Udders Of Cows Research Articles

Hygiene products for udder health of lactating cows

The introduction of the “Milking Protocol” on the farm is a mandatory condition for preventing intramammary infections, maintaining cows' productivity, and improving milk quality. Treating udders with hygiene products is an effective preventive udder care measure in most dairy herds. The choice of an antiseptic agent for udder health should be based on its proven effectiveness, which is necessary to register the drug as a veterinary medicinal product. The purpose of the study was to get acquainted with the current literature on the use of hygiene products for the health of the udder of lactating cows. While writing this review article, we got acquainted with the results of modern scientific research, conducted their analysis and theoretical justification, and summarized the data obtained on using hygienic means for sanitizing the udder of lactating cows. For this purpose, the Polissia National University scientific library funds, scientific search systems Science-Direct, and PubMed were used. This means that sanitation of the mammary gland should have an antiseptic effect and keep the breasts in good condition. Declared composition of registered drugs in Ukraine: iodine, chlorhexidine, organic acids. Hygienic products include cosmetic surfactants that soften the skin and form a moisturizing hydrophilic layer on the skin. Means for udder hygiene, as a rule, are products of chemical origin, and using these drugs creates a risk of chemical elements entering the milk. An alternative to these potential dangers can be probiotic-based products that are environmentally friendly and harmless to the animal body. In the conditions of war and economic troubles, the specialists of the dairy industry are offered preparations of plant origin for the disinfection of cow udders, where medicinal plants are used as raw materials, from which infusions, decoctions, water extracts, alcohol- and oil-based solutions are prepared. Applying dipping procedures is an integral part of the preventive measures of the anti-mastitis program. The choice of means for disinfecting udders after milking must be made depending on the circulation of pathogens in the herd and consider all factors in the conditions of a specific product. In this regard, I believe that a promising direction of scientific research is the use of nanotechnology in the development of new antiseptics, the study of their effect on the health of the udder of lactating cows, the use of probiotics as a dip, as an alternative to substances of chemical origin.

Aflatoxin contamination of animal feeds and its predictors among dairy farms in Northwest Ethiopia: One Health approach implications.

In dairy farming, animal feed is the first line of food safety. Animal feed can become contaminated and spoiled on farms or in storage facilities due to the diverse microorganisms that are naturally present around or on various animal feeds. This study aims to assess the level of aflatoxin and predictors in animal feeds among dairy farms in the South Gondar Zone of Ethiopia. A total of 100 samples of each animal feed ingredient (atella, hay, commercial concentrates, and cut and carry pasture) were obtained. A total of 400 animal feed ingredient samples were tested separately among 100 randomly chosen dairy farmers for aflatoxin analysis. Simultaneously, swabs from cow udders and water samples were also collected. Using a structured and pretested questionnaire, the knowledge and practices of animal feed administrators responsible for managing animal feed were also evaluated. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to identify determinants. From the total animal feed analyzed, 96% was positive for aflatoxins. Feed storage facilities, feed storage duration, education of animal feed administrators, mixed concentrates, and previous training were found to be associated with aflatoxin contamination levels in animal feeds. The levels of aflatoxin contamination in animal feeds were found to be higher than the recommended limit; these findings suggest the spread of aflatoxin contamination between humans and animals. Furthermore, the occurrence of aflatoxins in the environment results from milk becoming contaminated with aflatoxins. A One Health strategy should therefore receive special consideration to tackle such problems and safeguard consumer safety.

Prevalence and associated risk factors for Salmonella enterica contamination of cow milk and cottage cheese in Ethiopia

Animal sourced foods, such as dairy products, are common sources of Salmonella enterica, a foodborne pathogen of increasing global concern, particularly in developing countries. In Ethiopia, most data on the prevalence of Salmonella in dairy products is highly varied and limited to a specific region or district. Furthermore, there is no data available on the risk factors for Salmonella contamination of cow milk and cottage cheese in Ethiopia. This study was therefore conducted to determine the presence of Salmonella throughout the Ethiopian dairy value chain and to identify risk factors for contamination with Salmonella. The study was carried out in three regions of Ethiopia, including Oromia, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples, and Amhara during a dry season. A total 912 samples were collected from milk producers, collectors, processors, and retailers. Samples were tested for Salmonella using the ISO 6579-1: 2008 method, followed by PCR confirmation. Concurrent with sample collection, a survey was administered to study participants to identify risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination. Salmonella contamination was highest in raw milk samples at the production (19.7%) and at milk collection (21.3%) levels. No significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella contamination among regions was detected (p > 0.05). Regional differences were apparent for cottage cheese, with the highest prevalence being in Oromia (6.3%). Identified risk factors included the temperature of water used for cow udder washing, the practice of mixing milk lots, the type of milk container, use of refrigeration, and milk filtration. These identified factors can be leveraged to develop targeted intervention strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence of Salmonella in milk and cottage cheese in Ethiopia.

