Enzyme Creatine Phosphokinase Research Articles

Comparative Study of the Protective Effects of Citral, Thymoquinone, and Silymarin on Methotrexate-induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats.

Methotrexate (MTX), an immunosuppressant and anti-cancer medication, can harm the heart. The goal of the current investigation was to assess the cardiotoxicity caused by MTX and the potential cardioprotective properties of silymarin, citral, and thymoquinone as antioxidants. Forty-eight rats were divided into six groups, which included control, MTX, cosolvent, citral, thymoquinone, and silymarin groups. At the end of the study, the rats were anesthetized (ketamine and xylazine) and killed using CO2. Their blood samples were collected to measure the enzymatic activities of creatine kinase-myoglobin binding (CK-MB), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, the heart tissue was sampled to determine the antioxidant capacity and examine the histopathology. The findings revealed that the activity of CPK, CK-MB, and LDH enzymes significantly reduced in the thymoquinone treatment group compared to the MTX group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased in the thymoquinone group compared to the MTX group (p < 0.05). The pathological modifications (i.e. severe congestion, edema fluid, the presence of inflammatory cells around the blood vessels, mild to moderate hemorrhaging between cardiac muscle fibers) were seen in the MTX group. The treatment groups, particularly thymoquinone, did not experience any appreciable pathological changes. The thymoquinone was found to have the strongest protective effect against the heart damage caused by MTX.

Влияние срочного тренировочного эффекта на показатели адаптации у квалифицированных борцов вольного стиля

An analysis of the results of assessing the urgent training effect of qualified freestyle wrestlers in the preparatory period of the annual training cycle is given. As parameters for the analysis of the urgent training effect, subjective and objective research methods were used, such as a change in the resting heart rate, an athlete's assessment of readiness to train, the ratio of fatigue to recovery, an assessment of the training day by the coach, and a biochemical blood test to clarify the level of the creatine phosphokinase enzyme. The results of the control of the urgent training effect according to the four-component scale indicate that the athletes recover sufficiently and have an average readiness to train. To assess the objective indicators of the urgent training effect, documentary materials were analyzed – the results of a biochemical blood test for the concentration of the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzyme. Determination of the total activity of CPK in the blood serum after exercise makes it possible to assess the degree of damage to the cells of the muscular system, myocardium, and other organs. The higher the stress (severity) of the transferred load for the body, the greater the damage to cell membranes, the greater the release of the enzyme into the peripheral blood.In most wrestlers, the creatine phosphokinase index corresponds to the average index of physical activity stress and does not represent negative changes in the biochemical component of the athletes' body. Consequently, in these athletes, the urgent training effect has been successfully implemented. Athletes were identified whose stress level in terms of CPK is above average and high, which corresponds to the body’s underrecovery after previous loads, respectively, subsequent training loads will deplete the body’s reserve capabilities and will not cause an increase in the wrestlers’ body fitness.

Влияние срочного тренировочного эффекта на показатели адаптации у квалифицированных борцов вольного стиля

An analysis of the results of assessing the urgent training effect of qualified freestyle wrestlers in the preparatory period of the annual training cycle is given. As parameters for the analysis of the urgent training effect, subjective and objective research methods were used, such as a change in the resting heart rate, an athlete's assessment of readiness to train, the ratio of fatigue to recovery, an assessment of the training day by the coach, and a biochemical blood test to clarify the level of the creatine phosphokinase enzyme. The results of the control of the urgent training effect according to the four-component scale indicate that the athletes recover sufficiently and have an average readiness to train. To assess the objective indicators of the urgent training effect, documentary materials were analyzed – the results of a biochemical blood test for the concentration of the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzyme. Determination of the total activity of CPK in the blood serum after exercise makes it possible to assess the degree of damage to the cells of the muscular system, myocardium, and other organs. The higher the stress (severity) of the transferred load for the body, the greater the damage to cell membranes, the greater the release of the enzyme into the peripheral blood.In most wrestlers, the creatine phosphokinase index corresponds to the average index of physical activity stress and does not represent negative changes in the biochemical component of the athletes' body. Consequently, in these athletes, the urgent training effect has been successfully implemented. Athletes were identified whose stress level in terms of CPK is above average and high, which corresponds to the body’s underrecovery after previous loads, respectively, subsequent training loads will deplete the body’s reserve capabilities and will not cause an increase in the wrestlers’ body fitness.

