trends of language use in Liepāja and provide insight into the interaction of the French language with other languages. Monolingual dictionaries, French sections of bilingual and multilingual dictionaries integrate specific elite cultural knowledge and emphasise accuracy of expression. Travellers’ dictionaries show the importance of mobility and communication with European French-speaking elites, but the dynamic rhythm of Liepāja, a port city, is illustrated by dictionaries for businessmen and sailors, in which the French language is not predominant, but is only one of the possible means of communication.

THE PLACE TO MEET WITH WORDS: EXPLANATORY DICTIONARY OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE EDITED BY D.N. USHAKOV

Dmitrij Nikolaevich Ushakov (1873-1942) was an outstanding linguist and teacher, author and editor of the first completed dictionary of the Russian language of the Soviet era. The article contains brief information about the history of the creation of Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language edited by D.N. Ushakov. The features of the dictionary are analyzed, which made it relevant for the contemporaries of the dictionary and important for linguists - our contemporaries. The main purpose of the dictionary, based on the traditions of Russian lexicography, was to educate a wide range of readers. It has a normalizing character, which is expressed in the presence of a wide range of stylistic litters, including prohibitive ones, in the inclusion in the dictionary of incorrect pronunciation options, grammatical and spelling design of words, incorrect meanings of words, accompanied by an indication of their profanity. The dictionary had a huge impact on subsequent explanatory dictionaries, although not all of its important properties were inherited by them. Modern linguists studying the history of words will find a lot of interesting language material in this dictionary. Modern lexicographers have a lot to learn from this dictionary.

Problems in Selection of Entries in the Serbian-Russian Dictionary

The author of this paper participates in the creation of a large Serbian-Russian dictionary as the compiler of the left side of it. The paper was presented at the round table “Problems of Slavic Comparative Lexicology and Lexicography” held at the Faculty of Philology of the MGU on March 24 and regards some doubts and solutions related to the processing of Serbian zoonyms, phytonyms, outdated lexicon, culturally marked lexicon, homonyms, insufficiently frequent lexicon. It occurred that it is not possible to determine in advance which lexemes can and which cannot be part of a bilingual dictionary. Only principal determinations can be set in advance, and the decision about each individual lexeme, however, depends on 1) the scope of the bilingual dictionary; 2) the languages included in the bilingual dictionary; 3) the evaluation of the structure of dictionary users; 4) the guiding ideas of the lexicographer (what messages and values one wants to convey to the user of the dictionary).

"A Rare Vocabulary Dictionary based on school curriculum literature": theoretical issues of creation and methodological prospects for use

The article describes the principles of compiling the Rare Vocabulary Dictionary based on school curriculum literature (hereinafter referred to as the Dictionary) and its methodological potential for being used as an electronic educational resource in teaching schoolchildren. Moreover, the study examines the specific features of the Dictionary in comparison with similar existing lexicographic publications. The Dictionary creation is relevant as there is a need to make Russian classical literature texts more understandable for the modern reader. As a result, the resource can promote the culture of reading literary texts and the formation of students’ linguistic personality, as well as enhance learning efficiency. The Dictionary materials were comprised of Russian authors’ works included in the school literature curriculum for years 5 to 11. The paper pays particular attention to the innovative solutions concerning the principles of glossary compilation and dictionary entry creation. The research relied on corpus linguistics methodology and its tools for working with text, which enabled us to select vocabulary based on objective criteria (low frequency in modern Russian) and describe the meaning of a particular word relying on the entire set of contexts of its use in the literature under study. The focus of lexicographic interpretation was an extensive layer of rare vocabulary of various semantic groups (including proper names and occasionalisms) and different parts of speech. Semantic description demonstrates the history of word meanings in the language in conjunction with contextual interpretation of a lexical unit. The entries contain encyclopedic information and a detailed cultural and/or philological commentary. Maximal attention is given to authorial neologisms. Some entries are accompanied by images of the item being described. The Dictionary is implemented as a module of the new Russian Classics cross platform mobile application. The article also describes the operating principles and capabilities of the application.