Isolation and Diagnoses of Some Microbial and Chemical Pollutants in Raw Milk Samples Which Collected From Some Regions in Salah al-din Province

Samples of raw milk were collected from different regions in salah al-din province which marketing to one of ice houses and appropriation to the collection and cooling of raw milk storage at (5 Co) for 24-48 hours before rew marketing to the dairy plants or dealers, the number of samples which taken were (20) Samples. Swabs were taken from the udder of cows belonging to suppliers to determine the causes and incidence of microbial contamination. It was after that diagnosis types of micoorganisms that can found in such circumstances of storage and study their properties with focus on Listeria monocytogenes.
 It was farther determine the degree of contamination of milk samples with some heavy metals, Which including, cadmium, Lead , Zinc , Copper.
 Many types of bacteria were isolated and dignosed belongs to aerobic bacteria and coli from group of lactose fermented species, E. Coli and Klebsiella sp. And non lactose fermented which is Enterobacter aerogenosa, L. monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus bacteria isolated, as well as yeast and molds , and the rate of total number reached: 5.78, 5.95, 5.71, 2.53, 2.33 log10 cfu/ml. Isolation function are also given other types of bacteria which belongs to Bacillus sp. , Pseudomonus sp., Staph. Aureus , and Micrococcus sp. In 8 swab samples.
 The results showed that the highest concentration of heavy metals of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu in raw milk samples was 0.18, 0.25, 2.10, 1.05 mg/lit respectively. A sensitivity test of L. monocytogenes toward a number of antibiotics was found that this bacteria sensitive towards both of Ampicillin, Chloramphinicol, Erythromycin, and Tobbramycin. But it is resistant to antibiotics, Naldixic acid, Novabiocin , and cefotaxime.

Development of a Sanitary Udders Care Regimen to Prevent Bovine Mastitis

The paper provides information on the use of the drug Monclavit-1. To determine the toxicity of the drug on the skin of the udders of cows, we studied the effect of different percentages on the skin of rabbits. As a result, it was found that the drug does not have a toxic effect. At the next stage, the drug was applied in the farms of the livestock complex R-Agro, Imishli district of Azerbaijan. A control examination was carried out to check the teats of the udders of cows of several barns to identify the number of animals predisposed to mastitis. The effectiveness of the drug of various concentrations was determined. In the process of testing, it was determined that the Monclavit-1 solution neutralizes microorganisms on the skin after a certain time after the sanitization of the udders. It has been established that Monklavit-1 has no toxic or allergic effect on the skin of cows’ udders teats. As a result of the research, a solution of the Monclavit-1 preparation was recommended for sanitizing the udders and teats for preventive measures and the prevention of bovine mastitis.

Effect of low frequency oscillations during milking on udder temperature and welfare of dairy cows

