Emulsion Cream Research Articles

Extraction of coconut oil with Lactobacillus plantarum 1041 IAM

AbstractExtraction of coconut oil with a pure culture of Lactobacillus plantarum 1041 IAM was investigated. Grated coconut meat and water at 30, 50, and 70°C were mixed in various ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) and allowed to settle for 2–6 h. The most efficient coconut cream separation was obtained at the 1:1 ratio of grated coconut meat to water at 70°C, followed by 6 h settling time. Fermentation was then conducted on coconut cream emulsion with the sample from 1:1 ratio, 70°C, and 6‐h settling time. Oil yield from the fermentation process with 5% inoculum of L. plantarum 1041 IAM after 10 h at 40°C was 95.06% Quality characteristics of the extracted oil were as follows: moisture content, 0.04%; peroxide value, 5.8 meq oxygen/kg; anisidine value, 2.10; free fatty acid, 2.45%; iodine value, 4.9; and color, 0.6 (Y + 5R). Extraction of coconut oil from coconut meat with L. plantarum 1041 IAM was significantly improved in both oil yield and quality over the traditional wet process.

Stability of emulsions under equilibrium and dynamic conditions

In the present article we analyse the influence of various factors, both thermodynamic and hydrodynamic, on the stability of emulsion systems. The effect of the droplet size on the droplet lifetime in an emulsion cream is quantified. The comparative importance of kinetic factors such as surface and bulk diffusion fluxes, or viscous and elastic surface stresses, is investigated. The fact that the emulsion films drain much more slowly when the surfactant is dissolved in the continuous phase (rather than in the disperse phase) provides a new understanding of the Bancroft rule and the process of chemical demulsification. New thermodynamic aspects of emulsion stability are also discussed. One of them is the relatively high surface electric potential of pure oil-water interfaces and adsorption monolayers of non-ionic surfactants. Another aspect is the role of non-DLVO surface forces, such as the hydration repulsion, oscillatory structural and depletion forces due to the presence of surfactant micelles. A criterion of emulsion stability is formulated synthesizing the effects of the major factors. Finally we consider the importance of the kinetic phenomena in emulsions formed from non-pre-equilibrated phases.

Exogenous ochronosis

Exogenous ochronosis/colloid milium in Blacks is a relatively unknown condition in the USA, but a relatively high incidence has been observed in South Africa. Physicians reporting adverse reactions, observe these effects almost exclusively in the facial areas exposed to sunlight. These effects can be attributed to several causative factors to explain the striking difference in the incidence between the USA and South Africa. Prior to 1984, neither the type nor concentration of skin lightening compounds sold in general commerce in South Africa were regulated. Therefore, it was not uncommon for products to contain 6-8% hydroquinone as opposed to the 2% hydroquinone level utilized in over-the-counter skin discoloration fade creams available in the USA. Secondly, the combination of higher hydroquinone concentrations together with other preparations containing ochronotic agents such as phenol and resorcinol provided the basis for the high incidence of ochronosis (pre-1984) in South Africa. Thirdly, the use of hydroalcoholic lotions in South Africa permitted formulations with higher hydroquinone concentration and increased the bioavailability of hydroquinone relative to normal oil-in-water emulsion creams. Therefore, the high incidence of exogenous ochronosis in South Africa may be directly related to higher concentrations of hydroquinone, combination with other drugs, and increased bioavailability as a result of the predominance of hydroalcoholic lotions. () Dermatol Treat (1997) 8: 21–26)

The galenic behaviour of a dermopharmaceutical excipient containing honey

Synopsis This paper describes the design of an emulsion cream, obtained from a self-emulsifying base, to which lavender honey has been added. Physical, galenic and stability studies and assays, and rheological analyses, are used to describe the qualities and properties of the honeyed cream under study. The formula is presented as an ivory-coloured cream with a light lavender scent and agreeable organoleptic characteristics. From a rheological viewpoint this is very adequate for spreading and applying onto the skin because of its thixotropic behaviour. The emulsion is stable and perfectly adaptable to the requirements of this type of skin application.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF CLOTRIMAZOLE OINTMENT

The in vitro release of clotrimazole from different ointment bases was studied. The bases tested were oleagenous, absorption, water-soluble, an O/W emulsion and a W/O emulsion ointment base. The release profile agreed with the first order mechanism. Among the tested bases, the water soluble base provided the best release rate. Clotrimazole exhibited antimycotic effect against C. albicans. 'The data had confirmed the in-vitro release results and proved the superiority of the water soluble bases. The clinical evaluation was performed on patients complaining of T. circinata. Three ointment formulations of different release pattern Viz; waters soluble, O/W emulsion and an oleagenous ointment each incorporating 1% clotrimazole, were selected to conduct the clinical test. Good efficacy was obtained with 1% clotrimazole in water soluble base composed of PEG 4000 and PEG 400 (4:6).

