Food Supply In Countries Research Articles

ORGANISATIONAL AND ECONOMIC SUPPORT FOR FOOD SECURITY IN THE CONTEXT OF EXTRAORDINARY CHALLENGES

The theoretical and methodological basis of the research presented in the scientific paper is based on the solution of the problem of the effective functioning of the market environment, agricultural market infrastructure in Ukraine, problems and prospects that Ukrainian agrarian modernity has today in the development of global food markets. An important block of issues is also the role of the state in building new mechanisms of restrictions and incentives, implementation of the whole set of regulatory policies during the war in the context of global political, economic, food and financial challenges. The purpose of the study is to improve scientific approaches and practical recommendations for solving the problem of ensuring the organisational and economic foundations of the functioning of the agrarian market in Ukraine under martial law. In order to achieve this goal, a wide range of research methods was used, the most important of which were the methods of generalisation and synthesis, scientific abstraction, analytical diagnostics, descriptive statistics. The methodical basis of the research were general and special methods, namely: system analysis - in order to comprehensively characterise the strategic potential of agricultural development; statistical analysis (method of standard deviation) of the dynamics of gross production by main types of agricultural products, generalisation and synthesis - in order to examine the legislative and regulatory bases in the direction of diagnosis of the potential of the agricultural sector to ensure the sustainability of national food security. The dialectical method of understanding socio-economic processes, the formal-logical method and the method of system analysis have been applied in order to better understand the processes of the country's food supply, the formation of food independence from imports, the identification of the regularities of the processes of food self-sufficiency, as well as to take into account the influence of macroeconomic factors on the improvement of the level of national food supply and food security. The main set of indicators and factors (conditions) of national food security and the set of indicators of national food security were formed to address important issues of food supply in accordance with the country's potential capabilities in the production, storage, processing of agricultural products to provide food for all categories of the population with appropriate levels of consumption, as well as food of adequate quality and safety. The study determines that the economic focus of regulatory measures on the food sector, on the protection of domestic consumers, will lead to the provision of agricultural producers with the necessary and optimal level of income, and will help to increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector as a whole. It has been proved that solving the problem of improving the organisational and economic foundations of functioning of the agrarian market of Ukraine under martial law will generally contribute to ensuring the level of national food security, which will further give a powerful impetus to the State-building in Ukraine under martial law.

Quantifying food consumption supply risk: An analysis across countries and agricultural products

Resource criticality is the field of study that quantifies supply risks for a set of resources. To assess the vulnerability of a country's food supply, whether domestically produced or imported, supply risk indexes for agricultural products have been developed by adapting a resource criticality method and a supply diversity model. These indexes take into account both the diversity of supply and the risks to which each sourcing option is exposed, such as climate or price volatility.The results enable a comparison of the supply risk of food consumption between different countries and identification of the products with the highest risk of supply disruption for each country. When analysed by region, the results indicate that North America and Europe generally have lower supply risk across all products than the rest of the world, while African and Sub-Saharan countries tend to have the highest supply risk. Furthermore, the analysis of supply risks for four cereals - wheat, maize, rice, and sorghum - indicates that trade diversification can reduce supply risks for wheat and maize in many countries. However, for rice and sorghum, supply risk reduction will most likely be achieved through stockpiling, export redirection, and adaptation of agriculture to climate change. The results highlight the importance of supply risk indexes for decision-making, particularly when compared to self-sufficiency. Finally, limitations and new perspectives are discussed, including the need to adapt the index to nutritional data, consider competition for agricultural product usage, and refine climate or economic risk indexes.

Impact of digitization of sustainable agriculture in Uganda: a case study

Uganda has made outstanding progress in agricultural output, which is crucial for preserving the safety of the country's food supply. The role of technology and digitization in promoting sustainable agriculture practices in Uganda. The case study will focus on various innovative initiatives and solutions that have been implemented in the country to enhance agricultural productivity, reduce environmental impact, and improve livelihoods. By examining the current state of technology adoption in Ugandan agriculture, analyzing successful case studies, and identifying challenges and opportunities, this research will provide valuable insights into the potential of technology and digitization to drive sustainable agricultural development in Uganda." Keywords: Agricultural digitization, High-quality agricultural development, skilled labor, a two way fixed effects model, and the threshold effect