Pathophysiological significance of creatinekinase and lactatedehydrogenase in the mechanisms of adaptation of muscle tissue of descendants

Over the past half century, the human population has seen a significant increase in the proportion of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation. One of the urgent problems of radiobiology is the establishment of the natural radiosensitivity of the organism, which provides the possibility of predicting the remote consequences of radiation exposure. The general condition of animals after ionizing radiation and the changes caused by this radiation largely determine the functioning of muscle tissue, which plays an important role in ensuring the vital activity of the body. The leading pathogenetic factor of radiation damage to the body is a violation of the metabolism and structural organization of enzymatic systems, due to which a sequence of biochemical processes and compartmentalization of enzyme systems change, and their solubilization increases. Additionally, it is extremely important to understand the detailed mechanisms of energy supply for the functioning of muscle tissue in the body of intact animals. The purpose of the work is to determine the pathophysiological significance of creatinekinase and lactatedehydrogenase in the mechanisms of adaptation of the body of the descendants of intact rats to the influence of a stress factor by studying changes in the activity of creatinekinase and lactatedehydrogenase in the blood and muscle system. A characteristic feature of creatine metabolism in 1-month-old pup rats was shown to be the low content of creatine and creatinine in skeletal and cardiac muscles against the background of low activity of the creatine phosphokinase enzyme in these muscles and its sharp increase in blood. Expressed hypercreatinuria and hypocreatininuria are registered in the blood of 1-month-old pup rats, which can be realized due to the strengthening of biosynthetic processes against the background of the inability of muscle tissue to fix these metabolites. In the skeletal and cardiac muscles of intact 1-month-old pup rats, the activity of creatine phosphokinase is decreased due to the decrease in the activity of the MM -isoform of the enzyme. The investigated metabolic processes in the muscle system of intact animals were shown to be extremely sensitive to the altering influence of ionizing radiation. The authors stressed that understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of adaptation of the muscular system to the probable influence of a stressful radiation factor, we can draw a conclusion about the depth and severity of the pathological process based on the state of the enzyme systems, and we consider the determination of enzymatic tests in the blood to be important in diagnostic and prognostic aspects.

Analysis of the Serie of Cases of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (Cross-Sectional Observational Study)

Background: neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is the most dangerous complication of therapy with neuroleptics with high mortality. The publications on MNS are the reviews articles or case reports.The aim of study: an identification of the frequency of occurrence of NMS harm in patients of the city psychiatric hospital over a 4-year period, a clarification of the clinical manifestations of this complication, an analysis of the effectiveness of the treatment and rate of deaths.Patients and methods: 19 cases with a confirmed diagnosis of NMS who were treated for 4 years in one of the clinical psychiatric hospitals in Moscow with 1158 beds. All patients met the criteria for the diagnosis of NMS according to DSM-5 (333.92). The severity of extrapyramidal disorders was assessed on the Simpson–Angus Rating Scale (SAS). The Bush–Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS) was used to assess the features and severity of catatonic symptoms. All patients underwent a study of the general clinical analysis and biochemical analysis of blood with the determination of the number of leukocytes and the activity of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK).Results: the incidence of NMS was 0.035% of all treated patients, mortality— 10.5%. Most often, NMS develops during treatment with haloperidol and much less frequently with the appointment of atypical antipsychotics risperidone and clozapine in patients with schizophrenia, acute polymorphic mental disorder, organic mental disorders, including dementia. The influence of such factors as gender, age, type of disease on the development of NMS has not been established. The age of patients with a fatal outcome was higher than the average for the group. The clinical picture of NMS was characterized by a combination of catatonic, extrapyramidal and somato-vegetative disorders with hyperthermia, leukocytosis and increased activity of CPK.Conclusion: today NMS remains a relatively rare, but extremely dangerous complication of antipsychotic therapy, with a high risk of death and can develop both in the treatment with first and second generation antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and acute polymorphic mental disorder and in organic mental disorders, including dementia.

Creatine phosphokinase enzyme elevation in two third-level hospitals of Córdoba

HyperCKemia is defined as the elevation of creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels greater than 1.5 times the upper limit (CK>285 U/L), being produced by multiple causes, which vary according different populations. The main objective of the study was to know the frequency of hyperCKemia in two hospitals in Córdoba and its main causes. Retrospective analytical study in two hospitals in Córdoba, Argentina, where all patients over 18 years of age who presented CK values ​​greater than 285 U/L on at least 2 occasions in a period between 1 and 4 weeks were identified, between the years 2015 and 2017. 254 patients with hyperCKemia were identified, the majority were male (n=181, 71.3%) and their median age was 65 years (interquartile range 25-75%=50-73 years). The main causes of hyperCKemia were ischemic myopathy in 99 (39%) patients and drug-induced myopathies in 45 (17.7%), with statins being the most frequently involved drugs in 31 cases. In only 3.1% of the cases the final diagnosis was not reached. Drug-induced hyperCKemias, when compared to other causes, occurred more frequently in patients with a history of chronic kidney disease (9/45 [20%] vs 18/209 [8.6%], p = 0.025) and in non-smokers (41/45 [91.1%] vs. 157/209 [75.1%], p=0.019). 254 cases of hyperCKemia were observed, the main causes being of ischemic origin and secondary to drug use, especially statins.

Pharmaco–cold cardioplegia during isolated prosthesis of the aortal valve

Objective. To study the possibilities of pharmaco–cold cardioplegia, while doing isolated prosthesis of the aortal valve.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Into the investigation were included 279 patients with aortal failures, operated in Department of Surgical Treatment of the Acquired Failures of the Heart of National Institute of Cardio–Vascular Surgery named after М. М. Аmosov in 2015–2021 yrs. The average age of the patients have constituted (62,5 ± 6,4) yrs old. In all the patients the isolated аоrtal valve correction for aortal failures was performed, using mechanical and biological prostheses. Infusion of “Kustodiol” solution for defense of the myocardium was applied.&#x0D; Results. On the hospital stage 9 patients died (hospital lethality have constituted 3,2%). Іnotropic support (dobutamin) in early postoperative period was applied in dosage of 3 – 4 mcg/kg/min during first 48 h. The levels of cardiac creatine phosphokinase enzyme on the second postoperative day, while exploiting antegrade, аnteretrograde, retroantegrade and retrograde methods of the cardioplegic solution delivery, have hade differences.&#x0D; Conclusion. Retrograde pathway of injection of cardioplegic solution permits to defense the myocardium effectively while correcting of aortal failure.

An unusual case of familial hyperlipidemia with statin induced rhabdomyolysis

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), also known as Type 2 familial dyslipidemia is a genetic disorder characterized by high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. Elevated LDL cholesterol levels leads to ischemic heart disease in younger age group. FH is well known to cause deposition of cholesterol in muscle tendons causing tendon xanthomas which present as nodules over Achilles' tendon. Familial hypercholesterolemia is treated with high dose of statins to bring down the LDL cholesterol. We hereby report an unusual case of familial hypercholesterolemia with very high LDL levels (504 mg/dl) and tendon xanthomas who developed statin induced rhabdomyolysis due to consumption of high doses of statins. Patient had consumed both atorvastatin and rosuvastatin by mistake which led to rhabdomyolysis. A clinician must look out for this complication in any patient who is started on high dose of statins. Anticipation of this complication, patient education and periodic checking of muscle enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and serum creatinine in a patient on high dose statins helps in tackling this complication effectively.

