Food Supply In Countries Research Articles

Food material science and food process engineering: keys to product quality and safety

Food process engineering and material science provide the foundation on which the food preservation and manufacturing industries are based. To a large extent, availability and quality of the food supply in countries around the world are closely related to the level of development and application of knowledge in food engineering and material science. Moreover, the successful production of specific food items requires a systems approach in which all components of the manufacturing environment are recognized to be interdependent and integrated into the total management of quality reflected in the end product. This paper presents a case study of the production of shelf-stable foods in microwaveable packages to illustrate the systems approach combining food and packaging material science with food process engineering.

The Mailed Inquiry and Methods of Increasing Returns

HE mailed inquiry has provided the major source of information on the nation's crops and livestock since Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of Agriculture first sent out inquiries during the Civil War days of 1863. Significantly, it was learned at that time that the country's food supply would be adequate to meet war needs. This method of obtaining up-to-date information regarding agricultural production, combined with inquisitive and observing field travel and contacts with individual farmers for certain types of information, has been the backbone of the country's crop and livestock forecasting and estimating program for more than three-fourths of a century. With this long record of achievement, it would seem that much can be said in its favor and little need be said in its defense. More recently through a succession of years in World War II and down to the present, as late as August 10, 1949, use of the mailed inquiry has proved its worth as a reliable source of information regarding production of the country's crops and livestock. The crop and livestock reports compiled from this type of information during World War II formed the basis for establishing a reliable food production and distribution program. As in 1863, but this time through six war years and subsequently, large crops were revealed by this source of information. Plans for effective use of our food supplies were and are predicated upon the reliability of data thus obtained. It seems now quite clear that when we were exporting large quantities of food to all parts of the world during these war years we could easily have exported ourselves into a condition of serious food shortage or even semi-starvation had these reports not been reliable. Much is taken for granted when we use the mailed inquiry as a source of information. In the first place, the mailed inquiry makes use of the facilities of the Post Office Department, a far-flung and wholly reliable government agency, in lieu of setting up an expensive field organization for making the necessary contacts. It assumes a high degree of intelligence, education, and ability on the part of recipients. It is one of the best illustrations of the operation of our democratic process wherein producers of crops and livestock

British Food Journal Volume 48 Issue 2 1946

By the beginning of the war, Germany's over‐all self‐sufficiency in food had reached a level of approximately 83 per cent., on the peace‐time basis of 2,200—2,400 calories per person per day. In respect to some types of food, however, the situation was not satisfactory. For example, before the war she produced approximately 73 per cent. of fish requirements, 12 per cent. of corn, 50 per cent. of legumes, and 60 per cent. of fat within her own boundaries. The country could be fed at a reduced level by the produce raised within its own boundaries if food were perfectly controlled and evenly distributed. However, in practice, individual provinces were much less favourably situated in this respect. Western Germany, an area of relatively small and diversified farms, was critically dependent on the eastern provinces for its flour, grain, and potato supplies. It is clear that all German civilians could be fed at a uniform level of adequacy during a war only by control of the country's food supply at the national level and by the continued operation of the new transportation network of the country. For this reason the bombing of rail and inland water transportation facilities became such a serious threat to national uniformity in food distribution. Of the many kinds of centralised food processing industries known in the United States, only a few played an important role in the food supply of German civilians. The principal examples of these were grain milling, sugar production and refining, and the large bakeries of urban areas. The damage or destruction of these facilities, incidental to air attack on other industrial targets, seriously decreased their production capacity. Bombing destroyed the mills for processing 9 per cent. of the German rye output and 35 per cent. of the wheat output. Of the sugar refineries four plants producing 300,000 tons annually, were destroyed. This represents a 38 per cent. decrease in production of sugar. Similarly bombing of chemical plants was largely responsible for the decrease in the supply for fertiliser nitrogen. In 1939, 718,000 tons of fertiliser nitrogen were available, but by 1945 this had decreased to 140,000 tons. The significance of this destruction of facilities vital to the feeding of a country already on a border‐line diet is ominous. Reliable estimates indicate that aerial bombings destroyed 35 per cent. of Germany's total (approximately 460,000 square metres) cold storage capacity. The increased use of cold storage intensified their dependence on transportation and on the continuity of the power supply. Aerial attack, as a result, not only decreased usable cold storage space, but also seriously interfered with the operation of the remaining space by impeding shipments and interrupting sources of power. It was the constantly reiterated opinion of all food officials that the bomb destruction of the transportation network was the largest single factor contributing to the disruption of the food supply. Bulk shipments which had been carried on inland waterways were seriously impeded by the bombing of canals. Aerial attack against railway lines, bridges and terminal facilities caused widespread interruptions in service and destroyed rolling stock, freight en route and handling facilities at terminals. It is not possible at this time to state exactly in what measure the curtailment of the national diet contributed to the ultimate defeat of Germany. The evidence available indicates, however, that it was an important factor. There is in any case no doubt that strategic bombing is the major element contributing to the present shortage of food in Germany. It was not apparent that the Germans considered the vitamin and mineral content of food in determining the ration allowances of the people. Immediately with the beginning of the war, all the principal foods were rationed, so that the lack of recognition of the importance of the vitamin and mineral content of this ration actually was an additional point of vulnerability for the German diet. With a food economy so vulnerable it is not surprising to have found that the basic food rationing programme was abandoned early in 1945 when the destruction of transport and communications by the strategic air offensive attained major proportions. This necessitated falling back on the inadequate system of regional self‐supply. The destruction of large food stocks, processing plants and cold storage plants by bombing also contributed to the general deterioration of the German food supply. There is ample evidence for the conclusion that as a result of the strategic air offensive the nutritional demands for the continued health of the German people could not be met.