Coupled Tank System Research Articles

Employing an optimal control strategy for systems with measurement and actuation faults: a swarm optimization approach

ABSTRACT Various industries involve interconnected coupled tank systems to control fluid level, which poses significant challenge for traditional controllers. A tilt-integral-derivative controller offers enhanced adaptability for such systems. However, tuning of these controllers is highly challenging. This work focuses on enhancing the liquid level control in coupled tank systems using a tilt-integral-derivative controller. Tuning for the control algorithm is achieved through the application of Harris's hawks optimization. An objective function is designed by imposing constraints on performance metrics such as integral square error, integral absolute error, integral time absolute error, and closed-loop gain, which are then solved using Harris's hawks optimization. Further, the robust behaviour of the system is exhibited using μ-analysis to assess its stability. Simulation studies confirm the control algorithm's effectiveness, showing superior performance in reducing settling-time and minimizing overshoot. Additionally, the robustness of the controller in handling sensor and actuator faults under varying operating conditions is demonstrated.

Comparison of the Performance of Type-1 and Interval Type-2 Fuzzy PI Controllers for Liquid Level Control in a Coupled Tank System

In this study, liquid level control in a coupled tank system is realized with PI controllers whose parameters are adapted using fuzzy logic approximation methods. Type-1 fuzzy PI control, interval type-2 fuzzy PI control and classical PI+Feedforward control methods are applied to the tank system in real time for different reference liquid levels. The performances of the controllers are compared in terms of system response parameters such as rise time, settling time and overshoot percentage. In addition, the performance evaluation of the controllers over a certain period of time is also compared by calculating integral-based concepts that express error performance metrics such as integral square error (ISE), integral time square error (ITSE), integral absolute error (IAE) and integral time absolute error (ITAE). The obtained results show that the type-2 fuzzy PI controller shows the best performance, followed by type-1 fuzzy PI control and classical PI+FF controller, respectively.

Water Level Control in Coupled Tank System with PLC and IoT-Based PID Method

There are many advanced technological discoveries in industry, including the coupled tank. Coupled tanks are several tanks connected to each other. One of the quantities that is often controlled in the industry is the control of water levels. Water level control in a PLC and IoT-based coupled tank system is a medium for controlling and monitoring water levels remotely in real-time. The sensor used is a Differential Pressure Transmitter (DPT) with a pump motor actuator which is connected to an Omron PLC using an inverter. There is a disturbance in the form of setting the control valve opening. The control method used is the PID method with Ziegler-Nichols tuning and trial and error. Both methods analyzed which performance of the system response characteristics was better. It is proven that PID tuning is suitable for water level control of coupled tank systems.

Development of sliding mode control based on diagonal recurrent neural network for coupled tank system

This study presents the development of sliding mode control (SMC) using the diagonal recurrent neural network (DRNN) for nonlinear systems. Firstly, the SMC for linear systems is developed for nonlinear coupled tank system. Second, the DRNN is used to design the equivalent part of the SMC law, which is performed to approximate the dynamics of a controlled process. Third, the sliding surface for the switching control is developed using the DRNN. The DRNN parameters are tuned using Lyapunov function to achieve the controlled process stability. For the developed scheme, discontinuous signum function is used to compensate the chattering phenomenon. The developed scheme is applied for controlling the uncertain nonlinear coupled tank system. The simulation results indicate that the developed scheme can respond to the effects of system uncertainties compared to other existing schemes.

Stabilization of polytopic discrete-time varying systems with rate and magnitude saturating actuators and bounded disturbances

This study tackles the critical challenge of designing parameter-dependent controllers for the wide class of discrete-time polytopic systems under rate and magnitude saturating actuators. Such a class finds widespread use in diverse applications spanning from medicine to industrial engineering. Our central contribution lies in developing novel convex parameter-dependent state feedback controller synthesis conditions that ensure regional and input-to-state stability, effectively mitigating the adverse effects of rate and magnitude-saturating actuators. Our approach considers the ℓ2/ℓ∞ gain between disturbance input and controlled output, offering performance specifications and retaining validity for specific initial conditions and amplitude-limited input disturbances. Moreover, our methodology is highly adaptable and suitable for a broad spectrum of systems, including LPV/quasi-LPV and T–S fuzzy systems. We leverage the position-type feedback model with speed limitation (PMSL) and the generalized sector condition to derive our controller synthesis method, resulting in a parallel-distributed-compensation strategy under standard assumptions, ensuring practicality and applicability to diverse system requirements. To highlight the effectiveness of our approach, we present numerical examples for comparative evaluation concerning the existing literature. Furthermore, we validate our methodology through real-time experiments conducted on a nonlinear coupled tank system, providing concrete evidence of its efficacy and feasibility for real-world implementation.

