Competitiveness Of Countries Research Articles

Жасыл экономиканы ынталандыру үшін мемлекеттік қаржылық реттеудің инновациялық құралдарын пайдаланудың әлемдік тәжірибесі

In the current reality, the issues of economic growth and the environment are cross-cutting and are becoming more and more relevant. As we know, the «resource-intensive economic model» is very limited in all directions, there are questions about the efficiency of using natural resources, these are definitely environmental risks, and this is a direct threat to the country's competitiveness. The strategic vector of sustainable development is aimed at the «green» economy model. In Kazakhstan, the transformation from one model to another requires significant investments. However, the difficulties of implementing such a transformation are related to the need for appropriate institutions and the implementation of both state and market support mechanisms. In this regard, consideration of foreign practices and its adaptation to our conditions will give a real impetus to the development of environmental investment tools. The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of mechanisms to support financing of «green» projects in developed countries, in particular the USA, the EU, and China. As a result of the work carried out, the international practice of facilitating the financing of "green" projects was structured and an assessment of the effectiveness of the mechanisms used to maximize the concentration of private capital on such breakthrough projects of particular importance for the development of the country was carried out.

REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN DIRECTIONS ON IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY TRANSPORTATION OF MASS CARGO BY RAIL TRANSPORT

The research found that mass cargo transportation in Ukraine plays a key role in the functioning of the economy, driving the development of many industries and ensuring the country's competitiveness in the global market.Based on the analysis of freight transportation volumes over the recent period, the main trends and factors affecting them were identified. In particular, the growth in rail freight transportation is largely due to the expansion of the sea corridor through the Danube ports. This has made it possible to export Ukrainian products to Europe and other regions of the world, which has stimulated growth in demand for rail transportation. Due to the expansion of the maritime corridor and the change in the geopolitical situation, the share of export cargo transported by rail has increased significantly. These are primarily grain, oilseeds, metallurgical products and chemicals.Induced analyzes scientific research related to the issues of improving the efficiency of mass cargo transportation by rail. Such important problems as the problem of timely provision of loading resources, delays in transportation, inefficient use of empty vehicles, loss of cargo during transportation, etc. are considered. Ways to solve these problems, which are considered in the works of scientists, include infrastructure modernization, introduction of new technologies and optimization of logistics processes.The question was raised the issue of the efficiency of using container and containerized transportation technology. Their advantages, such as reduction of time and costs for transportation, environmental friendliness, are shown, and their disadvantages are considered.The mathematical model of the movement of a container train is analyzed and the feasibility of creating dry port-type structures for optimizing the transportation of mass cargo is investigated.These researches point to the need for a systematic approach to improving the efficiency of mass freight transportation by rail, taking into account various aspects, including technological, infrastructural, logistical and organizational aspects. Such an approach will allow achieving a higher level of efficiency and competitiveness of rail transport in the transportation of mass cargo.Proposed measures for improve the efficiency of mass cargo transportation by rail: optimization of routes, increasing energy efficiency and carrying capacity of railcars, modernization of infrastructure, use of the latest technologies, optimization of loading and unloading, and improvement of safety and quality of service.

An Assessment Methodology for International Hydrogen Competitiveness: Seven Case Studies Compared

Currently, the global energy structure is undergoing a transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, with the hydrogen economy playing a pivotal role. Hydrogen is not only an important energy carrier needed to achieve the global goal of energy conservation and emission reduction, it represents a key object of the future international energy trade. As hydrogen trade expands, nations are increasingly allocating resources to enhance the international competitiveness of their respective hydrogen industries. This paper introduces an index that can be used to evaluate international hydrogen competitiveness and elucidate the most competitive countries in the hydrogen trade. To calculate the competitiveness scores of seven major prospective hydrogen market participants, we employed the entropy weight method. This method considers five essential factors: potential resources, economic and financial base, infrastructure, government support and institutional environment, and technological feasibility. The results indicate that the USA and Australia exhibit the highest composite indices. These findings can serve as a guide for countries in formulating suitable policies and strategies to bolster the development and international competitiveness of their respective hydrogen industries.

Understanding the Role of Brand Attachment in the Automotive Luxury Brand Segment

The automotive trade is one of the main drivers of world economies, contributing to the sustainability and competitiveness of countries at a global level. The luxury sub-segment is the one facing the most significant growth and the one which presents the greatest challenges in the business-to-consumer (B2C) relationship. Brand Attachment refers to the cognitive and effective connection between consumers and “their” brands. The central objective of this research is to analyze, measure, and understand the impact of Brand Attachment on consumer behavior, in the specific context of the luxury segment of the automotive market. The conceptual model that is proposed seeks to highlight and study the possible connections and associations between Brand Attachment, satisfaction, commitment, trust, expectations, and loyalty with the brand selected for this study, the luxury automotive brand Porsche. The selected methodology was based on a case study based in the Portuguese market and the application of a questionnaire to customers of Porsche from Portugal. The results obtained through the empirical data allowed us to reach the conclusion that respondents who have a stronger affective and emotional connection with Porsche (intense level of Brand Attachment) tend to be those who are more satisfied and confident with the brand and are, consequently, more loyal. This study represents an important contribution to research on Brand Attachment in marketing and strategic management in the automotive sector, particularly in the Portuguese market, and supports the definition of the best marketing strategies to promote fruitful B2C relationships.

