Cover Layer Research Articles

Active permanent greening - a new slope greening technology based on mineral solubilizing microorganisms.

With social and economic development and the associated large-scale exploitation of natural resources, the number of slopes has significantly increased. As slope instability can lead to serious geological disasters, the ecological protection and reconstruction of slopes has become a hot topic of common global concern. In order to achieve scientific slope management and overcome the difficulty of maintaining slope greening in the long term, this study explored eight strategies (A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, ABC, CK), involving different patented mineral solubilizing microorganisms (MSMs), and analyzed the field application of active permanent greening (APG) based on MSMs. The results revealed that MSMs significantly increased the content of effective metal ions and available nutrients in soil and enhanced soil enzyme activity. Among all strategies, strategy A showed significant superiority, with soil effective calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter contents increasing by 51.62%, 55.41%, 30.42%, 39.77%, 181.69% and 76.92%, respectively, while urease, sucrase and peroxidase activities increased by 89.59%, 74.68% and 85.30%. MSMs strongly promoted the growth of Amorpha. Strategy A showed the best performance, with plant seedling height, ground diameter, leaf area, root length, and root volume increasing by 95.75%, 47.78%, 124.14%, 108.83%, and 139. 86%, respectively. According to a comprehensive evaluation using the entropy-analysis hierarchy process, strategy A has great potential for application. The field test results verified that APG has significantly better greening performance than the traditional greening method, with high vegetation cover and stable soil layer. The results of this study provide a reliable practical basis and technical reference for the development, promotion, and application of APG.

Optimizing Landfill Capacity: A Numerical Study of the Slope Inclination Variation Impact on Landfill Storage Capacity and Its influence on the Safety Factors under Different Models

As an attempt to enhance landfill capacity and extend its lifespan, this research explores the effect of slope inclination on landfill storage capacity and its implementation on the safety factors using numerical simulations. A geometric approach was used to determine the capacity change with inclination, and a new probabilistic calculation method, which accounts for the heterogeneity of waste layers, was employed to analyze the safety factor for different slope angles. Over 100 conducted calculations for each inclination were used to investigate the effect of slope variation on landfill safety. The results show that increasing inclination leads to a significant increase in landfill capacity. The safety factor results indicate that the conventional method, assuming homogenous waste, classifies 1:3 and 1:2 slopes as safe, while the new suggested method showed that a 2:3 inclination could be considered safe, especially since the calculation is not considering the safety-enhancing effect of daily cover layers. This study highlights the importance of considering the heterogeneity of waste layers in safety factor analysis, and the use of multi-layered nonhomogeneous calculation method, which provides more flexibility in design parameters. This research presents a significant step forward in constructing safe and cost-effective landfills. The use of a new probabilistic calculation method in designing landfills leads to more accurate and reliable results while maintaining safety standards. This research has important implications for the design and management of landfills and can be used as a guide for future studies in this field.

Developing simplified numerical calculation and BP neural network modeling for the cooling capacity in a radiant floor cooling system

ABSTRACT To upgrade the computational efficiency and ensure the accuracy of calculated cooling capacity of radiant cooling floor, this study proposed a simplified three-dimensional modeling by combining with a user-defined function compilation. The cooling capacity and minimum floor temperature were taken as evaluation indices considering different radiant floor thicknesses, layers’ thermal conductivities, pipe diameters, pipe spacing, and floor surface sizes. Moreover, a backpropagation neural network model and a prediction program were developed to quickly predict minimum floor temperature and cooling capacity. The results demonstrate that the established backpropagation neural network model can predict the values of cooling capacity and minimum floor temperature well, and the coefficients of determination were 0.9117 and 0.9435, respectively. With the thickness increase of cover layer and filling layer, the minimum floor temperature respectively increases by 10.97% and 11.01%. With the heat transfer coefficient increase of cover layer and filling layer, cooling capacity respectively increases by 30.56% and 23.46%. This study proposes an artificial intelligence method for the rapid prediction of cooling capacity and minimum floor temperature, and provides their theoretical support for engineering application.