Buying into Change: Mass Consumption, Dictatorship, and Democratization in Franco's Spain, 1939–1982 by Alejandro J. Gómez del Moral

Reviewed by: Buying into Change: Mass Consumption, Dictatorship, and Democratization in Franco's Spain, 1939–1982 by Alejandro J. Gómez del Moral Annabel Martín Keywords Spain, Europe, United States, Consumerism, Mass Culture, Advertising, Department Store Culture, Galería Preciados, Corte Inglés, Sears, Supermarkets, Francoism, Dictatorship, Spanish Miracle, Internationalization, Democracy, Gender, Alejandro J. Gómez del Moral, Annabel Martín gómez del moral, alejandro j. Buying into Change: Mass Consumption, Dictatorship, and Democratization in Franco's Spain, 1939–1982. U of Nebraska P, 2021, 366 pp. Buying into Change: Mass Consumption, Dictatorship, and Democratization in Franco's Spain, 1939–1982 is a sharp and intelligent study of the development of a consumer society and its effects on Spanish cultural and social mores during the Franco regime. Segments of Spanish society of the 1960s were invited to join Europe's consumer society and did so with a vengeance. The accumulation of goods, the habitus of the new bourgeoisie, and the depoliticization of the working classes through consumption (goods and tourism) was not "Spanish" in intent, but rather the necessary outcome of a model of early neoliberal modernization grounded on the widespread decoupling of the economic sphere from all others in developed western societies. The Franco regime might have been anachronistic in the limitations it secured in most political, social, and cultural manifestations, but it was, on the other hand, a model student in its placing of capitalist market structures, a new service sector centered on tourism and consumption, at its core. In this new socioeconomic scenario, Spain proved itself a worthy European neighbor, given how the lack of political freedom or the repressive state discourses on cultural and gender mores were overshadowed by rapid, market-driven, and speculative [End Page 319] economic development. Buying into Change sets out to document just how important the new capitalist model of development was in accomplishing this by focusing on several of the pillars of capitalist consumption: the prolific offer of consumer goods in retail stores, the reordering of the country's food supply thanks to the success of the supermarket, and the role of modern advertising and of consumer magazines in this process. If the market, and not politics, is what articulates this new society, then modernity is secured for the dictatorship, provided it follow the laws of profit and gain. In The Consumer Society (1970), Baudrillard reminds us that consumer goods present themselves not as the products of labor but rather as the harnessing of power (33). Within a dictatorship, goods can appear to magically remedy the shortcomings of the political system, a magic that turns abundance into "an effect of nature," into an "inalienable right" (33) thanks to advertising and its invention of "truth." Individuals who bore this process in Spain and did so with a blunt political imagination did not automatically link a change in the political regime with the improvement of the conditions of life, for "progress" was, for the most part, exclusively branded in economic terms, measured in degrees of consumption, just like for fellow citizens in neighboring western democracies. This fresh age of affiuence immersed Spaniards within a burgeoning material abundance, regardless of its actual accessibility. One begs to ask, then, if capitalist economic and social structures are not actually custom-made for dictatorships. It would not be extravagant to think so given how consumer logic does away with the messiness of societies, thanks to its logic of efficiency (control and uniformity) despite parading as varied and plural in options and choices. If this is the case, the effects on democracy are also quite straightforward shortening, therefore, the road Spain needed to travel to become more like its democratic neighbors. However, one must not forget that consumerism also withholds a promise of change, of hope, a momentary arrest of the difficulties of life brought about by the political and economic impossibilities that the working poor faced in Spain. No one pointed to these contradictions within consumer society like Spanish filmmaker Luis García Berlanga in El verdugo (1962), quite possibly the most provocative critique of the Franco regime ever screened. In the film, the violence of the dictatorship can comfortably coexist within consumer society, constricting...