The study aimed to investigate the effect of low-frequency oscillations on the cow udder, milk parameters, and animal welfare during the automated milking process. The study's objective was to investigate the impact of low-frequency oscillations on the udder and teats' blood circulation by creating a mathematical model of mammary glands, using milkers and vibrators to analyze the theoretical dynamics of oscillations. The mechanical vibration device developed and tested in the study was mounted on a DeLaval automatic milking machine, which excited the udder with low-frequency oscillations, allowing the analysis of input parameters (temperature, oscillation amplitude) and using feedback data, changing the device parameters such as vibration frequency and duration. The experimental study was performed using an artificial cow's udder model with and without milk and a DeLaval milking machine, exciting the model with low-frequency harmonic oscillations (frequency range 15-60 Hz, vibration amplitude 2-5 mm). The investigation in vitro applying low-frequency of the vibration system's first-order frequencies in lateral (X) direction showed the low-frequency values of 23.5-26.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 25.0 Hz). The tested values of the first-order frequency of the vibration system in the vertical (Y) direction were 37.5-41.5 Hz (effective frequency of the simulation analysis was 41.0 Hz), with higher amplitude and lower vibration damping. During in vivo experiments, while milking, the vibrator was inducing mechanical milking-similar vibrations in the udder. The vibrations were spreading to the entire udder and caused physiotherapeutic effects such as activated physiological processes and increased udder base temperature by 0.57°C (p < 0.001), thus increasing blood flow in the udder. Used low-frequency vibrations did not significantly affect milk yield, milk composition, milk quality indicators, and animal welfare. The investigation results showed that applying low-frequency vibration on a cow udder during automatic milking is a non-invasive, efficient method to stimulate blood circulation in the udder and improve teat and udder health without changing milk quality and production. Further studies will be carried out in the following research phase on clinical and subclinical mastitis cows.

Видовой состав микрофлоры матки и вымени у коров при острых послеродовых эндометритах и маститах

The polyetiology of postpartum mastitis and endometritis makes it difficult to develop and use specific drugs. Therefore, there is a need for a more detailed study of the microbiological composition of the udder microflora, which will make it possible to correctly and appropriately select antimicrobial drugs. The main properties of microorganisms isolated from postpartum mastitis and endometritis in cows were studied. Of 166 samples from the exudate of the uterus and udder of cows, 32 (19,28 %) cultures of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were isolated, while in 14 cultures (43,75 %) hemolytic activity was confirmed, and 17 cultures (53,12 %) were highly pathogenic for white mice. In 35 samples (21,08 % of the total number of cultures), bacteria of the genus Klebsiella were isolated, active hemolysis was observed in 12 (34,28 %) samples, 16 (45,71 %) cultures were pathogenic for white mice. Bacteria of the genus Proteus were isolated in 24 samples (14,46 %) of the total number of cultures, hemolytic activity was detected in 11 (45,83 %) cultures, pathogenicity for laboratory animals was determined in 9 cultures (37,50 %). The analysis of isolated microorganisms from the contents of the uterus and udder from cows showed that the species composition of the microflora in postpartum mastitis and endometritis is practically the same, which gives us the opportunity to assume that pathogenic microorganisms can be transferred from the focus of inflammation in the mammary gland by lymphogenous or hematogenous way to the uterus, and back. With an increase in the number of postpartum mastitis and endometritis in cows in large livestock complexes with an intensive housing system, it is advisable to use modern PCR diagnostics. Real-time PCR has significant advantages over traditional methods, as well as higher sensitivity and specificity.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ КОРОВ ПРИ СУБКЛИНИЧЕСКОМ МАСТИТЕ

The article presents the results of clinical, laboratory and microbiological studies. Laboratory studies of the contents of the udder of cows in production conditions found that out of 368 cows, subclinical mastitis was detected in 115 animals (31.25%). Whereas clinical forms of mastitis were registered only in 13 animals (3.53%), of which 46.15% were catarrhal, 38.46% catarrhal-purulent and 15.38% purulent. In total, various forms of mastitis were noted in 34.78% of cows. The microbiome of the contained udder of cows with subclinical mastitis was represented mainly by coccoid forms, much less often isolated bacteria of the intestinal group, their associations (Staphylococci: S. aureus, Streptococci: S. aqalactiae, S. pioqenes, S. uberis, their associations). Microbiological studies have shown that the microbiome of the udder contents in subclinical mastitis turned out to be sensitive to dienomast, tetramast, mastomycin and septogel, and insensitive to mastilex, mastiet forte, naphthopenzal DC, which determined the choice of drugs for the treatment of cows with subclinical mastitis. Laboratory studies using the diagnosticum masttest showed that recovery was faster after using mastomycin (3.2 ± 0.01 days). After the use of dienomast, recovery was noted after 3.6 ± 0.02 days, and tetramast – 4.3 ± 0.02 days. In the control group, no recovery of animals was registered during the experiment. The materials of the conducted experimental studies have shown that the preparations dienomast, mastomycin and tetramast make it possible to achieve 100% recovery of cows with subclinical mastitis, but the use of dienomast, which has not only high therapeutic efficacy, but also lower cost, should be considered more appropriate. The shortest recovery time of cows during mastomycin treatment was obviously influenced by the more frequent (3 times) administration of this drug compared to dienomast and tetramast, which certainly has an impact on increasing the cost of treatment of animals.