«Мүнйетүл-гүзат» жазба ескерткішіндегі есім сөздердің лексикалық ерекшеліктері

The traditions of comparative study of Turkic languages, creation of dictionaries, and teaching the Kipchak language to representatives of other nationalities constitute one epoch in the land of the Mamluks. Monuments belonging to this era have different purposes and contents. The article analyzes the lexical specificity of the nominal words on the monument "Munyetul-Gyuzat", belonging to the period of the Mamluk Kipchaks. Somaticisms and names of species and colors in the text are compared with modern Kazakh and Turkic languages. Mamluk Kipchaks make up a significant part of the monuments of Kapshak writing in general. During the period of the Mamluk Kipchaks, dictionaries, works, and grammatical works were written to study the language. This heritage is directly related to the Kipchak language. It is important in studying the history of the formation of the Kazakh language, both the oral speech of the Kipchaks in the Middle Ages and literary variants of the language. "Munyetul-Guzat" is a work dedicated to the art of war. This monument has not yet been fully studied in linguistics. As for the history of the Kazakh language, the study of the vocabulary of this text is important for linguistics.

CREATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEM MODEL FOR THEASSESSMENT OF TOURISM OBJECTS

The paper presents a model of information system designed to evaluate tourism objects based on information from web resources and social networks. When describing the model, the main entities such as data object, user, option, comment, tourism object, tourism organization and tone definition term were identified and described in detail. The relationships between the above entities of the information system are also defined. The core of the model is a data object, which stores complete information about the resource and is described to a greater extent through metadata. The main stages of model realization are given, which includes four steps: creation of tourism object database, collection and processing of comments, creation of tone definition dictionary and stage of tourism object evaluation. The paper also touches upon the issues related to the definition of the needs of tourists and tourism organizations.

Лексичний рівень у лінгвістичній (семантико-текстуальній) експертизі

The purpose of this article is to define the concept of the lexical level in linguistic (semantic and textual) expertise, to highlight the need for and propose the creation of an explanatory dictionary on a specific topic. Semantic and textual expertise solves the tasks of establishing the content of concepts, the lexical meaning of words or phrases used in the texts or oral communications provided for the study, their stylistic coloring, semantic load, and the nature of the information contained therein. The objects of such examination are the products of speech activity recorded in writing. The subject of this type of research is factual data that have in their structure statements that encourage certain actions (speech constructions). The lexical level is a key element of analysis in linguistic (semantic and textual) expertise, which helps to understand the text and its possible interpretations. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics that studies the word as the basic unit of language and the vocabulary of the language – the lexicon. The lexical meaning of a word is the real, subject-conceptual content of the word, which is expressed by the base or root. The lexical level in linguistic (semantic and textual) expertise is one of the main stages of text analysis to determine its meaning. In connection with the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the demand for linguistic (semantic and textual) expertise has increased in judicial practice. Typical forensic examinations appointed during the investigation of collaboration activities are forensic semantic and textual examinations – in 41 criminal proceedings (27.3% of cases). Therefore, it is important to create a special explanatory dictionary by linguists together with lawyers.

НІМЕЦЬКИЙ ЕТНОКУЛЬТУРНИЙ ФОН СЛОВ’ЯНСЬКОЇ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЇ: ЕТИМОЛОГІЧНИЙ КОМЕНТАР

Background. The article substantiates the etymology of some phrases of Slavic languages associated with German ethnoculture. Compared to lexical etymology, which has reached the Indo-European level of reconstruction, the phraseology of Slavic languages is at the stage of etymologizing individual figurative units. There is a lack of monolingual etymological dictionaries of Slavic phraseology, which could in the future become the basis for multilingual dictionaries. Hence the relevance of our study, which aims to deepen the etymologies of phraseological Germanisms that have been assimilated by Slavic languages to varying degrees. Methods. Descriptive, etymological, and ethnolinguistic methods of analysis are used. Results. On the basis of explanatory and etymological lexicographical sources of the German language, the phraseological germanisms jemandem einen Korb geben, der blaue Montag in the East Slavic, West Slavic and South Slavic groups of Slavic languages, namely Ukrainian, Russian, Belarusian, Czech, Croatian and Slovenian, are studied. Phraseological receptions in Slavic languages are confirmed by ethnocultural data. The German phrase ein Korb geben / ein Korb bekommen has been identified as a genetic source of phraseological calquing in the Slavic languages of the West Slavic and South Slavic groups. For the East Slavic language group, the semantics of the analyzed phrases дати/ дістати гарбуза "give/get the pumpkins" reveals typological rather than genetic kinship. At the same time, we qualify the borrowing of the Ukrainian phrase daty vidkosha to denote any refusal as a Germanic calque through the mediation of Czech and Polish. It is noted that the interpretation of the Czech phrase modré pondělí proposed in the new Academic Dictionary of Modern Czech, in our opinion, cannot have two different meanings, since the expression is originally associated with a specific chronological date. Сonclusions. The study of the genesis of phraseological units of Slavic languages is an urgent and promising task for linguists. The creation of etymological phraseological dictionaries of national languages will help to emphasize the national and universal features of the Slavic worldview in the projection on their history and culture.