Determination the parameters of model the technological process of diffusion in sugar production on the basis of neuro network identification

The article considers the sugar industry's importance in the country's food supply. The complexity of technological processes characterizes sugar factories. A system analysis of the technical operation of diffusion and an analysis of indicators of the diffusion process in the diffusion equipment were carried out. An analysis of the mathematical support of automated control systems of complex technological processes is given. The assessment of material, quality, and energy indicators was carried out, as well as the formation of the necessary information variables, which makes it possible to determine the structure of the technological process control system. To effectively manage the complex dynamic technological process of diffusion, it is proposed to use neurocontrol. The use of linear regression models was considered to determine the type of mathematical models in the system of automated control of technological processes in the diffusion department of the sugar factory. When building regression models, a significant number of input and output components of the technology diffusion process were considered. Two variants of regression models of the diffusion process were considered. The obtained regression models were analyzed, and the significance of the indicators of the diffusion process was determined. For an adequate description of the complex diffusion process in an automated control system, it is proposed to use models based on neural network identification. Significant indicators of regression models were taken as the main indicators of the process. The construction of mathematical models that make it possible to respond to changes in the technological process adequately boils down to the issue of building neural network models based on a multilayer perceptron and a radial base network. The most effective model structures were determined from various types of neural network models. The control activation time when using the proposed model was 3 minutes. The error of identification of the received models was 5-7%. Keywords: diffusion equipment, mathematical model, neural network, regression equation, control, identification.

AGRI-TECH SUPPLY CHAIN BUSINESS OPPERTUNITIES & CHALLENGES IN RURAL (HILL AREA) INDIA

The agricultural industry is crucial to India's economy since it employs a large percentage of the people and ensures the country's food supply. However, agricultural production, infrastructure, and supply chain management all present special difficulties in rural locations, especially hill regions. The rise of Agri-tech solutions in recent years has brought up possibilities and difficulties for dealing with these problems. This introductory section discusses the commercial potential and constraints presented by interventions in the Agri-tech supply chain in rural hill regions of India.The agricultural productivity and profitability of local farmers in India's rural hill regions is sometimes hampered by factors such as geographical limits, restricted access to markets, and poor infrastructure Singh, N. (2020). Fragmented land ownership, insufficient irrigation infrastructure, and inefficient supply chain processes all add to these difficulties. New technologies and the ongoing digital revolution, however, may help farmers in these areas overcome these obstacles and usher in a new era of agricultural prosperity.

Component policies for the formation of the contingent of applicants as a tool for ensuring the competitiveness of agricultural universities

Introduction. A feature of the modern stage of development of the organizational and economic system of the country's food supply is the overcoming of restraining factors, the influence of which can be controlled with the help of purposeful actions on the processes of its formation. Similar measures at the national and regional levels should be implemented within the framework of the concept of development of the food supply system, which provides for: substantiation of the goals, tasks and parameters of the food system; determining the amount of need for food resources; prospects for the territorial placement of agricultural production, its processing and bringing it up to the level of food resources. Goal. On the basis of the conducted research, propose recommendations for improving the conceptual foundations of the organizational and economic regulation of the food market. Method (methodology). To implement the tasks, the following methods and techniques were used: monographic, comparison - to compare economic phenomena in different time periods in order to identify a cause-and-effect relationship, to conduct a comparative analysis of the development of the food market; abstract and logical - when substantiating hypotheses regarding the production and consumption of agricultural products and food. Results. It has been proven that the practical implementation of conceptual approaches to the organizational and economic regulation of the food market is possible only under the condition of creating an appropriate system of strategic management and operational tactical adjustment of the implementation of the decisions made. This requires the creation of such an organizational and economic mechanism that will take into account the specifics of industries, the variability of factors that determine economic dynamics and market conditions, and will have the following main blocks: financial and economic, organizational and informational, personnel and legal.

Principles of Forming Machine and Technology Systems for Integrated Mechanization and Automation of Technological Processes in Crop Production

It is noted that the urgent need for improving the country's food supply, expanding the range of field crop cultivation led to the shift from the development of single machines to creating machine systems, that is, complexes of well-balanced, coordinated integrated technologies and technical means. (Research purpose) To determine the principles of forming a machine and technology system, that reflect the state and development of mechanized and automated processes of agricultural production in certain periods of the country economy development. (Materials and methods) It is found out that for achieving this goal, it was necessary to fundamentally change the approach to creating new machines and equipment, to shift from the segmental development of single, unrelated machines to creating technical complexes, well-balanced and coordinated technically and technologically, and able to perform full cycles of work on cultivating a wide range of crops, in other words, to start creating Machine Systems. (Results and discussion) It is identified that during the implementation of the Machine Systems, there were created effective complexes of agricultural machinery in our country: high-speed arable and tilled tractors of various classes, self-propelled grain and forage harvesters, and other important types of agricultural machines. (Conclusions) It is proved that the continuously developing scientific and technical potential ensured the solution of major national economic problems, including the creation of Machine Systems. It is established that as the Machine Systems evolved, priority was given to improving reliability, safety, energy and resource saving, power/weight ratio, expanding functionality, multiplicativity, improving operators’ working conditions, quality of work, unifying components, and further increasing productivity.