Effect of the Topical Anesthetic EMLA on the Efficacy of Pulsed Dye Laser Treatment of Port‐Wine Stains

EMLA cream (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics) is a new topical anesthetic composed of 25 mg lidocaine and 25 mg prilocaine in an oil-in-water emulsion cream. It has been found to be very effective for local anesthesia prior to venepuncture, minor surgical procedures, and pulsed dye laser (PDL) therapy for port-wine stains (PWS) in children. However, since EMLA may cause vasoconstriction of cutaneous vessels, we tried to determine whether pretreatment with EMLA decreases the efficacy of subsequent PDL treatment. We report eight patients between the ages of 4 and 32 years with PWS who received two test site treatments prior to PDL treatment. One site was pretreated with EMLA cream under occlusion for 60 minutes and then left unoccluded for 15 minutes prior to PDL test treatment. The other site, in the same area of the PWS and patient's body, was not pretreated with EMLA. The test sites were compared 6-8 weeks later to determine whether EMLA decreased the degree of lightening of the PWS compared to the non-EMLA-treated site. We conclude that EMLA is an effective topical anesthetic for PDL treatment of PWS and does not adversely affect the efficacy of the treatment.

Bactericidal efficacy of 5 per cent povidone iodine cream in Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infection

A new topical antiseptic agent, 5 per cent polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) cream, with altered physicochemical properties, incorporated in a different carrier base has proved in vivo to be more effective in controlling burn wound infections than 10 per cent PVP-I ointment. Important biodynamic properties of the new formulation have not, however, been elucidated in vivo. Hence the need for a controlled study to evaluate the bioavailability of the active component after penetration through burn eschar; the bactericidal efficacy of the cream and determination of the bactericidal time of the cream in comparison with 10 per cent PVP-I ointment. A modified Walker burn wound model was used to define the rate of trans-eschar penetration, biodynamic availability and bactericidal efficacy 5 per cent povidone iodine cream in established Pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infection. In vitro penetration confirmed the effective diffusion of PVP-I cream through 1.5 mm eschar within 6 h. A single topical application of PVP-I cream resulted in a 98.8 per cent (6.088 × 10 9 c.f.u./g of tissue to 7.367 × 10 7 c.f.u./g of tissue) reduction in intra-eschar viable organisms within 18 h after application. A second topical application of PVP-I cream at 18 h resulted in a total reduction of 99.8 per cent in viable organisms (2.90 × 10 9 c.f.u./g of tissue to 7.009 × 10 6 c.f.u./g of tissue) within 48 h. Comparing the in vitro bactericidal time of povidone iodine ointment with cream against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and a Klebsiella pneumoniae revealed that the PVP-I cream killed organisms ten-fold more quickly than the ointment. It is concluded that 5 per cent PVP-I in an oil/water emulsion cream base is very effective in terms of rapid trans-eschar penetration, rapid killing and sustained antibacterial effect.

Influence of Various Milk Protein Isolates on Ice Cream Emulsion Stability

The adsorption of protein to the fat globule surface in an emulsion such as ice cream mix has a large influence on the resulting emulsion stability and on the fat destabilization process that occurs upon whipping and freezing the mix into ice cream. The performance of several milk protein preparations in an ice cream system have been examined. Enhanced levels of whey proteins at the fat globule surface, arrived at through either a selective homogenization process or an enhancement of the whey protein:casein ratio in the mix by addition of whey protein concentrate (36% protein), contributed to a decrease in the lipid-serum interfacial tension, a slight increase in mix viscosity, an increase in ice cream dryness upon freezing, and an increase in the amount of fat destabilization in the frozen ice cream. However, 95% whey protein isolate contributed more to desirable properties in the ice cream mix and frozen product. Several caseinates were also examined and sodium caseinate contributed to enhanced overrun in the ice cream but resulted in an emulsion that was too stable to produce the desired degree of fat destabilization upon ice cream manufacture.

An anaesthetic lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA) for epicutaneous application tested for cutting split skin grafts

A 5% eutectic mixture of the two local anaesthetics lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA, Astra Lakemedel AB) has been tested for application to the skin in the removal of split skin grafts. EMLA is an oil-in-water emulsion cream, containing 50 mg of active substances per ml (25 mg lidocaine, 25 mg prilocaine). The cream has been used on the donor sites of 146 patients and was applied a minimum of 1 h 30 min before surgery. 123 patients (84.3%) experienced adequate analgesia, feeling only the pressure of the dermatome or slight pain without objection to the skin graft being cut. 20 patients (13.7%) described the pain as being moderate, but the operation could be completed without further local or general anaesthesia. Three patients (2.0%) needed additional anaesthesia. Six patients complained of slight transient irritation immediately after application. After removal of the cream, erythema was present in 42 patients, pallor in 62 and oedema in 14. The concentrations of lidocaine and prilocaine in the blood were...

Neuere Beobachtungen zur Pathogenese von Hyperbilirubinämie und Kernikterus

After a short summary of recent studies on the blood brain barrier and bilirubin entry into the brain and the intestinal bilirubin absorption, a report is given on actual investigations in Gunn rats. The animals were given by gavage a bilirubin stock solution and simultaneously milk or different milk ingredients. Cream, oil and lipid emulsions delayed bilirubin absorption.

An anaesthetic lidocaine/prilocaine cream (EMLA) for epicutaneous application tested for cutting split skin grafts.