Pulsed exposure mode of the 445 nm semiconductor laser in phonosurgery: an experimental study

The study presents the results of an experimental study devoted to the choice of the most optimal mode of pulsed contact laser exposure of semiconductor laser with a wavelength of 445 nm in phonosurgery, which implies maximum preservation of anatomically and functionally significant structures of the larynx combined with a radical approach to the pathological process. From the standpoint of the mucoundular theory of voice formation, wave-like oscillations of the vocal folds are possible due to the mobility of the cover layer of the vocal fold (epithelium, superficial layer of the lamina propria) relative to its body (deep layer of the lamina propria, vocal muscle). Thus, any injury at the level of the integumentary layer is associated with the risk of excessive scarring and loss of the ability to wave-like sliding. Pig vocal folds, according to a number of authors, have a structure similar to human ones in terms of both histological structure and acoustic parameters, which justifies the rationality of their use as an experimental model. In a series of experiments using a 445 nm laser, contact pulsed impacts on a biological model were carried out with pulse durations of 10, 20, 50, and 100 ms, followed by evaluation of the following parameters based on the data of histological sections: the depth and width of the ablation crater, the width of the zone of lateral thermal damage. Thus, the most optimal for phonosurgical interventions modes of pulsed laser exposures with a wavelength of 445 nm are described.

Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping using MCDM Techniques – A study over Kodagu District, Karnataka

Landslides pose significant and recurring hazards in various parts of India, particularly during the rainy season, causing extensive damage to infrastructure and loss of life. To address this issue, it is crucial to map the hazardous zones, raise awareness among local communities and guide authorities in disaster management efforts. This study aimed to develop a landslide hazard zonation map using different thematic maps such as aspect, drainage density, geology, lineament density, land use land cover, rainfall, road network, slope and soil layers. The study employing methods such as AHP and a modified power method was based on AHP for the development of landslide hazard zonation maps. The findings indicated that the PM-AHP technique yielded superior results in identifying highly risky zones. According to this method, approximately 250.65 sq.km. of the area was classified as falling within the highly risky zone.

Numerical modeling of chloride diffusion in cement-based materials considering calcium leaching and external sulfate attack

Chloride-induced corrosion of steel bars can shorten the service life of concrete structures in marine environment. Therefore, a numerical model that can accurately characterize the chloride diffusion in marine concrete can help to evaluate the service durability of structures. In this paper, a novel chloride diffusion model considering the coupling effect of calcium leaching and sulfate attack in cement-based materials is proposed. The model can not only simulate the increase of porosity structure and the desorption of bound chloride caused by calcium leaching, but also characterize the competitive antagonism between sulfate and chloride salts in cement-based matrix, which produces expansive products to fill pores and promotes the desorption of bound chloride. The proposed model was further developed in COMSOL, and verified by two groups of literature experimental data. Then, the verified model was applied to investigate the coupling effect of calcium leaching and external sulfate attack on chloride diffusion process in cement-based materials. The results show that the proposed model can effectively reproduce the chloride diffusion process in both groups of tests well. In contrast to the single influencing factor, the coupling effect of calcium leaching-sulfate attack on the chloride diffusion process in cement-based materials shows that there is a phenomenon of inhibiting chloride diffusion in the early stage of erosion, but it shows a promoting effect in the later stage. Compared with sulfate attack, calcium leaching always dominates the influence of chloride diffusion in cement-based matrix. Furthermore, considering the coupled effect of leaching-sulfate attack, the initial corrosion time of reinforced concrete is about 24.5% earlier than that without considering the coupling effect. Increasing the thickness of steel bar cover layer and reducing the initial porosity of matrix can effectively delay the occurrence of steel bar corrosion in cement-based matrix.

Aluminum based high temperature thin film electrode system for wireless sensors

Self-sustained, wireless high-temperature stable sensors are developed, which are based on an aluminum alloy as the electrode metallization. Due to its cost-effectiveness accompanied by a high-temperature stability, this alloy substitutes and outperforms the commonly applied expensive Pt- and Ir-based metals. For the first time, a comprehensive structural, electrical and high-frequency characterization of these surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors is shown. They are based on Catangasite (Ca3TaGa3Si2O14, CTGS) in combination with properly structured cover and barrier layers for the metallization. The frequency characteristics is determined up to 700 °C by ex situ and in situ methods. In addition, the morphology of the AlRu electrodes is analyzed after the thermal loadings and the temperature dependent sheet resistance is measured. The results reveal a reproducible and linear correlation between the applied temperature and the sheet resistance as well as the resonant frequency. In addition, hardly any degradation of the electrodes is detected after the thermal loadings. The observed high-temperature stability of the devices up to at least 700 °C demonstrates the large potential of the AlRu based SAW sensors as a cost-efficient alternative to expensive noble metal based sensors in industrial applications for the support of energy efficient operation.

Bioinspired Antireflection Double‐Layer Coatings Design Method and Light Management to Realize Radiative Sky Cooling in Photovoltaic Module

Recent research on combining photovoltaic (PV) modules with radiative sky cooling (RSC) technology has elicited much interest. Such cross‐disciplinary technology coupling provides a feasible approach to solar cells’ nighttime applications. However, current commonly used radiative sky cooling materials’ (RSCMs) conflict with the solar light harvesting and utilizing of PV module. The spectral selectivity characteristics of the strong transmission in the solar spectrum range (0.3–1.1 μm) and the enough emissivity within the atmosphere transparency window (8–13 μm) are the essential to develop the PV module‐usable RSC coating. Herein, antireflection (AR) structure optimize method and RSC coating design method are proposed to achieve nighttime RSC capacity with high solar radiation transmission property via the RSCM selection and light management, in the visible, near‐infrared, and midinfrared wavelength range, originating from the subwavelength optical effects of bioinspired AR design. A kind of double‐layer coating consisting of the PDMS substrate layer and SiO2 close‐packed hexagonal rotating parabolic body‐bioinspired moth‐eye structure cover layer is designed in this research. The coating has 0.997 average transmissivity characteristic in solar spectrum and can lower the PV cell temperature over 10.5 K than ambient at night.

Experimental Investigation on Reservoir Sediment Flushing through a Bottom Tunnel with an Initially Covered Intake

Reservoir sedimentation is of worldwide concern, involving not only reservoir benefits, but environmental and ecological issues. Sediment flushing is one of the most common and effective methods for alleviating sedimentation and its negative impacts. To date, however, it has remained unknown whether sediment flushing can be accomplished through a bottom tunnel once its intake has been covered by sediment deposits. Here, a total of 65 runs of flume experiments were conducted to investigate the threshold conditions for occurrence of sediment flushing. The results demonstrate that higher water level, smaller cover layer thickness, shorter tunnel length, and steeper tunnel slope favor the occurrence of sediment flushing. Physically, as the gate located at the tunnel intake is opened, the sediment deposits immediately upstream of the intake collapse and enter the tunnel, entraining water. A mass of hyperconcentrated water-sediment mixture is generated, in which the amount of sediment depends on the cover layer thickness. If the water level is sufficiently high, the cover layer thickness is low, the tunnel slope is steep, or the tunnel is short, the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the tunnel suffices to drive the water-sediment mixture to move down to the outlet, overcoming the resistance due to the tunnel boundary. This way, sediment flushing is accomplished. Based on dimensional analysis of the observed data, a threshold condition is proposed for the occurrence of sediment flushing. It is also shown that an equilibrium scour hole is formed immediately upstream of the tunnel intake, and an empirical model for the scour hole geometry is proposed. The present findings can be exploited to improve sediment-rich reservoir planning, design, and operation for benefit maximization and eco-environmental wellbeing.

Comparative bond-slip response of ribbed CFRP bar to UHPC after exposure to high temperature

Ribbed carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bar and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) have high potential in terms of utilization of load-carrying capacity and maintenance of the concrete structure. Bonding behavior of ribbed CFRP bars to UHPC after exposure to elevated temperature is of importance due to its susceptibility of thermal effects. This study investigated the residual bond strength of the ribbed CFRP bar embedded in UHPC at ambient temperature and after exposure to elevated temperature. The bond strength of ribbed CFRP bars with different embedded length and cover thickness were also considered and the bond strength was compared with the sand coated CFRP bars. Both at ambient temperature and after exposure to elevated temperature, the bond strength of the ribbed CFRP bar increased with an increased embedment length and cover layer due to the mechanical resistance of the ribs. However, the difference reduced as the elevated temperature increased. Compared with the sand coated CFRP bars, the decreasing rate of bond strength is slightly lower in ribbed CFRP bars and the residual bond strength after exposure to elevated temperature at 400 ℃ was more than 10 MPa, which satisfies bond strength of FRP bar suggested by ACI 440.5 M. The critical temperature of the ribbed and sand coated CFRP bars was suggested as 300 ℃ with consideration of decreasing rate in this study. The modified bond equations were presented to reflect the reduction of bond strength due to the elevated temperature, and the bonding behavior of the ascending branch was compared using the modified BPE and CMR models and presented the coefficient of each parameter.

Ultra-narrowband, electrically switchable, and high-efficiency absorption in monolayer graphene resulting from lattice plasmon resonance

We propose a novel approach to obtain the ultra-narrowband, electrically switchable, and high-efficiency absorption in the monolayer graphene. The monolayer graphene is sandwiched between the silica substrate and a square array of silver nanospheres, which is covered by a very thick silica layer. The fundamental role of the thick silica cover layer is to homogenize the surrounding medium of the silver nanospheres, and thus efficiently exciting the lattice plasmon resonance. The lattice plasmon resonance arising from the coupling between the dipolar plasmon resonance of silver nanospheres and the zero-order diffraction wave at Wood anomaly can enhance the electromagnetic fields at the graphene surface, and thus greatly improve the near-infrared light absorption of the monolayer graphene with the maximum absorption efficiency up to 45%. Owing to the low radiation loss of the lattice plasmon resonance, the absorption linewidth of the monolayer graphene can be largely compressed to only several nanometers (3.2 nm ∼ 7.4 nm). Moreover, the absorption of the monolayer graphene in our proposed nanostructures has a nearly 100% modulation depth to exhibit an excellent switching property. Our work will be helpful for some graphene-based photoelectric devices.

Modeling Alex Hurricane: flood map simulation applying Multisensor grid precipitation, Monterrey, Mexico

A simulation was carried out in the Santa Catarina River watershed, located in the State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, to study flood patterns and velocity maps during the occurrence of Hurricane Alex in June-July 2010. To conduct this simulation, a two-dimensional model of the Santa Catarina River Watershed was employed using the HEC-RAS software. The model was driven by Multisensor grid precipitation data as input. Land cover and soil layers were utilized in order to obtain various parameters within the watershed, such as Curve Number, Manning Number, Abstraction Ratio, Infiltration Rate, and Percent of Impervious Land. The simulated water levels were calibrated by comparing them with observed values at the Cadereyta Hydrometric Station, which is located near the city of Monterrey. The utilization of the HEC-RAS two-dimensional model combined with Multisensor grid precipitation demonstrates that this particular model is easy to set up and is user-friendly. Moreover, the model exhibits stability and possesses the ability to accurately simulate flood patterns and velocity maps within the watershed.
 Keywords: Floodmap, HEC-RAS 2D, Mexico, Monterrey, MRMS-QPE.

The effect of swelling on vocal fold kinematics and dynamics.

Swelling in the vocal folds is caused by the local accumulation of fluid, and has been implicated as a phase in the development of phonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction and related structural pathologies, such as vocal fold nodules. It has been posited that small degrees of swelling may be protective, but large amounts may lead to a vicious cycle wherein the engorged folds lead to conditions that promote further swelling, leading to pathologies. As a first effort to explore the mechanics of vocal fold swelling and its potential role in the etiology of voice disorders, this study employs a finite-element model with swelling confined to the superficial lamina propria, which changes the volume, mass, and stiffness of the cover layer. The impacts of swelling on a number of vocal fold kinematic and damage measures, including von Mises stress, internal viscous dissipation, and collision pressure, are presented. Swelling has small but consistent effects on voice outputs, including a reduction in fundamental frequency with increasing swelling (10Hz at 30% swelling). Average von Mises stress decreases slightly for small degrees of swelling but increases at large magnitudes, consistent with expectations for a vicious cycle. Both viscous dissipation and collision pressure consistently increase with the magnitude of swelling. This first effort at modeling the impact of swelling on vocal fold kinematics, kinetics, and damage measures highlights the complexity with which phonotrauma can influence performance metrics. Further identification and exploration of salient candidate measures of damage and refined studies coupling swelling with local phonotrauma are expected to shed further light on the etiological pathways of phonotraumatic vocal hyperfunction.