USE OF ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN THE COUNTRY'S FOOD SUPPLY

USE OF ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN THE COUNTRY'S FOOD SUPPLY

Current challenges to the country's food supply

Current challenges to the country's food supply

Knowledge and Awareness Level of COVID-19 among the Farm Women and Its Impact on Agricultural Operation in Sikar District of Rajasthan

In India, agriculture and related industries constitute the most important source of income. Around 120 million small-scale farmers play an important role in the country's food supply system. People's knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding any contagious disease, such as COVID-19, all play a role in determining a society's willingness to accept behavioural change strategies aimed at disease prevention. The majority of respondents (35.00 percent) are between the ages of 35 to 45, with 77 of the total respondents belonging to the OBC categories. The majority of respondents' educational levels were indicated as high school (49.17 percent). The findings of this study revealed that there was a high level of awareness, particularly among farm women, about the nature of disease, its symptoms, and the preventive actions that should be followed to prevent disease transmission. COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by a virus, according to the majority of respondents (79.17%), and respiratory droplets are the virus's primary method of transmission, according to 75.00 percent of respondents. Farmers should bring their own food and water from home to their agricultural field, as well as soap and water, according to all of the respondents (81.67 percent). Besides, 73.34 percent of respondents believe that wearing a mask and maintaining social distance are necessary during agricultural tasks. COVID- 19 has also had an impact on agriculture. Farm women faced many constraints during this period. Out of which it is difficult to get agricultural inputs, animal feed and vaccines, lack of outside traders for product procurement, lack of technical experts to fix the problem in time, ignorance about government programs during the lockdown.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ИМПОРТА КУРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОГО ЭМБАРГО

For quite a long period of time, Russia has been developing its foreign trade activities, the main directions of export are energy resources, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as minerals. At the same time, the change in the political situation against the background of the conflict with Ukraine and the subsequent introduction of a package of sanctions by the EU countries inevitably had a significant negative impact on the country's export-import relations. In response to sanctions pressure, Russia introduced a food embargo in 2014, thereby restricting the import of imported goods, which brought financial losses for the main importing countries, but also affected the country's food supply. During the study, an assessment was made of the development of imports of the Kursk region under the conditions of the food embargo, the main trends and their causes were identified. It was found that the volume of imports in the Kursk region in the last 5 years has been changing in a wave-like manner: in the period 2015-2016. there was a decrease in the import of goods, and since 2017, the upward trend has resumed. Reduction in import volumes in 2015-2016 due to the introduction of the food embargo and the intensification of the policy of import substitution, however, it soon became obvious that it was not possible to meet the emerging needs from internal resources.

A Spatial panel Analysis of Carbon Emission and Food security

This study examines the influence of co2emission on food security proxied by food supply by spatial econometrics models from 2000 to 2014 globally. We also comprised the socio-economic variables in the model for the bias of variables. The global Moran's I and local spatial autocorrelation technique used for spatial dependence, and they suggested the spatial dependence exist in the cross-sectional units. Therefore, we used the spatial panel model to check the spatial spillover effect of co2emisson on food supply. The chosen spatial panel Durbin model outcomes showed that the co2emission, population growth, and unemployment rate have negatively decreased the given country's food supply level and its neighbour countries. Simultaneously, the GDP and arable land are beneficial for the given country and its adjacent countries. Moreover, the real coefficients, direct, indirect (spillover), and the total effects of the carbon emission indicated that the carbon emissions decrease food security levels in both of this country and its nearest neighbouring countries. Therefore, the carbon emissions level needs to be reduced to improve food production (in quality and quantity) and increase the food supply level.