National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine: Current State and Scientific Horizons of the Future

The problems of optimizing the activities of the institutions of the National Academy of Sciences those have become relevant for the last decade are considered in the article in the context of the necessity to reform Ukrainian academic science. It concerns the existential fateful trials and challenges faced by the Ukrainian people as a result of a large-scale Russian military aggression, and therefore it is about the need for effective use of technical and economic resources and the intellectual base of the country, increasing the significance of science in the security and defense system of the state, strengthening the innovative component of the scientific potential of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The visible successes of the institutions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine both in the field of theories and in the sphere of applied research and technologies are emphasized in the study. Attention is also paid to the fact that a significant share of domestic scientific achievements and inventions belong to the researchers of the institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The investigations of academic institutes in humanities are considered as of a national importance. They have become basic scientific centers of Ukraine for researching the problems of Linguistics, Art Studies, Ethnology and Literary Criticism; the development and formation of the essential principles of the normative framework for the functioning of the Ukrainian language as a state one; the study of issues of the development of the theory and history of the Ukrainian language; compiling a dictionary fund and creation of reference and published works. Humanitarian academic institutes have the merit of preparing and publishing a powerful corpus of stories of folk and professional culture, publishing multi-volume encyclopedias and dictionaries those represent the high artistic and aesthetic potential of the cultural and artistic heritage of the Ukrainian people. At the same time, it is emphasized in the article on the phenomenon of appearance of numerous published works. Their authors seek to devalue domestic science, nullify its achievements, and cast doubt on the question of its very future functioning within the framework of the National Academy of Sciences. The authoress of the submitted article refutes these attempts as short-sighted, baseless and detrimental to the civilizational progress of the state. The researcher notes that the national sciences of recognized world countries are an attribute of their civilizational development. Therefore, along with the search for ways to modernize academic science, its full integration into the world scientific space, Ukrainian society should take care of preservation of its personnel potential, financial support and strengthening of the scientific and technical base. The opinion that the Academy of Sciences should continue to reinforce its significance as the main arbiter in defining the development prospects of the state, intensify its defense capacity and security foundations, during the period of post-war reconstruction is grounded in the article.

Mitigating slice cross-talk in multi-slice multi-echo spin echo T2 mapping.

To investigate whether a T2 inter-slice variation could occur when a multi-slice multi-echo spin echo (MESE) sequence is used for image acquisition and to propose an enhanced method for reconstructing T2 maps that can effectively address and correct these variations. Bloch simulations were performed accounting for the direct saturation effect to evaluate magnetization changes in multi-slice 2D MESE sequence. Experimental phantom scans were performed to validate these simulations. An improved version of the dictionary-based reconstruction approach was proposed, enabling the creation of a multi-slice dictionary of echo modulation curves (EMC). The corresponding method has been assayed considering inter-slice T2 variation with phantoms and in lower leg. Experimental and numerical study illustrate that direct saturation leads to a bias of EMCs. This bias during the T2 maps reconstructions using original single-slice EMC-dictionary method led to inter-slice T2 variation of 2.03% in average coefficient of variation (CV) in agarose phantoms, and up to 2.8% in vivo (for TR = 2 s, slice gap = 0%). A reduction of CV was observed when increasing the gap up to 100% (0.36% in phantoms, and up to 1.5% in vivo) or increasing TR up to 4 s (0.76% in phantoms, and up to 1.9% in vivo). Matching the multi-slice experimental data with multi-slice dictionaries provided a reduced CV of 0.54% in phantoms and up to 2.3% in vivo. T2 values quantified from multi-slice MESE images using single-slice dictionaries are biased. A dedicated multi-slice EMC method providing the appropriate dictionaries can reduce the inter-slice T2 variation.