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice grown on organic soils in the temperate zone

Organic soils are important carbon stocks. The conventional (dry) cultivation of these soils turns them into strong sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For situations where restoration of natural land cover is not possible, solutions to this problem include the wet cultivation of these soils, reducing CO2 and N2O emissions. One option, paddy rice cultivation, has begun in the Swiss Central Plateau, which hitherto did not provide a suitable climate for wet rice. Wet rice is however associated with high CH4 emissions. These need to be quantified for this region, as the increased CH4 fluxes might negate the expected reductions in CO2 and N2O. Here, we quantify CH4 and N2O emissions from wet rice on organic soil with chamber measurements, in an outdoor mesocosm experiment in the Swiss Central Plateau, located in the cool temperate moist zone. We apply two water treatments (a high water table (WT) treatment, − 6 cm with mid-season drainage, and two medium WT treatments, − 11 and − 17 cm without mid-season drainage) and additionally test the use of a mineral cover layer to reduce N2O emissions. Additionally, a deeply-drained grassland treatment is used as a reference treatment. Annual CH4 emissions from rice cultivation are 6.2 g CH4.m-2.a-1 for the higher WT treatment, 6.4 g CH4.m-2.a-1 for the medium WT treatment and 2.4 g CH4.m-2.a-1 for the medium WT treatment with mineral cover. The corresponding N2O emissions are 203, 190 and 56 mg N2O-N.m-2.a-1, respectively. These results show that adding a mineral cover layer reduces annual emissions from both GHGs substantially. In total, the maximum increase in CH4 and N2O emissions resulting from rice cultivation, compared to the drained grassland treatment, is 2.3 t CO2-eq.ha-1.a-1. Expected CO2 emissions savings (derived from a literature-based model) due to a higher WT are a factor of 5–9 greater than this. We thus conclude that the cultivation of these organic soils in this region with wet rice could reduce their induced warming compared to their cultivation with (deeply drained) grassland.

Exchange Bias and Vertical Magnetic Shift on Co−CoO Thin Films

AbstractThis work reports the results of an experimental study on Si(001)/Au(111)/Co/CoO/ZrO2 elaborated by electron beam evaporation. The chemical composition of the oxidized state of cobalt and zirconium cover layers derived from metallic deposition is confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Magnetic properties are probed by magneto‐optical Kerr effect (MOKE). The polar magneto‐optic Kerr effect (PMOKE) measurements reveal that the cooling at 77 K under an applied magnetic field induces an exchange coupling which is manifested by a positive exchange bias (EB) field accompanied by a negative vertical shift of the magnetization. In longitudinal magneto‐optical Kerr effect (LMOKE), the exchange coupling depends on the orientation of the applied measuring magnetic field. It is found that both the exchange field shift rate hshift and the vertical shift rate in magnetization mshift exhibit a peak at 45° between the applied field and the [100] in‐plane direction which may be associated with the presence of uncompensated pinned spins at the Co−CoO interface.

A thickness reduction testing method for ferromagnetic materials based on variable intensity DC magnetization

The assessments of internal thickness reduction of ferromagnetic components are extremely important. Traditional nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are usually non-linear and sometimes the electromagnetic parameters of components are required. In this paper, a thickness reduction testing method based on variable intensity DC magnetization (VIDC-MAG) is proposed. Both theoretical modeling analysis and simulation modeling analysis show that a pole point of magnetic permeability μm appears with the increase of DC magnetization intensity, which corresponds to an inflection point magnetizing current im. The im decreases with the increase of the defect depth of the wall thickness reduction and shows a linear relationship. The experimental results show that the method performs well for the inner wall thickness thinning and the relative error of the measurement results is small. Additionally, the measurement results are related to the width of the thickness reduction, the probe excitation frequency, the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic material and the lift-off distance of the magnetizer. The method is applicable to the thickness variation of the cover layer and does not need to know the electromagnetic parameters of the components in advance, which has greater practical application value.

P‐3: Conductive Indium‐Tin‐Zinc Oxide Formed Using an Oxygen Plasma Treatment Through a Silicon Oxide Cover Layer

Indium‐tin‐zinc oxide (ITZO) covered with a silicon oxide layer can be made conductive when subjected to an oxygen plasma treatment. The resulting resistivity is sensitive to the thickness of the cover oxide, the plasma excitation power, and the treatment time. With 280 nm of cover oxide and 10 mins of treatment, the lowest resistivity achieved is 1.2 mΩ∙cm in a plasma biased with a radio frequency excitation power of 100 W and an inductively coupled plasma excitation power of 2000 W. The treatment has been deployed to form the source/drain regions of a self‐aligned, top‐gate ITZO thin‐film transistor.

Study on novel boron-containing triazine flame retarded thermoplastic polyester elastomer composites and the flame retardant mechanism

A triazine‑boron non-halogenated flame retardant (CPB) was synthesized. The chemical structure of CPB was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and the thermal, flame retardant and combustion properties of Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer (TPEE) composites with CPB addition were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94) and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The results showed that the LOI of the TPEE/20CPB composite increased to 30.2% with the addition of 20 wt% CPB and was able to pass the UL-94 V-0 rating. At the same time, the total heat release(THR) as well as peak heat release(pHRR)of TPEE/20CPB relative to TPEE was reduced from 129.3 MJ/m2 and 1234.1 kW/m2 to 63.7 MJ/m2 and 329.8 kW/m2 respectively, and the total smoke production (TSP) and smoke production rate (SPR) was also found to be reduced. This indicates that CPB can exert flame retardant properties as well as smoke suppressing properties. Finally, the structure and morphology of the residual char were investigated by Laser-Raman Spectroscopy (LRS), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR. The results showed that CPB could promote the formation of carbon in the condensed phase as well as the formation of a glassy cover layer to act as a thermal insulation and oxygen barrier, which can be highly effective in flame retardation.

Pengaruh Penambahan Sebagian Abu Daun Bambu Sebagai Filler Pada Campuran Aspal AC-WC Terhadap Karakteristik Marshall Dengan Variasi Perendaman

Asphall concrate wearing course (AC-WC) is the topmost pavement layer which functions as a wear layer. Filler function is very important to modify the gradation offine agregate in the asphall mixture so that the density increases. Asphall concrate layer (laston) is a cover layer consisting of a densely graded agregate mixture with struktural properties. The purpuse of this study was to determine the effect and variation of immersiontime on the properties and characteristics of asphal with bamboo leaf ash as part of the added material, namely 10%, 15%, and 20% with variations of immersion, 3 days, 7 days and 14 days. The number of samples of test objects made were 48 samples, with 15 normal sampels of test comparison, 27 samples of variations, 6 samples of remaining KAO. The manufacture of test specimens hot mixed and refersto the 2018test apparatus with a temperature of 60ºC and is continuedout with the marshall test to obtain stability and flow values. Based on research results and data analysis of AC-WC asphalt mixtures with the addition of 10%, 15%, 20% bamboo leaf ash, with soaking variations of 3 days, 7 days, 14 days. From the laboratory results, the addition of 20% bamboo leaf ash can increase the density, FLOW and VFB values, while a decrease occurs in the stability of VMA, MQ and VIM, but not too drastically because it is still in the specification stage

Pengaruh Variasi Waktu Perendaman Terhadap Sifat Dan Karakteristik Campuran Aspal Panas Dengan Penambahan Styrofoam

Hot Rolled Sheet (HRS) According to the Ministry of Public Works (Bina Marga revision 2010), a thin layer of asphalt concrete (lataston) is a cover layer consisting of a mixture of gap graded aggregate, filler and hard asphalt with a certain ratio; which is mixed and hot compacted (within a certain temperature, a minimum of 124ºC). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variations in immersion time on the properties and characteristics of asphalt with Styrofoam added. This study used Styrofoam food waste with the addition of 5%, 10%, and 20%. Samples of specimens were made as many as 48 samples, 15 normal samples and 27 variations samples, 6 samples of remaining KAO. Treatment of the specimens was carried out with repeated immersion variations of 3, 7, and 14 days. The manufacture of test objects is hot mixed and refers to the 2018 Bina Marga Specifications, the test is carried out with the Marshall test equipment. The results of this test, indicate that the effect of Styrofoam waste as an additive in the HRS type asphalt mixture with repeated immersion can decrease the value of density, stability, MQ, and VFB. While the value of flow, VMA, and VIM increased