Adult Female BALB/c Mice Heart and Aorta Tissue Under the Influence of Aqueous Extract of Physalis alkekengi

Background: Physalis alkekengi (PA) is used as a topical medicine in the treatment of tumors. The diuretic, laxative, and anti-inflammatory properties of PA have been studied. Due to the widespread usage of PA, investigation on the plausible side effects is of great concern. Objectives: This study was done to assess the effects of aqueous extract of PA on the heart and aortic tissue of adult BALB/c mice. Methods: Fifty BALB/c mice aged 10-12 weeks, weighing 25 ± 2 g, were divided into five groups of control, sham, and three experimental groups (receiving PA aqueous extract at 7, 15, and 19 g/Kg) for four weeks. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzymes were measured. Moreover, histological processing and macroscopic investigation were performed. Results: Our data showed that different doses of PA aqueous extract caused a significant increase in aortic diameter compared to the control and sham groups (P-value ≤ 0.05). The macroscopic heart investigation revealed that the experimental groups had more apparent blood vessels than the control group. In microscopic examinations, an increase was observed in the interstitial spaces and unrecognizable stepped lines. The experimental groups demonstrated a significant decrease in the levels of LDH and CPK compared to the control and sham groups (P-value ≤ 0.5). Therefore, PA aqueous extract has adverse impacts on the heart, aorta, and cardiac enzymes, which were more significant at high doses. Conclusions: Our finding showed that PA has destructive impacts on the heart tissue and PA use needs more investigation and attention.

SERUM CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE ACTIVITY IN RABBIT DURING REGENERATION OF EXPERIMENTALLY DAMAGED MUSCLE TISSUE AND AFTER ITS STIMULATION BY TRANSPLANTED MSC

According to statistics, in modern veterinary practice, the percentage of muscle injuries among sport and working animals ranges from 40–70% of sports injuries. Quite often there are cases with muscle injuries of skeletal muscles, namely extremities. This scientific work describes the research methodology, stages of research step-by-step, and studies the relationship of dynamics of the activity of a single biochemical blood indicator. The essence of the method was to model the injury of muscle tissue performed by the skin and fascia dissection and cutting off in the area of midplane of the pelvic head of the biceps femoris muscle, measuring 1.5 x 1.5 cm to a depth of 1.5 cm of muscle tissue on 105 laboratory animals, divided into 4 groups with the use of various treatment methods. We analyze the results of one of the most effective biochemical methods for diagnosing muscle fiber of skeletal system damage and compare the activity of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase iso-enzyme depending on the stage of the study. Other research methods such as clinical, biochemical, ultrasonographic, histological research methods were recorded on 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28 days. We analyzed the latest literature sources and concluded that on the 4th and 7th days, the level of creatine phosphokinase in the groups with intravenous administration, intramuscular administration of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells is higher than the reference values but significantly lower compared to the control groups and the traditional method of treatment. But we observe a significant decrease in serum creatine phosphokinase levels in crawls on 10th day in the intravenous administration group compared to the control group of animals in 2 times, compared to traditional treatment in 1.6 times. The group of animals with intramuscular administration has reference values on the 14th day, compared with the control in 1.3 times lower, traditional treatment in 1.2 times. And on 21th day, we get reference values for a group of animals with traditional treatment. The level of creatine phosphokinase activity decreases in the control group of animals on 28th day of the research, which indicates a complete muscle rupture. The results of studies showed that the highest activity of the creatine phosphokinase enzyme during the study was shown by groups of animals with control and traditional treatment, which indicated significant structural, functional and destructive disorders of the muscle fibers of skeletal tissues with severe trauma. Thus, it is noted that the activity of the enzyme in conditions of damage of skeletal muscle tends to increase in accordance with the severity of the injury.