Improving precision and robustness in level control of coupled tank systems: A tree seed optimization and [formula omitted]-analysis approach

Background:Efficient control of liquid levels in interconnected tank systems is a fundamental challenge in various industries, including chemical processes, wastewater treatment, and manufacturing. The traditional approach to achieving precise control has relied on Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controllers, whose performance largely depends on tuned parameters. However, tuning PID controllers for complex and nonlinear systems like coupled tanks remains a challenging task. In recent years, nature-inspired optimization algorithms have gained prominence in control system design. The tree seed optimization (TSO), inspired by the dispersion of tree seeds in search of optimal growth conditions, has shown promise in solving complex optimization problems. This study seeks to explore the application of TSO in tuning PID controllers for coupled tank systems. Methodology:This research employs the TSO to optimize PID controller parameters for enhanced liquid-level control in coupled tank systems. The optimization process involves integrating performance metrics and closed-loop gain constraints to achieve optimal control of coupled tank systems. The imposed constraints aim to ensure robustness and system stability in the face of uncertainties and disturbances. Besides, μ analysis quantifies the robustness of the system by assessing its ability to tolerate uncertainties. Findings:Simulation studies conducted in this research verify the efficacy of the proposed TSO-based approach for tuning PID controllers in coupled tank systems. Compared with various methods, the TSO consistently yields better control performance, reduces settling time, and minimizes overshoot. The robustness of the optimized controllers is also evaluated, showing the ability to handle varying operating conditions effectively.

Advanced tree‐seed optimization based fractional‐order PID controller design for simplified decoupled industrial tank systems

AbstractControlling coupled tank systems is challenging due to interactions between tanks, nonlinear dynamics, time delays, uncertainties, and cross‐coupling effects. The design of effective control strategies to address these complexities while ensuring stability and robust performance is difficult. Hence, this study focuses on presenting an innovative approach to enhance level control in coupled tank systems by employing a fractional‐order proportional‐integral‐derivative (FOPID) controller. The FOPID controller is designed by imposing constraints on the performance metric and closed‐loop gain. Besides, the defined optimization problem is solved by employing a tree seed algorithm. Further, the stability is analyzed graphically using the singular value analysis. The inherent complexities of coupled tank systems are effectively addressed by designing decouplers. The unique characteristics of the tree seed algorithm to navigate complex solution spaces and its effective handling of constraints offer a robust optimization framework. The validity and efficiency of the proposed method are analyzed in a range of simulation experiments conducted on distinct interconnected tank systems. Besides, the stability is verified graphically. The analysis highlights the effectiveness of the control law in handling uncertainties and disturbances. Besides, the proposed method reduces the settling time to around . Through a systematic integration of optimization and comprehensive stability analysis, the study provides a holistic solution for optimizing level control in coupled tank systems.

Prescribed-Time Optimal Control of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems With Application to a Coupled Tank System

Prescribed-Time Optimal Control of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems With Application to a Coupled Tank System

Design of a decentralized control law for variable area coupled tank systems using H∞complimentary sensitivity function

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel graphical approach to control the liquid levels of the different variable area coupled tank systems using a decentralized controller. The coupled tank systems are common benchmark systems that consist of two tanks interconnected with each other. The primary goal is to maintain the liquid level in the tank at the desired set point by controlling the flow rate. This is attained with a decentralized method wherein the controller values are obtained from the plane. Besides, the robust criteria is enforced to guarantee the robustness. The proposed controller design approach aims to improve the performance of the system in terms of disturbance rejection and tracking. The decentralized control structure uses a distributed control strategy, thereby reducing the computational load which leads to improving the control performance. The loop interactions are minimized with decouplers. Furthermore, first‐order plus dead‐time (FOPDT) models are derived for each of the decoupled subsystems. Besides, the servo and regulatory responses of the controller are verified with input and output disturbances. Additionally, the response of the controller to system uncertainties and parameter variations is also studied. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach.

Design of 3×3 Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Decoupling on Coupled Tank System with PID Controller

Multivariable processes are the general classification for process features in the chemical industry. The variables in a single process unit interact with one another through more than one input and output. Since parameters interact with one another, changing one parameter's variable requires changing another parameter's variable as well. Further research is needed to determine how to create controllers that can handle interactions in the process. A MIMO control system is exemplified by the coupled tank system. Coupled tanks are present, and they communicate with one another by horizontal pipes. An interacting system can be represented using a coupled tank setup. Decoupling can be added to reduce the interactions that take place between variables. According to the results of the simulation, adding decoupling reduces the IAE value compared to not adding it. When the setpoint for tank level 1 (H1) was changed, the system's IAE value was 17.35 without the addition of decoupling, whereas it was 11.71 with it.

Non-smooth integral sliding surface based control for systems with mismatched disturbances

This paper addresses the problem of traditional sliding mode control design subject to the mismatched disturbance. Existing methods fail to provide an efficient and simple solution. To counteract the unmatched disturbance in the system, a new sliding mode control strategy based on a non-smooth integral sliding manifold is proposed. The proposed sliding manifold has two important features. First, it acts like a reduced order disturbance observer since it estimates the mismatched disturbances by itself without any requirement of an additional observer design. Secondly, the system always starts from the sliding surface, hence, there is no reaching phase dynamics. Thus, the system trajectory is insensitive towards the disturbance from the initial point. The proposed method is tested on a coupled tank system to demonstrate its effectiveness. Both the simulation and experimental results are provided.

Optimal tracking in two-degree-of-freedom control systems: Coupled tank system

This article presents an optimal design of a two-degree-of-freedom (2-DoF) controller that will lead to zero asymptotic steady-state tracking error. The reference inputs are chosen from the set of steps, ramps, and other persistent signals used currently. The main idea is to transform the tracking 2-DoF problem into an equivalent state-space feedback-control synthesis one. Where, an internal model of the reference input is introduced. Then, through the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) technique, the desired performance objectives are addressed by minimizing a quadratic cost function. Finally, the computed state-feedback optimal gains are linked to the polynomials used within the 2-DoF formalism. The fundamental aspect of the design is that it only utilizes the measurable information of the plant provided by its inputs and outputs and take advantage of efficient state-space numerical algorithms. The proposed method is applied to a coupled-tank system, the results achieved confirm the effectiveness of the approach.

Fractional Transformation-Based Decentralized Robust Control of a Coupled-Tank System for Industrial Applications

Petrochemical and dairy industries, waste management, and paper manufacturing fall under the category of process industries where flow and liquid control are essential. Even when liquids are mixed or chemically treated in interconnected tanks, the fluid and flow should constantly be observed and controlled, especially when dealing with nonlinearity and imperfect plant models. In this study, we propose a nonlinear dynamic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) plant model. This model is then transformed through linearization, a technique frequently utilized in the analysis and modeling of fractional processes, and decoupling for decentralized fixed-structure H-infinity robust control design. Simulation tests based on MATLAB and SIMULINK are subsequently executed. Numerous assessments are conducted to evaluate tracking performance, external disturbance rejection, and plant parameter fluctuations to gauge the effectiveness of the proposed model. The objective of this work is to provide a framework that anticipates potential outcomes, paving the way for implementing a reliable controller synthesis for MIMO-connected tanks in real-world scenarios.

Experimental Validation of Fractional PID Controllers Applied to a Two-Tank System

An experimental validation of fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers, which were applied to a two coupled tanks system, is presented in this article. Two FOPID controllers, a continuous FOPID (cFOPID) and a discrete FOPID (dFOPID), were implemented in real-time. The gains tuning process was accomplished by applying genetic algorithms while considering the cost function with respect to the tracking error and control effort. The gains optimization process was performed directly to the two-tanks non-linear model. The real-time implementation used a National Instruments PCIe-6321 card as a data acquisition system; for the interface, we used a Simulink Matlab and Simulink Desktop Real-Time Toolbox. The performance of the fractional controllers was compared with the performance of classical PID controllers.

A Model-Driven Security Analysis Approach for 5G Communications in Industrial Systems

5G communication network has become a major pillar in the evolution of interconnected industrial systems. However, the introduction of 5G network may lead to unknown risks in the systems. To reveal the impact of network threats on 5G-based industrial systems, a 5G network security analysis approach combining formal modeling and attack penetration is proposed. Firstly, the 5G network models based on topology and transmission events are established to cope with diverse and hidden attack routes and behaviors. Then, the attack module is integrated into the network model. With attack penetration to the models, potential vulnerabilities are exploited and quantified based on the hierarchical-topology model, and network reliability is evaluated based on the transmission-event model. The simulation results identify and quantify network vulnerabilities under various attacks, including access authentication failure, destruction of data integrity, illegal control of Network Functions (NFs), and malicious consumption of shared slicing resources. Meanwhile, a more unpredictable outcome is that there is a threshold of access probability, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula> , to measure the impacts of attacks against the bearer network and core network on reliability. Finally, a practical case about the impact of network security on a 5G-based coupled-tank system is discussed, which further proves the feasibility of our approach.

Robust Output Feedback Control Design for Nonlinear Coupled-tank System using Linear Matrix Inequalities

In this experimental study, the Robust Output Feedback controller (ROF) is designed based on the H_∞ theory and implemented to the level control of the coupled tank system. As many chemical processes have complicated and nonlinear characteristics, this robust methodology is proposed to tackle them. Hence, the vertical coupled tank system is selected as one of the popular case study systems to simulate the large-scale chemical processes to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed ROF controller. Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) methodology is selected as the main mathematical method of the design procedure. To illustrate the best performance and robustness of the ROF controller, the simulation and experimental results are compared to the Feedforward Proportional Integrator, one of the most common controllers in the industries. Two different liquid level control scenarios are considered in this comparison and the obtained results show the expected performance of the ROF controller guaranteeing the design objectives.

Optimal tracking of the water level for a coupled tank system using Linear Quadratic Regulator

Optimal tracking of the water level for a coupled tank system using Linear Quadratic Regulator

ICT-Architecture design for a Remote Laboratory of Industrial Coupled Tanks System

ICT-Architecture design for a Remote Laboratory of Industrial Coupled Tanks System

Design of an Optimal Control Strategy for Coupled Tank Systems Using Nonlinear Constraint Optimization With Kharitonov-Hurwitz Stability Analysis

Design of an Optimal Control Strategy for Coupled Tank Systems Using Nonlinear Constraint Optimization With Kharitonov-Hurwitz Stability Analysis

Modeliranje i analiza performansi FOPID kontrolera za interakcijski spojeni sistem rezervoara

Process control is fundamental in modern interaction since it ensures security and improvement in a cycle. Furthermore, process control is a valuable apparatus to fulfill the ecological strategy and item quality necessities. In ventures, one of the controlling system factors is fluid level, the fluid level regulators are a critical concern and well-known interaction, and the aggregate illustrative additionally genuine world in designing techniques. Fluid-level coupled tank framework can be set up into two popular types of interfacing and non-associating structure. This work centers around associating coupled tank control frameworks, numerous issues impacting the fluid level like nonlinearity of the framework, displaying vulnerabilities, and complex investigation, so to conquer those issues, to acquire steady stable results and quick reactions different regulators are required. The liquid must be transferred and kept in a holder for control design in the modern day. The study of a partial request proportional-integralderivative (PID) regulator for controlling a fluid level of the tank framework is presented in this work. FOPID and TID controller techniques are tested and demonstrated for coupling connected tank systems using several partial request regulators, including Commande Robuste d'Ordre Non-Entire (CRONE), Tilt-Integral Derivative (TID), and Fractional order PID (FOPID). The result reaction is directed with the MATLAB®/Simulink® circumstance to check the exhibition of the framework. The reproduction results showed that by controlling connecting coupled tank system (CTS) without aggravation, the reaction is great, however remembering outside unsettling influence for the subsequent tank, the regulator shows a feeble reaction aside from the FOPID regulator. The explanation is FOPID regulator has at least two changed boundaries that expand the vigor of the framework. From the regulators tried in this work, the partial request relative basic subordinate regulator (FOPID) has great execution contrasted with PID, TID, and digital-PID regulators. The accomplished presentation particularly of the FOPID regulator is a better performance for CTS compared to the other listed controllers.