A 5% eutectic mixture of the two local anaesthetics lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA, Astra Läkemedel AB) has been tested for application to the skin in the removal of split skin grafts. EMLA is an oil-in-water emulsion cream, containing 50 mg of active substances per ml (25 mg lidocaine, 25 mg prilocaine). The cream has been used on the donor sites of 146 patients and was applied a minimum of 1 h 30 min before surgery. 123 patients (84.3%) experienced adequate analgesia, feeling only the pressure of the dermatome or slight pain without objection to the skin graft being cut. 20 patients (13.7%) described the pain as being moderate, but the operation could be completed without further local or general anaesthesia. Three patients (2.0%) needed additional anaesthesia. Six patients complained of slight transient irritation immediately after application. After removal of the cream, erythema was present in 42 patients, pallor in 62 and oedema in 14. The concentrations of lidocaine and prilocaine in the blood were measured in 106 patients and did not exceed 1100 ng ml-1 for lidocaine and 200 ng ml-1 for prilocaine. There were no systemic side-effects.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic-Thermal Energy Determination of N-Nitrosodiethanolamine in Cosmetics

Methods for the determination and confirmation of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) in cosmetic products were developed. The NDELA fraction was isolated from a cosmetic product by a series of solvent extractions which were designed to concentrate the NDELA and remove ingredients deleterious to the analytical system. The isolated fraction was then analyzed for NDELA using a high pressure liquid chromatograph (HPLC) interfaced with a thermal energy analyzer (TEA). The compound was measured by comparison of detector response with those of known standards. NDELA was verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the silyl derivative after preliminary cleanup of the sample by gradient elution HPLC on a Partisil 10 PAC column. The limit of detection of NDELA by TEA is 2-3 ng, which corresponds to 20-30 ppb in the cosmetic product. Analysis of an emulsion cream and a hair grooming gel spiked at 3 and 4 ng concentration levels, respectively, yielded recoveries ranging from 71 to 103% (average 88%).

Percutaneous Absorption of Hydrocortisone Increases With Long-term Administration

This study compares percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone after short and long-term administration. The experimental design was to first apply 14C-hydrocortisone. This was followed by long-term administration of nonradioactive hydrocortisone. Then 14C-hydrocortisone was applied again when urinary excretion of radioactivity from the first application reached minimum detectable levels. Short- (first 14C-hydrocortisone application) and long-term (second 14C-hydrocortisone application) penetrations were compared. The level of absorption of hydrocortisone significantly increased during long-term administration, whether applied in an acetone vehicle or in a 0.9% emulsion ointment base (Eucerin). A placebo study in which only an acetone vehicle was applied for a long period followed by 14C-hydrocortisone application showed no enhanced penetration. It is suggested that long-term application of hydrocortisone alters the penetration barrier, resulting in enhanced penetration. The relevance of this long-term corticosteroid use in man is possibly of great importance.

Application of interferometry to the study of density gradients in emulsion creaming II some theoretical aspects

Multiple beam interferometry was applied as an analysis system to the creaming of a pentane-water system in a previous paper 1 (Part I). The Bragg relationship 2nd = Nλ was used to calculate volume percentage of pentane and water. This work presents a formal derivation of how the relationship applies to the system. Theory is advanced further by application of Twersky's treatment of tenuous scattering to get both phase shift (used in Pt I) and attenuation. Adopting attainable experimental conditions, limitations of concentration, drop-size, wave-length, and path-lengths are obtained from coherence calculations with the consequent maximum refractive index differences between phases. A practical limit on density differences is suggested. Finally, the limitations are applied to some practical systems and the generality of results shown.

Application of interferometry to the study of density gradients in emulsion creaming. I. The effect of inclined baffles

The technique of multiple beam interferometry was applied to the creaming of an emulsion of pentane in water. It was shown that in a cell which can be rotated to various orientations and which contains a baffle fixed at 45°, the known convective flow patterns are delineated and accurate concentrations can be calculated when the transmitted light reaches a certain level. Only relative concentrations were found from the refractive index changes, but an improvement of the optical system should yield absolute values for the concentration gradients in suitable emulsions.

オイラゾンD (0.05 % Dexamethasone, 10 % Crotonyl-N-ethyl-O-toluidine 加親水軟膏)による炎症性皮膚疾患治療成績

オイラゾンD (0.05 % Dexamethasone, 10 % Crotonyl-N-ethyl-O-toluidine 加親水軟膏)による炎症性皮膚疾患治療成績

CIX: OINTMENT AND EMULSION CREAM BASES

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 2, Issue 15 p. 602-605 Special Articles for the Clinician CIX: OINTMENT AND EMULSION CREAM BASES First published: 01 October 1954 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1954.tb66813.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume2, Issue15October 1954Pages 602-605 RelatedInformation

The Influence of Milk-Fat Globule Size and Milk and Cream Temperatures on the Stability of the Frozen Cream Emulsion

The Influence of Milk-Fat Globule Size and Milk and Cream Temperatures on the Stability of the Frozen Cream Emulsion