Single-Dose Cold Modified Bretschneider Solution for Myocardial Protection in the Surgical Treatment of Patients with Aortic Valve Stenosis and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Summary Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is predominantly caused by degenerative calcification in patients over 70 years. It obstructs the left ventricular outflow tract. The result is concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) wall stress and ischemia-induced myocardial fibrosis. [1] According to the European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgery, all high-grade AS patients are indicated for Aortic valve intervention [2]. One of the most recommendable methods for myocardial protection during surgical aortic valve replacement is antegrade delivery of cold crystalloid cardioplegia. Our retrospective study included 173 operated patients with AS and LVH. We observed the MB fraction of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK-MB) as a postoperative marker for myocardial hypoprotection in different patients. Our results showed that a single dose of modified Bretschnaider solution provided safe and long enough myocardial protection during conventional and minimally invasive aortic valve replacement in patients with AS and LVH [3].

Effects of Electrotherapy on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

In this article, the reasons for the occurrence of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) and the effect of electrotherapy on it were discussed. Electrotherapy is a non-invasive and easy method to treat DOMS and muscle fatigue. As a result of intense and abnormal exercise, the creatine phosphokinase enzyme in the muscle increases and DOMS occur. DOMS can be treated with electrotherapy techniques such as micro-current electrotherapy. Micro-currents devices reduce the severity of DOMS symptoms by maintaining intracellular calcium homeostasis. Devices such as Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and Micro-Current Electrical Therapy (MET) belong to the category of micro-currents. The number of electrotherapy sessions after the occurrence of DOMS and the frequency of electrotherapy devices are two important factors in the treatment of DOMS. TENS conducts electrical current to the body through electrodes that attach to the skin, and helping to reduce pain by releasing endorphins, a natural painkiller, and blocking the passage of pain to the brain. MET uses resonant frequencies to aid in deeper and longer treatment, increase the body’s production of natural catalysts in the healing process, and is more useful in chronic pain than TENS. Research has shown that electrotherapy has been shown to improve DOMS symptoms.

Hepatic encephalopathy in swine experimentally poisoned with Senna occidentalis seeds: Effects on astrocytes

Senna occidentalis may be accidently ingested by humans and animals. In this study, the percentages of S. occidentalis seeds necessary for experimental reproduction of hepatic encephalopathy were determined in a pig model and the biochemical and microscopic pathology is described in detail, with emphasis on the astrocytes. The experimental groups (G1, G2 and G3) were fed rations containing 5%, 7.5% and 10% of S. occidentalis seeds for 7–11 days. Pigs from the three experimental groups showed incoordination, ataxia, disorientation, head pressing, anorexia, recumbency and depression. In addition, the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and creatine phosphokinase increased in all treated animals, which also showed higher serum total bilirubin and ammonia levels than in the control group (C). Microscopically, all experimental animals revealed acute hepatocellular swelling, multifocal coagulative necrosis in the pancreas, necrosis in the cardiac muscle, severe spongiosis in brain white and grey matter, and Alzheimer type II astrocytes in grey matter of the cerebral cortex. These cells were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) negative in G3. In white matter, a decrease in the positive area occupied by GFAP-immunolabelling and in the number of astrocytes per immunoreactive area was observed in G3 animals (5.35 ± 1.14% and 410 ± 45 cells/mm2, respectively) compared to the C animals (13.93 ± 1.59% and 581 ± 36 cells/mm2, respectively). This loss of GFAP was accompanied by alterations in astrocyte morphology, such as shrinkage of the cell body and retraction of the extending processes. This pig model of ammonia-mediated astrocyte damage could be used to study not only poisoning by S. occidentalis, but also other medical conditions resulting in hepatoencephalopathy.

Protective effect of valsartan against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: Histopathology and metabolomics in vivo study.

Doxorubicin (DOX) treatment has been associated with cardiotoxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to search for a therapeutic that can effectively mitigate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of valsartan (VAL) against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four treatment groups: Group I: Control, Group II: VAL (30 mg/kg, ip), Group III: DOX (15 mg/kg, ip), and Group IV: VAL + DOX (30 + 15 mg/kg, ip). All groups were treated every other day for 14 days. Blood was isolated for biochemical and metabolomics studies, and sections of the heart were also analyzed for histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations to detect changes in P53, BAX, BCL-2, and P62 expression. The combination of VAL + DOX resulted in a marked decrease in cardiac biomarker enzymes (aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase) compared to DOX monotherapy. In addition, the histopathological examination of the VAL + DOX combination revealed a low percentage of fibrosis and inflammation. Immunohistochemical expression of p53 and BAX was significantly reduced, whereas BCL-2 expression was significantly increased in the VAL + DOX treatment group compared to DOX monotherapy. Also, the combination of VAL + DOX reverses the negative effect of DOX on nuclear p62 expression. Analysis of serum metabolites showed that DOX monotherapy reduced the number of several amino acids, whereas the combination of VAL + DOX restored these metabolic pathways. This study revealed the potential cardioprotective effect of VAL, which may provide novel and promising approaches for managing cardiotoxicity induced by DOX.

PERBANDINGAN KADAR ENZIM KREATININ FOSFOKINASE DAN NYERI OTOT SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH LATIHAN BERENANG SELAMA EMPAT MINGGU PADA PERENANG UNIT KEGIATAN MAHASISWA KLUB RENANG

A research has been done to compare the differences on the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level and muscle soreness before and after 4-weeks swim practices on swimmers of College swimming club. Eighteen healthy male swimmers (mean ± SD; age: 19,94 ± 1,86 years; weight: 65,28 ± 6,14 kg; height: 1,72 ± 0,43 m) participated in this study. All subjects performed their 4-weeks swim practices which consist of 2x120 hours per week with 500 meters average daily swim distance and weight training. Blood was collected before and after the practices and CPK were analyzed. Questionnaires concerning muscle soreness were filled put before each blood draw. Results were analyzed using normality test and Wilcoxon signed rank test (p&lt;0.05). There was significant increase in CPK level during 4-weeks swim practices by 59.41% (p=0.044). Whereas for muscle soreness (overall and specifically in arms and thighs), there was no significant differences between before and after the 4-weeks swim practices. As a conclusion, participation in 4-weeks swim practices resulted in significant serum CPK enzyme elevation, but there was lack of significance in muscle soreness differences on swimmers of College swimming club.

The toxic effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on skeletal muscle: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this systematic review was to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the toxic effects of chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) on skeletal muscles. We designed the study according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies for qualitative and quantitative analyses were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: English language; size of sample (> 5 patients), adult (> age of 18) patients, treated with CQ/HCQ for inflammatory diseases, and presenting and not presenting with toxic effects on skeletal muscles. We collected data published from 1990 to April 2020 using PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and SciELO. Risk of bias for observational studies was assessed regarding the ROBIN-I scale. Studies with less than five patients (case reports) were selected for an additional qualitative analysis. We used the software Comprehensive Meta-Analysis at the confidence level of 0.05. We identified 23 studies for qualitative analysis (17 case-reports), and five studies were eligible for quantitative analysis. From case reports, 21 patients presented muscle weakness and confirmatory biopsy for CQ/HCQ induced myopathy. From observational studies, 37 patients out of 1,367 patients from five studies presented muscle weakness related to the use of CQ/HCQ, and 252 patients presented elevated levels of muscle enzymes (aldolase, creatine phosphokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase). Four studies presented data on 34 patients with confirmatory biopsy for drug-induced myopathy. No study presented randomized samples. The chronic use of CQ/HCQ may be a risk for drug-induced myopathy. There is substantiated need for proper randomized trials and controlled prospective studies needed to assess the clinical and subclinical stages of CQ/HCQ -induced muscle myopathy.

Cardioprotective effect of Malva verticillata against doxorubicin -induced toxicity in rats

BackgroundM. verticillata (Malvaceae) is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of wounds, boils, and liver injuries. The plant leaf extracts possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of various cancers, but its clinical use is limited by acute and chronic cardiotoxicity. This study aims to evaluate the possible cardioprotective role of Malva verticillata against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.MethodThirty-six male albino rats were divided into six groups, (n = 6): G1: normal control (was given 1 ml/kg of NaCl, 0.9%, twice a week IP), G2: cardiotoxic group (was given 1 mg/kg of DOX twice a week IP). G3 and G4 were given 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of M. verticillata, respectively, while G5 and G6: were given 250, 500 mg/kg of M. verticillata PO and 1 mg/kg IP of DOX. for 6 weeks. Total body weight was taken weekly and Heart: body weight ratio was calculated. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and Troponin, the hearts were removed and processed for histopathological examination.ResultsM. verticillata showed a significant dose-dependent reduction in the cardiac enzyme levels, LDH, CPK activities, and Troponin levels. The histopathological studies in rat hearts also supported those findings.ConclusionThe present study suggests that M. verticillata may have a novel and worthwhile cardioprotective effect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.

Rhabdomyolysis Leading to Acute Kidney Injury.

Rhabdomyolysis constitutes an uncommon cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). A large variety of causes with different pathogenic mechanisms may involve skeletal muscles resulting in rhabdomyolysis with or without acute kidney injury. Crush syndrome and unaccustomed physical exertion are the most common causes of rhabdomyolysis. This study reports local cases of AKI secondary to rhabdomyolysis that presented to a tertiary care centre over a period of four years. Most of them were males and belonged to younger age group. Muscle enzyme creatine phosphokinase level was raised in all patients, while myoglobinuria was detected only in one patient. Most of the patients (10/16) were managed conservatively with fluid replacement; and some of them (6/16) needed dialysis. AKI was resolved in all the patients after a variable period of time. Key Words: Rhabdomyolysis, Acute kidney injury, Myoglobinuria, Creatine phosphokinase, Trauma.

PERBANDINGAN KADAR ENZIM KREATININ FOSFOKINASE DAN NYERI OTOT SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH LATIHAN BERENANG SELAMA EMPAT MINGGU PADA PERENANG UNIT KEGIATAN MAHASISWA KLUB RENANG

A research has been done to compare the differences on the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level and muscle soreness before and after 4-weeks swim practices on swimmers of College swimming club. Eighteen healthy male swimmers (mean ± SD; age: 19,94 ± 1,86 years; weight: 65,28 ± 6,14 kg; height: 1,72 ± 0,43 m) participated in this study. All subjects performed their 4-weeks swim practices which consist of 2x120 hours per week with 500 meters average daily swim distance and weight training. Blood was collected before and after the practices and CPK were analyzed. Questionnaires concerning muscle soreness were filled put before each blood draw. Results were analyzed using normality test and Wilcoxon signed rank test (p&lt;0.05). There was significant increase in CPK level during 4-weeks swim practices by 59.41% (p=0.044). Whereas for muscle soreness (overall and specifically in arms and thighs), there was no significant differences between before and after the 4-weeks swim practices. As a conclusion, participation in 4-weeks swim practices resulted in significant serum CPK enzyme elevation, but there was lack of significance in muscle soreness differences on swimmers of College swimming club.

The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on the CPK Enzyme in Blood Serum and Some Physical Abilities for Wrestlers during the Competition Period.

Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) is a binary enzyme that stimulates reverse phosphorylation to regenerate adenosine triphosphate. Creatine supplementation improves the Phosphagen system by increasing the amount of free creatine and phosphocreatine available to replenish adenosine triphosphate. The aims of this study are to investigate the effects of a creatine supplement on CPK enzyme, muscular endurance, power and agility performance compared to a placebo among wrestlers during the competition in a double-blind and randomized manner. Sixteen Wrestlers participated in the current study. They were divided into two groups; Experimental group (EXP) (n = 8) with creatine supplementation and a control group without creatine supplementation (CON) (n = 8). They were tested before (PRE) and after (POST) 8-week creatine supplementation period for CPK enzyme, muscular endurance [i.e. back-throw skill using the wrestling dummy], power [i.e. skill of the bridge], and agility [i.e. skill of the bridge in 10 sec.]. The results have shown statistically significant effects of the time (i.e. pre- to post-training) for all measured variables (p ≤ 0.05) of EXP group (whereas no significant effects (p ˃ 0.05) of CON group. There were statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) at the POST evaluation of EXP group in comparison with CON group for all study variables.