ON IMPORT SUBSTITUTION OF THE MEAT INDUSTRY FOR PROVIDING FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF POPULATION: FEATURES AND ANALYSIS

The idea of import substitution, as well as its attendant problems and challenges, arise permanently and becomes relevant for national economies within the framework of national security concepts and socio-economic development strategies of different countries. Russia is no exception and ensuring social protection of the population is paramount for the sustainability of the interaction of social institutions and ensuring food and economic security in general at the regional and country levels. The meat and meat products market, being the largest segment of the domestic food market, has a significant impact on the country's food supply. The presented study discribes the features of domestic meat industry development in implementation of import substitution programs. Solving the problems of import substitution is not an instant procedure[3]. This is a set of long-term measures, in the implementation of which state bodies at all levels, business itself, and local governments should take part. The purpose of the work is to show the problems that the industry is facing at the present stage, the directions of their solutions and the tasks of the state in this mechanism. The current state of the industry, the volume of its financial support have been analyzed in the study. The state support of import substitution in the industry and its results are examined in detail. Based on data on the current state, the main problems of the development of the industry have been identified, the dynamics of import substitution in it has been shown, there have been formulated recommendations for the effective development of the industry in the long term.

Multi-dimensional characterisation of global food supply from 1961-2013.

Food systems are increasingly globalized and interdependent and diets around the world are changing. Characterising national food supplies and how they have changed can inform food policies that ensure national food security, support access to healthy diets and enhance environmental sustainability. Here, we analysed data for 171 countries on availability of 18 food groups from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization to identify and track multi-dimensional food supply patterns from 1961 to 2013. Four predominant food group combinations were identified that explained almost 90% of cross-country variance in food supply: animal source and sugar; vegetable; starchy root and fruit; and seafood and oilcrops. South Korea, China and Taiwan experienced the largest changes in food supply over the past five decades, with animal source foods and sugar, vegetables, and seafood and oilcrops all becoming more abundant components of food supply. In contrast, in many Western countries, the supply of animal source foods and sugar declined. Meanwhile, there was remarkably little change in food supply in countries in the sub-Saharan Africa region. These changes have led to a partial global convergence in national supply of animal source foods and sugar, and a divergence in vegetables, and seafood and oilcrops. Our analysis has generated a novel characterisation of food supply that highlights the interdependence of multiple food types in national food systems. A better understanding of how these patterns have evolved and will continue to change is needed to support the delivery of healthy and sustainable food system policies.

Variabilité climatique en Afrique de l'Ouest : incidence de l'aide publique au développment sur la sécurité alimentaire

L ' objectif de ce papier est d ' évaluer l ' effet de l ' aide publique au développement dans l ' atténuation des effets de la variabilité climatique sur la sécurité alimentaire des pays de l ' Afrique de l ' ouest. En utilisant les données de panel sur 14 pays au cours de la période de 1990 à 2016, les résultats des estimations économétriques révèlent que l ' effet négatif de la variabilité des précipitations sur l ' approvisionnement alimentaires des pays de la zones ' atténue indirectement avec l ' aide publique au développement. Par ailleurs, l ' aide publique au développement quant à elle seule semble n ' avoir pas d ' effet significatif sur l ' approvisionnement alimentaire des pays de la zone essentiellement agricole. Ainsi, l ' aide publique au développement constitue un facteur d ' atténuation des effets du changement climatique et devrait être plus considérer dans les politiques d ' adaptation au changement climatique afin de réduire les effets de ce dernier sur la sécurité alimentaire des pays de la zone.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ СЦЕНАРІЇВ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ХАРЧОВОЇ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ В КРИЗОВИХ УМОВАХ ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ

The development of food industry enterprises as a priority sector of the economy is extremely important for society. The food industry has social signifi-cance and plays the role of a potential source of national competitive advantage. The main purpose of the activity and development of food industry enterprises is to meet the needs of the population in a sufficient amount of food, which is the main task of the country's food supply. High competition in food markets encourages food producers to seek innovative measures, introduce new approaches in production and management, etc. In crisis conditions of management one of such directions can be the scenario approach that allows to consider a picture of perspective functioning and to outline further ways of development of the enterprises. The development of alternative scenarios outlines possible options for the development of enterprises, determining the depth of the crisis, the manifestation of its state, the likely directions of overcoming the crisis or preventing negative consequences. To realistically describe the manifestation of future trends, we prove the idea of testing the strategy in at least three scenarios that allow us to identify key factors of the external and internal environment. Comparison of production by main and, in our opinion, promising, types of products, in accordance with the current state, and possible development scenarios were conducted for the confectionery industry, as the most promising in terms of implementation of innovative processes and technologies. The results of the study show significant changes in the sector for the production of sugar confectionery and its substitutes, and other products will be produced in smaller quantities than in 2019. After examining the sales of confectionery products, a probable forecast is built, which may take place for the confectionery industry based on the implementation of three probable development scenarios. When making business decisions on the implementation of the proposed scenarios in the confectionery industry there is a need to formulate an appropriate development strategy.

THE INVESTMENT IN THE MEAT SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT OF FOOD SECURITY IN UKRAINE

In the agricultural sector, it is important to identify the main directions of investment in order to ensure the food supply for the country's population. One of the most important cases in this sector is ensuring the secure supply of meat and meat products. The state has to choose the most effective tools for supporting the development of indigenous producers and the industry in this sector. The security of the country's food supply is influenced by a large amount of quantitative and qualitative factors. Interaction of these factors and the necessary state support instruments in the meat sector is unevenly treated in the researches of the scientists and varies depending on the specifics of the development of the food sector in a country. The problem of the research is to find out and evaluate the main financial demands and investment directions of the state’s support programs for the support of Ukrainian meat’s sector, which could help secure the state’s demand for the food supply. The purpose of the research is to find out effective mechanisms for the state support and financing of the long-term projects aimed to ensuring the food security in the country. The methodology of research: analysis of research results of Ukrainian and foreign scientists and statistical information (2006–2018 m.). The information is grouped and structured to determine the forecast of meat consumption in Ukraine for 2020, the expected number of population and the determination of the missing quantities of this product in the country. The study provides a model for identifying the volume of long-term investments to ensure the food the security of the country’s supply of meat, identifying the main directions of these investments. The research was based on economic analysis and synthesis models, correlation-regression analysis, mathematic modeling method, etc. The results of research demonstrate the indicators of the food security in the country and determine the adequacy of the food consumption; also the estimation of the investment need for meat production by 2020 is carried out.

The fundamental drivers of the obesity epidemic

Most policy makers do not yet understand that the obesity epidemic is a normal population response to the dramatic reduction in the demand for physical activity and the major changes in the food supply of countries over the last 40 years. A national focus on individual behaviour reflects a failure to confront the facts. Thus, the changes in food supply and physical environment are socioeconomically driven, and the health sector simply picks up the consequences. Urbanization alone in China has reduced daily energy expenditure by about 300-400 kcal d(-1) and cycling/bussing or going to work by car determines another variation of 200 kcal d(-1). Thus, energy demands may have dropped with additional TV/media, mechanization and computerized changes by 400-800 kcal d(-1), so weight gain and obesity are inevitable for most or all the population. Food intake should have fallen substantially despite the community's focus on the value of food after all the food crises of the past. Yet, Chinese fat and sugar intakes are escalating, and these policy-mediated features are amplified by the primeval biological drive for those commodities with specialized taste buds for fatty acids, meat, sugar and salt. Yet, traditionally, Chinese diets had negligible sugar, and 25-year-old data show that the optimum diet for Chinese contains 15% fat. Policies relating to food imports, agriculture, food quality standards, appropriate food traffic light labelling, price adjustments and controlled access to unhealthy foods are all within the grasp of the Chinese government. China has traditionally been far more responsive to the value of policies which limit inequalities and establish standards of care than many western governments, who have yet to recognize that the individualistic free-market approach to obesity prevention is guaranteed to fail. China could therefore lead the way: if it follows western approaches, the health and economic burden will become unsustainable.

Lysine, Arginine, and Related Amino Acids: An Introduction to the 6th Amino Acid Assessment Workshop

The focus of the 6th workshop is on lysine, arginine, and related amino acids. Functions, metabolic pathways, clinical uses, and upper tolerance intakes are emphasized in the articles that follow. Lysine is arguably the most deficient amino acid in the food supply of countries where poverty exists, and since the discovery of the nitric oxide synthase pathway, arginine has come into prominence clinically because of the role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology.