National Security Of Country Research Articles

ПРИЧИНИ ТІНІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

The classification of the causes of the shadow economy according to four basic separation criteria is given: by content, by origin, by scale of influence, by duration. The shadow economy is considered as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that exists in any socio-political conditions and poses a threat to the country's national security. The main reasons for the emergence and spread of the phenomenon of the shadow economy as a threat to national security are characterized, in particular, economic (level of tax burden and tax administration; excessive state intervention in the economy; crisis phenomena in the economy and the financial sector), social (low standard of living of the population; high level of unemployment; social differentiation and stratification of society), institutional and legal (imperfection of the institutional environment; imperfection and instability of the legislative framework; insecurity of property rights and incapacity of the judicial system); state (corruption of public services of various power structures; bureaucratic arbitrariness and bribery), political (socio-political instability; improper performance of the state's functions), psychological and ethical. It was established that the determinants of shadowing of the economy are closely related and mutually dependent. It is substantiated that only the state policy of detinization will be effective, which will comprehensively combine the solution of the main problems of the state in terms of economic, social, institutional and legal, state, political, psychological and ethical components of the determinants of the detinization of the economy. The objective width of the dispersion of the causes of the shadow economy has been established, which allows to fix the structural complexity of the object and, thereby, to take into account the diversity of its manifestations as much as possible for the implementation of an effective policy of detinization of the economy in the context of ensuring the national security of Ukraine.

THE ROLE OF BUDGET EXPENDITURES IN FINANCING TODAY'S SOCIO-ECONOMIC NEEDS

Task statement. At the current stage of development of financial relations, it is important to improve the mechanism of managing budget expenditures in order to improve the quality of public services, efficient use of resources and enhance the impact of budget policy on socio-economic progress. Optimal management of budget expenditures requires solving several key tasks, including cost optimization, program prioritization, transparency, support for innovation, sustainability of financial resources, etc. Thus, scientific research in this area is an important source for the successful implementation of budget policy and achievement of positive results in the country's socio-economic progress. Research results. An analysis of Ukraine's budget in recent years has shown that a significant increase in defense spending (from 8.56% to 42.24%) indicates increased attention to strengthening the country's national security and defense capabilities, which is related to Russia's full-scale invasion. There is an increase in spending on social protection and social security (from 22.77% to 15.75%). This is due to support for citizens affected by the war. Changes in other categories of expenditures are less noticeable. For example, environmental protection and housing and communal services remained at a low level, while others, such as economic activity and education, have moderate growth. Overall growth of expenditures. The total central fiscal expenditures increased from UAH 1,490,258.9 million to UAH 2,705,423.3 million. This indicates a general increase in the state's financial expenditures, which is due to the growing need for financing as a result of economic, social and geopolitical challenges. Budget deficit. The planned budget balance (deficit) in 2022 amounted to UAH -1,296,536.2 million, which indicates a lack of budget funds to cover all planned expenditures. This indicates the need to find additional sources of funding and optimize expenditures. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of changes in the structure of expenditures of the state budget of Ukraine, the following recommendations can be offered to optimize the financing of socio-economic development needs: balance between defense and social security, optimization of expenditures, diversification of funding sources, creation of reserves, efficient use, priority of social development, etc.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ЦИВІЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ УКРАЇНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ БЕЗПЕКОВОЇ ФУНКЦІЇ

At the current stage, the globalization of environmental problems, the growth of social and economic consequences of emergency situations, the expansion of terrorist activities and increased attention to the safety of the population in European society have caused the transformation of the concept of national security in the field of civil protection. Emergency situations of various nature in the form of natural disasters, man-made disasters, acts of terrorism and sabotage, regional conflicts with the use of military force occupy not the last place among the threats to ensuring sustainable development in Ukraine. Ignoring them in modern conditions calls into question not only economic growth and social well-being, but also the provision of the country's national security. Considering the fact that the modern world remains vulnerable to emergencies of various natures, which arise naturally and are created artificially, research in the field of civil defense for the purpose of ensuring national security will not lose its relevance in the future. The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of the formation of the civil defense of Ukraine in the context of the security function. The article analyzes the formation of civil protection, defines security functions. A mega-theory of managing the civil defense system in the context of state security has been developed, taking into account hypotheses, calculations and the real state of affairs regarding the impact of turbulent environments on society. Based on the use of methods and models of project-oriented management, an information model of the organizational structure of the management of the civil defense system of Ukraine was developed based on the "centralization-decentralization" criterion. All this requires a process of research and decision-making on the formation of the organizational structure of management in order to improve the system of civil protection, as a function of the state aimed at protecting the population, territory, natural environment and property from emergency situations by preventing and eliminating their consequences and providing assistance to the victims.

MODERN DETERMINANTS OF INFLATIONARY PROCESSES IN RUSSIA IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES

Introduction. Until now, polemics in the scientific circles of scientists-economists are the nature of Russian inflationary processes and the content of anti-inflationary policies. There are two main viewpoints: i) inflation is caused by non-monetary reasons, or not just monetary reasons; ii) purely monetary reasons. The purpose of the study is to assess the mechanism of state regulation of inflationary processes and its determinants in the Russian Federation as a type of threats to economic growth, stability of the country's economic development and national security. Methodology. The initial materials for the study are official data on inflation dynamics of the Bank of Russia, Rosstat, open sources in Internet. The study is based on the methodology for assessing inflation adopted by the Federal State Statistics Service. Results. The article discusses the dynamics of inflationary processes in Russia since 1991 to date. A statistical study of the causes and determinants of inflation for 9 months of 2022 was carried out, as well as methods for regulating inflation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation at the current stage was considered. Conclusions. Based on the studies, the causes of inflation for 9 months of 2022 were established, which made it possible to propose a number of measures aimed at stabilizing the inflation rate in the future.

To the question of national, economic and financial security of Russia

The article reveals the theoretical aspects of the national, economic and financial security of Russia before the Great October Socialist Revolution, in the period from the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) to its collapse and in the period of the modern history of the Russian Federation. the author's position of the activation of the global geopolitical crisis and geo-economic crisis (caused by the creation of new geo-economic centers for the development of the world economy) is given, which is an objective reason for the redistribution of the world caused by the next phase of the reproductive crisis and the global financial crisis in the world economy. the role of finance in economic development and ensuring economic and financial security at different historical stages of Russia, the USSR and the Russian Federation is shown. It is concluded that in the conditions of the global monocentric model of the functioning of financial capital, led by the United States, the countries of the economic "periphery" are forced to bear losses due to the monopoly dictate of the world financial centers of emission (primarily the dollar and the euro). the reasons for the destruction of the USSR are formulated, the main of which is: the destruction of the country's national security system by the top leaders of the USSR, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and other union republics of the Soviet Union. the principled character of the Soviet leadership in conducting a sovereign, national monetary policy is shown. the creation by the global financial system of conditions for overproduction of two world fully unsecured currencies (the dollar and the euro) and the formation of the potential of the global financial crisis are argued.

STRATEGIC AEROSPACE APPROACH IN THE CONTEXT OF SECURITY AND SPACE INDUSTRY

The aerospace, defense, security and space industries are important strategic sectors for the EU, contributing to each country's national security and economic prosperity. These highly productive sectors provide thousands of jobs, delivering sustainable growth in every region and nation of the EU. Creating Romania's strengths in these sectors will help increase productivity across the country and ensure that Romania can become one of the best places in the world to innovate, do business and create jobs. This paper is the result of an analysis of the international literature and seeks to highlight the need to invest in space capabilities to meet national goals: military success and defense strategy, leadership and prestige, resource development and management, and economic growth and diversification. For this, the research method chosen for this study is a qualitative one that involved cross-sectional and longitudinal exploratory studies of the literature. The data collection and interpretation was done in the context in which most states are in the process of defining and / or consolidating aerospace strategies

PAKTA WARSAWA : LATAR BELAKANG, SEJARAH, DAN HEGEMONI UNI SOVIET

National security is an ability to protect the country's essential values against threats from outside and from within the country. The concept of a country's national security is influenced by the country's historical background. For realists, security is about the survival of the state. For the majority of countries that are unable to guarantee the security of their own country with their military power, the balance of powerfor maintaining security stability in international relations. Protection of domestic security conditions requires the country to ensure the integrity of its territory. After the formation of NATO in 1949, The Soviet Union initiated a defense organization together with its neighbors. That meeting giveresult in the Pact of Mutual Assistance and Unified Command (PMAUC) or better known as the Warsaw Pact and consisted of Eastern Bloc countries or East European communists. This defense pact was formed to counter the power of NATO and protect the security of the Soviet Union and its member states from outside attacks. In particular, the formation of this defense alliance was triggered by the inclusion of West Germany in NATO membership

Taxation of the Agricultural Sector in the System of Ukraine’s Economic Policy Implementation and its Digitalization

Introduction. The agricultural sector is a strategically important segment for ensuring the country's national security. New challenges rightly require appropriate responses. All means of regulating the state agrarian sector, first of all, should be aimed at ensuring its successful development and effective functioning. The development of the agrarian sector of Ukraine requires the solution of institutional problems of agrarian production Studying literary sources indicates that state economic policy is implemented, primarily, through the mechanisms of tax policy, which has notes permanent changes in recent years.
 Aim and tasks. The aim of this article is to research the taxation of the agricultural sector in the system of Ukraine’s economic policy implementation and its digitalization. A secondary aim would be to single out the advantages and disadvantages of the taxation system and to create recommendations on choosing a taxation system for subjects of the agrarian sector.
 Results. The taxation of the agricultural sector in the system of Ukraine’s economic policy implementation and its digitalization are researched. Such stages of legal regulation of agricultural protection tax relations as formation (establishment), relative permanence, reformation, and post-reformation (post-reform stage) are defined. The agricultural protection tax measures in terms of VAT taxation during the period are performed. The advantages and disadvantages of the taxation systems of agricultural sector entities are singled out. Recommendations on choosing a taxation system for subjects in the agrarian sector are formed. The structure of the "Manager" module in the program "BAS AGRO. Accounting" is shown.
 Conclusions. Each of the tax systems that can be used by subjects of the agrarian sector has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is necessary to take into account the conditions under which a specific enterprise operates. The performed analysis of the evolution of the tax legislation in terms of taxation of the agrarian sector indicates a reduction in agro-protective actions by the state. At the stages of formation (establishment) and relative permanence of legal regulation, the introduction and effective use of tax policy, in particular the fixed agricultural tax and the special VAT taxation regime, were observed. During the reform and post-reform stages, the agricultural protection measures outlined above, which were quite powerful and effective at the time, were significantly minimized. The actual adaptation of information technologies to the needs of agriculture is one of the best new technologies in the agricultural sector.

The Geopolitics Role of Energy in the National Security of Countries

Today, energy plays a role in the politics and economics of countries as one of the levers of power, and many of the current global politics and conflicts are affected by this. The dependence of industrialized and developing countries on such resources has given rise to new strategies in the field of energy security, because the political fate, economic potential and national interests of energy exporters and importers are tied to energy topic. Therefore, providing, maintaining and safeguarding the security of such a strategic commodity is a priority for the national interests of the producing and importing countries and also affects their national security. Currently, one of the most important geopolitical variables affecting the fate of countries is the energy variable and one of the ways that countries can increase their national security factor is to pay attention to the geopolitics of energy in the national and transnational contexts. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and the data collection tool is library studies. Security and energy are now the focus of countries today and they seek to strengthen their power in both areas and to obviate security weaknesses and required energies and there is a significant relationship between energy and security.

The concept of creating a national system for evaluating the effectiveness of scientific activity in Russia

The concept of creating a national system for evaluating the effectiveness of scientific activity in Russia is proposed. It is intended to provide the country’s governmental authorities and other interested users with the reliable information about the state and dynamics of the effectiveness of scientific activities carried out by scientific, educational and other country institutions, as well as by individual researchers. The organizational structure and principles of functioning of this system are considered. It is shown that it can become an important tool of public administration in the scientific field, taking into account the national interests and priorities of Russia. The creation of a national system for evaluating the effectiveness of scientific activity in Russia is a necessary condition for ensuring the sovereignty of domestic science and the country's national security. It will contribute to increasing the efficiency of using the intellectual potential of Russia and focusing on priority areas of scientific and technological progress.

State of Human Security in Security State: A Case Study of Pakistan

Human Security is one of the novel concepts in international relations developed by the United Nations Development Projects (UNDP). The concept of human security revolves around protecting people from illiteracy, diseases, non-development, and food security. It describes how the state is developing and investing in human development and human capabilities. It is significant to note that international relations literature critically focuses on national security and the importance of state security. Most pundits of international relations do not give importance to human security and assert that the state should protect and invest in its national security instead of human security. However, some countries are utterly focused on national security and spend a significant amount on that, like Pakistan, which spends around 1.37 trillion Pakistani rupees (USD 8.78 billion) for 2021. According to the Asian Development Bank 24% of the population is living below the poverty line. This study is qualitative research that mainly employs case study methodology. Therefore, this paper analyzes whether illiteracy and poverty are a threat to the country's national security. How can national security be improved by investing in human security? This research analysis discovers that human security is equally essential for any state that profoundly focuses on national security and sovereignty by investing more in defense acquisition and military needs. In addition, the study concludes that lack of investment in human security is triggering extreme poverty, illiteracy, and religious radicalization, causing a direct threat to Pakistan's national security.

A critical review on tackling complex rare earth supply security problem

A sustained and guaranteed supply of rare earth (RE) minerals is imperative to a country's national security to sustain its manufacturing, defence, and high-tech industry sectors. Although the term is referring to “rare”, it does not mean that they are not abundant, but rather the difficulties to extract these minerals and the highly mixed nature of the deposits make them rare. RE minerals' production has been closely monopolised by Chinese mining companies which have create concerns on their supply risk and resilience in the future. This study critically reviewed 1) the existing approaches and theories used to evaluate the RE supply security and 2) the pathways to achieve RE supply security and their existing drivers and barriers to implementation. Literature and reports were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google search which resulted in 323 articles included in the final database and 67 articles for the critical analysis. Our findings indicate the need to integrate existing approaches and theories such as resilience, material criticality, and risk theory to overcome their individual limitations. This study also suggested four pathway categories that can improve RE supply security including 1) circular economy strategies, 2) supply chain agility, 3) building domestic supplies, and 4) exploring beyond terrestrial mining. A preliminary causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed based on the factors identified during the review to depict the complexity and dynamics of the different system elements affecting the RE supply security.

Theoretical analysis of the organization of special physical training of future officers of military education institutions

The key to high combat readiness and combat capability of the personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is the required level of professional knowledge, sufficient motivation, excellent physical development and high functional status of the basic body systems of servicemen [1].Radical changes in views on the country's national security, the protracted hybrid war in eastern Ukraine, and the reform of the higher education system in line with the Bologna Process are factors in the need to reform the training of officers in the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Scholars believe that in order for the level of a future officer of a military educational institution to fully meet the requirements of a NATO-style professional army, it is necessary to significantly strengthen the professional component of the future officer's training and ensure its specialization [2].On the other hand, the experience of combat operations in the Joint Forces Operation (anti-terrorist operation) in eastern Ukraine has proved the need to develop and improve the military-applied physical skills of servicemen. Modern specialists in physical training of the Armed Forces of Ukraine insist on the need to focus on training servicemen to develop skills on the battlefield, overcoming obstacles in full gear and ballistic protection, throwing grenades, firing small arms from different positions, swimming and swimming. with weapons [3]. Authors of scientific works O. Lavrut, T. Lavrut, 2009; O. Olkhoviy, 2014; V. Klimovich, O. Olkhoviy, S. Romanchuk, 2016, argue that the success of the military-professional activity and the results of the professional training of the future officers lie in the old physical camp [4, 5]. Foreign experts I. Mikkola, S. Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, J. Jokelainen, A. Peitso, P. Härkönen, M. Timonen, 2012; K. Friedl, J. Knapik, K. Häkkinen, N. Baumgartner, H. Groeller, N. Taylor, 2015 in their studies confirm that the physical development and functional state of the body’s systems is a guarantee of effective combat training of military service personnel [6, 7].

Border Communities, Ungoverned Spaces and Nigeria’s National Security

The effectiveness of a country's national security is determined to a large extent by the level of protection at its borders, as well as its capacity to enforce border security for its own territorial wellbeing, sovereign integrity, internal socio-economic progress and development. Both border protection and security cannot be defined without factoring in border communities which remain strategic factors influencing the potency or not of the former. In its hypothesis, this paper posits that border communities are ungoverned spaces which impact national security, and there-in lies the crux of the paper's objectives. Adopting an array of relevant secondary data, the theory of border communities as largely ungoverned spaces impacting Nigeria's national security is conceptualised and reviewed, and an analysis conducted. Based on these clarifications, reviews and subsequent analysis, recommendations addressing the core issue of lack of governance, state authority and development are proffered as viable options in addressing the plight of these fringe communities’ vis a vis the enormous threat or risk they pose the nation's national security.

Uticaj krivičnog prava na smanjenje rizika od katastrofa

The author discusses the importance of criminal justice protection in the Republic of Serbia in reducing the risk of disasters. The main assumption is that criminal law also has an impact on the valid application of disaster risk reduction rules, apropos, their prevention. The analysis begins with a theoretical determination of the character of the criminal response (subsidiarity, general and special prevention), then clarifying the meaning of certain terms that constitute a risk reduction system, that are part of the country's national security system (disasters, accidents, emergencies, calamities, etc). We will analyze crimes such as Aggravated larceny committed during a fire, flood, earthquake or other calamity, failure to take part in eliminating a general hazard, and for this area characteristic of crimes against the environment and general safety of people and property. Prescribing these crimes (in addition to the provisions of the Law on disaster risk reduction and emergency management), expands the possibilities of protection against injury or endangerment of goods "affected by disasters". These incriminations further "strengthen" citizens' obligations as subjects of a disaster risk reduction system. Given the importance of security culture in this area, we will examine the adequacy of existing criminal regulations and consider the possible need to change existing or introduce new incriminations. A review will also be given on the reasons for delegating jurisdiction over these occurrences.

Post-industrial development and the nature of deindustrialization in the world economy and economic security of Russia

The article evaluates the world experience of post-industrial development and deindustrialization in the economies of both developed and developing countries. The significance of the crisis of the post-industrial paradigm for the development of the world economy is indicated. The importance of applying this experience in the process of import substitution and the unfolding reindustrialization in Russia. The analysis of the world experience of post-industrial development and deindustrialization of the economy, its macro-regional features is carried out in the context of maintaining and developing Russia's economic security. The author's understanding of the problems and prospects of the development of import substitution and reindustrialization processes in theworld is proposed. Import substitution is considered as part of the country's economic development and national security strategy.

The Urgency of Counter-Terrorism through the National Legislation Program (Proglegnas) of the National Security Bill

The development of an increasingly complex strategic environment today poses various forms of threats that are diverse and affect national security, including the threat of terrorism. Terrorism has become an important record in national security and has even been reported by the United Nations as a threat that the world needs to be aware of. In facing the changing trend and dynamic development of security threats, a comprehensive and effective countermeasure is needed through the role of state apparatus and other components of the nation, including the legal system. To build a national security system, it is necessary to use the national legal system as a basis for taking comprehensive and effective action on all threats and crimes that undermine national security and stability. The establishment of our country's national security system has been proposed in the National Security Bill, but there are still some obstacles, but the latest development of the national security bill, namely the bill has become one of the agenda of the National Security Bill. Legislation Plan (PROLEGNAS) for the period 2019-2024. The urgency of the National Security Bill in countering terrorism in Indonesia in this study uses a qualitative method with the type of literature study. Through the studies conducted, although there are still differences of opinion and views from experts and practitioners on the concept of national security, the urgency of the National Security Law is appropriate and expected to be a comprehensive legal system in its field.

Growing the Philippines’ Blue Economy: Policy Challenges and Opportunities

The "blue economy" is a version of the "green economy" made relevant to our seas and oceans. It is a model of economic development that focuses on the sustainable management and use of natural and other resources in the maritime sector. Given the Philippines' archipelagic nature and distinct resources and comparative advantages in this sector, this paper examines the challenges and opportunities towards growing the Philippines’ blue economy. It argues for the development of an integrated development plan, as well as the institution to catalyze and carry it out, for the entire blue economy. These should recognize and adequately manage rising risks (e.g. geo-political risks in the West Philippine Sea and risks due to climate change) and utilizes opportunities to leverage the marine economy for rapid and inclusive growth (e.g. tourism sector development, sustainable fisheries management and manufacturing and rehabilitation of ships and naval assets). Ultimately, such a strategy could not only help promote inclusive development, it could also help strengthen the country's national security.

Pursuing National Security by Iran is Not Equal to Being Paranoid about the USA

In most countries of the world where there is a strong western influence, there has been a persistent narrative that Iran is paranoid about the United States of America. It will not spare any grain to ensure the destruction of the mighty American nation. But according to the leaders of Iran, their actions are about the safeguarding of their country national security interest. Yet, there have been limited studies to respond to whether Iran is paranoid about the USA or if it is all about national security. Hence this study sought to illustrate the dangers of appeasing the USA when your national policies are in contract. The study selected a few countries and scenarios: Vietnam, Afghanistan, Iraq-Iran war, the Axil of Evil phrase, Iraq, and Syria for the illustration. The study has shown that the USA will not relent to pursue its national interest against those opposing it, notwithstanding the consequences on the recipients. This USA trend will continue to manifest to the unforeseeable, thereby putting Iran in danger that befell other nations who had opposed the USA. Based on the findings, the study concludes that Iran is not paranoid about the USA but is concerned with preserving its national security and interests.

The Effects of Social Media on National Security: An Overview

Social media is a new concept that has originated rapidly and has captured the attention of billions. Social Media's quick access to information, and easy links it forms between people,and the easy promotion of business far and wide has allowed it to gain many supporters. Since the internet has emerged as a dominant figure in our society, social media and smart gadgets have given everyone the liberty to make comments and share their point of view and opinions on news stories any time they want.Viewers can record and upload original and selected content that has been most probably captured by them on mainstream media. But many malicious individuals like terrorists and criminals have abused the advantage that social media represents. This piece of writing is to analyze the effects of social media on the country's national security and a better understanding of the usage of social media.