Holştayn ve Simmental İneklerinde Barınak ve Hayvan Hijyeninin Süt Verimi, Süt Bileşimi ve Mastitis ile İlişkisi

This study was conducted to determine the effect of barn hygiene on animal hygiene in Holstein and Simmental cows and the relationship between animal hygiene and milk yield, milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC). In the study, some hygiene traits of four different barns with 40 heads of Holstein and Simmental cows in the early and middle lactation period, the degree of cleanliness of the upper rear leg, lower rear leg, abdomen, udder and tail head of cows, the milk yield and composition of animals, and the SCC were determined. In the study, it was determined that bedding was more dirtiness in Holstein barns than Simmental barns. In terms of body hygiene, breed and breed X lactation period interaction were determined to be effective (P

Termografia infravermelha como técnica para detecção de mastite bovina subclinical

ABSTRACT Infrared thermography is a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of subclinical mastitis in pasture-raised dairy cows. The study was conducted on eight dairy farms, in Sena Madureira, Acre, in the Western Amazon, during the rainy season. One hundred and thirteen lactating crossbred cows were monitored, with measurements performed once a day before milking, from 02:00 to 06:00 in the morning. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was subsequently applied. Data processing was performed in the R programming language and evaluated by linear models. Our results show that cow udder surface temperature by infrared thermography showed significant differences (p&lt;0.05) between the months of the year. Cow udder temperatures of thermographic images were significantly different (p&lt;0.05) from CMT results for animals with subclinical mastitis. CMT results showed that 45 cows (39.8%) in January, 52 cows (46%) in February and 57 cows (50.4%) in March had subclinical mastitis. Infrared thermography is a technique that can be used for the early detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in a grazing system, as it detected an increase in the udder surface temperature of the same cows that were positive for CMT.

Comparison of California mastitis test and Draminski mastitis detector as on-farm methods for monitoring udder health in lactating buffalo

This study was conducted to compare the performance of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Draminski Mastitis Detector (DMD) for monitoring udder health in lactating buffalo. A total of 647 milk samples collected from 145 apparently healthy lactating buffalo cows during the first three months of the lactation period were used in this study. Both DMD and CMT were performed on-farm directly after sampling of the milk. The diagnostic accuracy of CMT and DMD was evaluated by estimating the area under the Receiver-Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) based on a value of 200,000 somatic cells per mL as a cut-point value for an infected quarter detected by direct microscopic somatic cell count. Data analysis showed that 63.76% of CMT results were “Trace” and 99% of DMD readings were greater than 300. The accuracy of CMT and DMD was close to each other; the AUC was 80.1% and 81.4% for CMT and DMD, respectively. The optimal cut-point value for CMT was Trace (T), and 515 for DMD. In conclusion, both CMT and DMD are practical on-farm tests for identifying infected udder in buffalo cows, and the suggested cut-point value for DMD is 515 for buffalo’s milk testing instead of the 300 that was assigned by the manufacturer for cow’s milk.

A clinical case of catarrhal mastitis in a cow

Food security includes not only the provision of basic foodstuffs to the population but also the guarantee of their quality and safety for the consumer. These criteria are essential for milk as the primary food product. The pathological processes, which are developed in the breast, harm the quality of milk, and the medical products used in their treatment, may affect the safety of this product. The article has represented the results of the bioregulatory approach in treating catarrhal mastitis in cows using medical products containing ultra-low doses of biologically active substances. These products do not have a withdrawal period regarding milk. The use of this approach makes it possible to increase the safety of treatment, which in turn will lead to economic benefits. Clinical symptoms of mastitis were determined by clinical signs (increasing local temperature, soreness, thickening of the udder, changing in color and consistency of milk, presence of flakes and clots). A сow No. 3095 was selected with characteristics of clinical symptoms of catarrhal mastitis of the rear left lobe of the udder. The following scheme was used for therapy: intramuscular injection of Traumeel 10 ml once a day, intracisternal injection of Lachesis Сompositum 10 ml into the affected part once a day, Traumeel(gel) locally after milking. The choice of bioregulatory preparations was based on the components and their action. On the third day, the cow's udder swelling decreased, local temperature normalized. The color and consistency of milk during control milking and its examination with the Avita diagnostic test showed an improvement from (+++) to (++). Complete clinical and laboratory recovery was diagnosed on the sixth day. A cow was returned to the general herd. Based on the treatment results, it can be concluded that this treatment scheme for catarrhal mastitis is effective. The absence of a withdrawal period regarding milk and the acceleration of recovery rates make it economically profitable.

Uberdermin is a new transdermal anti-mastitiс drug

The work on creating an iodine-containing preparation for transdermal use was completed, and its physicochemical properties, stability during long-term storage, local irritant effect, exfoliating ability, harmlessness for the body, therapeutic effectiveness for mastitis and udder diseases in cows were studied. The drug of the new generation – uberdermin- results from the interaction of polyiodbismuthsulfamide (PIVS) and dimethyl sulfoxide in a ratio of 10: 1. It is a pasty product of orange color, with a slight garlic smell and a bitter, astringent taste. The study of the physical stability of uberdermin lasted 12 months; he did not reveal significant changes in the controlled indicators (color, smell, taste, consistency, homogeneity, impurities). Cutaneous applications of uberdermin did not reveal an irritating effect of the drug on the glandular tissue of the udder of cows; this is confirmed by counting the number of somatic cells in milk and lysozyme titer. Skin resorptive capacity of uberdermin, visual control of the speed of its discoloration after an application was completed 2.3 times faster compared to PIVS. Control of the translocation of active components of uberdermin in the parenchyma of the mammary gland of lactating cows was based on changes in the concentration of molecular iodine in milk after applying the drug to the skin. of the udder. As it turned out, already 6 hours after its application in a therapeutic dose, the concentration of iodine in milk increased almost twice. Uberdermin showed relatively high antibacterial activity against all tested strains, but the advantages over PIVS are not obvious. Treatment of dry cows with purulent catarrhal mastitis by uberdermin ensured 100% recovery, and 2–3 applications of the drug were needed for the course of treatment; it is two times less than the pre-dry period. Research studies on using uberdermin for udder diseases (frostbite of the tips, bruises, wounds, skin cracks) indicate the prospects of thorough research in this direction.

Characteristics of Biological and Economic Qualities Holstein Cattle

In the presented article, the milk productivity of cows of the Black Pied breed of different genotypes in the 1st lactation is considered. The biological indicators of cows in the base farms and farms of comparison are analyzed. Features of the shape of the udder of cows in the early period of childbirth, the size and functional characteristics of the udder of heifers, as well as quantitative differences in the protein content in the milk of Holsteinized and reference cows.

Gambaran Escherichia coli resistan antibiotik asal tangan pemerah, ambing sapi, susu serta air di Peternakan Sapi Perah Kecamatan Cendana, Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan

Objective: This study aimed to describe the resistance of E. coli to several types of antibiotics isolated from water, milker hand swabs, cow udder swabs and milk in the Enrekang dairy farm, South Sulawesi. Methods: Isolation and identification of E. coli refers to SNI 2897:2008 concerning Methods for Testing Microbial Contamination in Meat, Eggs and Milk, and their Processed Products. The test of E. coli resistance to antibiotics by disc diffusion method and interpretation of the results refers to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The samples were 13 milker hand swabs, 52 cow udder swabs, 52 individual milks, and 13 water used for rearing activities. Results : E. coli isolates (n=64) consisted of 7 isolates from hand swabs, 7 isolates from milking hands, 20 isolates from udder swabs, 31 isolates from milk, and 6 isolates from water. E. coli isolates were resistant to erythromycin and ampicillin as much as 78%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 34.4%, tetracycline 31%, ceftazidime 25%, chloremphenicol 22%, enrofloxacin 9.4%, and gentamicin 4.6%. The pattern of E. coli resistance to antibiotics showed that the isolates of E. coli multiple drugs were resistant to up to 7 antibiotics at once. Conclusions: E. coli isolates from milk, cows, milk and water in the Enrekang dairy farming area, South Sulawesi has developed resistance to several types of antibiotics and have the potential to spread resistance genes to other bacteria and threaten human, animal and environmental health.

Critical Review on Physiological and Molecular Features during Bovine Mammary Gland Development: Recent Advances.

The mammary gland is a unique organ with the ability to undergo repeated cyclic changes throughout the life of mammals. Among domesticated livestock species, ruminants (cattle and buffalo) constitute a distinct class of livestock species that are known milk producers. Cattle and buffalo contribute to 51 and 13% of the total milk supply in the world, respectively. They also play an essential role in the development of the economy for farming communities by providing milk, meat, and draft power. The development of the ruminant mammary gland is highly dynamic and multiphase in nature. There are six developmental stages: embryonic, prepubertal, pubertal, pregnancy, lactation, and involution. There has been substantial advancement in our understanding of the development of the mammary gland in both mouse and human models. Until now, there has not been a thorough investigation into the molecular processes that underlie the various stages of cow udder development. The current review sheds light on the morphological and molecular changes that occur during various developmental phases in diverse species, with a particular focus on the cow udder. It aims to explain the physiological differences between cattle and non-ruminant mammalian species such as humans, mice, and monkeys. Understanding the developmental biology of the mammary gland in molecular detail, as well as species-specific variations, will facilitate the researchers working in this area in further studies on cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, organogenesis, and carcinogenesis. Additionally, in-depth knowledge of the mammary gland will promote its use as a model organ for research work and promote enhanced milk yield in livestock animals without affecting their health and welfare.

Influence of stress resistance on technological and productive qualities of cows

The paper presents the research results on the level of stress resistance influence on technological indicators of udder, component structure of milk and reproductive ability of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows. The relevance and practical significance of the research is in fact that only constitutionally strong and stress-resistant animals can be healthy and high-producing. The scientific novelty is resulted in the study of energy characteristics of cows and fluctuations in the component composition of milk of different stress-resistant cows at different times of the day.&#x0D; The method of dividing cows into groups was used taking into account the minutely milk flow during milking cows by "unfamiliar milkmaid". The level of inhibition of the lactation reflex caused by sudden changes of milking conditions was determined, in particular, pre-milking udder preparation and milking cows by an "unfamiliar milkmaid", i.e. an experimenter, which can cause retardation of the lactation reflex. Due to the formation of experimental groups from half-sibling cows, the variability of indicators based on the influence of genetic factors is minimized.&#x0D; It is established that stress-resistant cattle are more technological and productive. Factorial analysis revealed the effect of stress resistance on the functional parameters of the udder of cows. It was found that the impact factor is 27.60% on the duration of milking (P&gt; 0.99), 55.66% on milking during the first minute (P&gt; 0.999), 25.53% on milking during the first three minutes (P&gt; 0.99), 40.40% on the average milking rate (P&gt; 0.999), 32.52% on the maximum milking rate (P&gt; 0.999), and 69.57% on the intensity factor of milk flow inhibition (P&gt; 0.999). The qualitative composition of milk under the influence of technological stress has changed in both experimental groups. However, acute fluctuations were observed in stress-sensitive cows in terms of fat milk yield by 0.11%, protein milk yield by 0.08% and dry matter content by 0.11%, compared to stress-resistant peers. Stress-resistant animals released more energy with milk by 4.03 MJ per day (12.6%; P&gt; 0.999); they had a higher energy index by 3.26% (P&gt; 0.99), spent less energy on synthesis of milk with energy value of 1 MJ by 0.19 MJ (8.3%; P&gt; 0.95) and released more energy with milk per 1 kg of metabolic mass by 0.038 MJ (12.1%; P&gt; 0.99).

Getting there

my husband questions the good historical centers like this do.Kids come every year on a field trip and leave thinkinghistory sucks because they don't want to touch a cow's hot udder.He did not want to touch the cow's udder and is rememberinghow the man dressed as a pioneer called them city slickerswhen they lived ten minutes down the road.I loved these field trips and saved babysitting money to returnin the summer. I made candles by running in a circle.Imagined I was Laura Ingalls Wilder. Churned butter in a skirt.The historical farm was his great great grandfather's.He says it's not like this is that farm. Half the valleywas somebody's farm a hundred years ago. When I was a kid herewe kept our eyes peeled for the adults working behind the sceneswho wore blue jeans and t-shirts like us. There are rulesabout what clothing volunteers wear on the farm.My husband did not know his great great grandfather had three wivesbut he isn't surprised. The first dead.The next two in polygamy.The second and third were sisters. They share one headstone nearby.The sisters and the husband. The oldest sister who is the second wife buriedbetween her husband and sister.They were both nineteen the years he married them.I can't stop digging up my dead men for judgment.My great grandfather who had an affairwith his secretary after his round-faced wife gave birthto nine-pound twins and lived. My mother remembers the skinon this grandmother's stomach hung over her aproned waistlike a long pancake. My third great grandfathermarried his stepdaughter. My second great grandfather alsomarried his stepdaughter after raising her from the age of eight.Tonight we do not enter the visitors center where the photographof my husband's great great grandfather hangs.We are walking to the open grass beforethe too-clean-to-be-accurate mercantile storefront selling honey and rock candysticks to listen to the state-sponsored symphony performin the 125th year of Utah statehood.We open our camping chairs above the earthmy husband's great great grandmother walked.The younger sister of her husband's second wifeshe married him in Mexicothree months before Wilford Woodruff's revelationrenounced the practice of polygamy publiclyclearing the way for statehood.Tonight the smoke from California's fires reddens the setting sununtil the only lights left on are the starsthe stringed bulbs of the mercantile storeand the half domes of light letting the players seethe song they have already began to play.

Accurate detection of dairy cow mastitis with deep learning technology: a new and comprehensive detection method based on infrared thermal images

Mastitis is one of the most common diseases in dairy cows and has a negative impact on their welfare and life, causing significant economic losses to the dairy industry. Many attempts have been made to develop a detection method for mastitis using thermal infrared thermography. However, the use of this detection technique to determine the health of the cow's udder is susceptible to external factors, resulting in inaccurate detection of dairy cow mastitis. Therefore, this study explored a new and comprehensive detection method of dairy cow mastitis based on infrared thermal images. This method combined the left and right udder skin surface temperature (USST) difference detection method with the ocular surface temperature and USST difference detection method with improvements. The effect of external factors on dairy cow USST was effectively reduced. In addition, after comparing different target localisation algorithms, this paper used the You Only Look Once v5 (YOLOv5) deep learning network model to obtain the temperature information of eyes and udders, and mastitis detection of dairy cows was performed. A total of 105 dairy cows passing through a passage were randomly selected from the thermal infrared video and detected by the new and comprehensive detection method, and the results of cow mastitis detection were compared with somatic cell count. The results showed that the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of mastitis detection were 87.62, 84.62, and 96.30%, respectively. Using the YOLOv5 deep learning network model to locate the key parts of the cow had a good effect, with an average accuracy of 96.1%, and an average frame rate of 116.3f/s. The detection accuracy of dairy cow mastitis by deep learning technology combined with the detection method in this paper reached 85.71%. The results showed that the new and comprehensive detection method based on infrared thermal images can be used for the detection of dairy cow mastitis with high detection accuracy. This method can reduce the influence of external factors and can be integrated into the automatic identification system of dairy mastitis based on YOLOv5 to realise on-site monitoring of dairy mastitis.

Prevalence of Campylobacter species and associated risk factors for contamination of dairy products collected in a dry season from major milk sheds in Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for contamination of Ethiopian dairy products with Campylobacter. A total of 912 dairy food samples were collected from establishments of 682 study participants that were interviewed. Samples were tested for Campylobacter by following the ISO 10272–1:2017 standard and PCR confirmation. Campylobacter was detected in 11% of tested food samples and all detected Campylobacter were C. jejuni. The highest prevalence of C. jejuni was found in raw milk (16%), followed by pasteurized milk (9%) and cottage cheese (2%) (P < 0.001). Using warm water and soap for cleaning cow udders and teats on farms reduced the likelihood of detecting Campylobacter in milk (AOR = 0.3, P = 0.023). Filtering milk with a cloth, using a plastic filter (AOR = 0.065, P = 0.005), and storing milk in an aluminum container (AOR = 0.23, P = 0.027) reduced the likelihood of detecting Campylobacter in milk at the collection facilities. In contrast, Campylobacter detection was significantly more likely in milk collected at collection centers with concrete floors (AOR = 5.2, P = 0.004). The odds of detecting Campylobacter in milk were 17 times greater (AOR = 17, P = 0.007) in milk processing facilities that did not calibrate a pasteurizer on an annual basis. Finally, having a separate refrigerator for milk storage reduced the odds of detecting Campylobacter in retail (AOR = 0.29, P = 0.021).