Peran Perdagangan Internasional dalam Mendorong Pembangunan Ekonomi dalam Mengentasan Kemiskinan di Indonesia

This research aims to determine the impact of international trade on Indonesia's economic growth. The type of research used is a literature review approach with a comprehensive search of academic databases, articles, journals and books. International trade plays an important role in driving Indonesia's economic growth through exports, product diversification and international partnerships. This study also highlights the challenges Indonesia faces in international trade, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates and the impact of global economic trends. This research concludes that international trade has an important role in forming the foundation of the Indonesian economy and positioning it as a major player in the global market. The study recommends that the government implement policies that support international trade, such as reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers, to increase the country's competitiveness in the global market. In addition, this study suggests that the government should focus on developing human resources and infrastructure to support industrial growth that can contribute to the country's economic development and poverty alleviation.

Evaluation and impact factors of international competitiveness of China’s cobalt industry from the perspective of trade networks

In recent years, with the development of the new energy industry, the demand for cobalt as a raw material for power batteries has been increasing. However, China itself has a shortage of cobalt resources. Therefore, overcoming poor resource conditions and enhancing the international competitiveness of the cobalt industry have become urgent issues. This paper is based on global trade data on cobalt resources from 2007 to 2020. A panel regression model is constructed from the perspective of trade networks, and Entropy-Topsis is used to construct a comprehensive evaluation index system for the international competitiveness of critical nonferrous metals. This study empirically examines the impact of the trade network characteristics of cobalt resources on international competitiveness, assigns practical significance to trade network characteristic indicators, and analyses the overall competitiveness changes in the global cobalt industry chain and its upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors. The research findings reveal the following key points: (1) In recent years, the competitive focus of the cobalt industry chain in various countries has shifted from upstream and midstream to midstream and downstream, with increasingly fierce trade competition downstream, gradually tilting toward countries such as South Korea, Japan, and China. (2) Cobalt trade competition, which was initially characterized by competition among multiple countries, has gradually become more centralized and stable, with differences in the competitiveness of various countries occurring at different stages of the cobalt industry chain. (3) Network centrality and network heterogeneity both have a significant promoting effect on the international competitiveness of the industry, while network connectivity has a significant inhibitory effect on the improvement of international competitiveness.On this basis, the study also suggests some policy implications. The purpose of the study is to enhance the international competitiveness of China's cobalt industry from a trade perspective and to investigate the developments of cobalt trade between China and the rest of the world.

Industrial Competitiveness of Photovoltaic Manufacturing Industry: China and the United States

The photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing industry in China and the United States plays and will continue to play crucial roles in the worlds solar energy development. For example, China has become the world's largest PV supplier, and the U.S. is the second largest one. However, this industry in both countries is facing challenges: China faces the threat of overcapacity, while the U.S. grapples with dependence on imports. These challenges are vital for policy-makers to consider making new or modifying current policies to address. Recognizing the connections between threats and policies, this paper highlights these two factors based on SWOT analysis and evaluates the competitiveness of PV manufacturing in China and the U.S. based on International market share (IMS), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), and Trade Competitiveness Index (TCI). The key finding of this paper is that despite its overcapacity threat, China still maintains its first position in this industry; while the U.S. has strong potential, its development just started. The outlook of this industry based on competitiveness and technology innovation of both countries will also be included in this paper.

Food independence and technological sovereignty of Russia in the vegetable growing sector

Relevance. The state of Russia's agro-industrial complex determines the country's national security, as it provides the population with quality agricultural products and raw materials, which affects state sovereignty. According to a number of analysts, in commercial vegetable growing, about 80 % of sown areas are annually sown with imported varieties and hybrids, and this is a vulnerability in ensuring the industry's independence and the country's competitiveness. Strengthening technological sovereignty in the field of vegetable production is one of the priorities of the state agrarian policy, as well as the main focus of scientific organisations and private companies.Results. Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSBSI FSVC) is a major scientific center of the industry, which can compete with foreign companies with its breeding achievements. The article shows the leading position in the breeding of vegetable and melon crops FSBSI FSVC, which actively conducts research on private genetics, biotechnology, contributing to the acceleration of the breeding process; varieties and hybrids are created that combine consistently high productivity, early maturity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, high quality products with an optimal content of biologically active substances to obtain potential raw materials and products of functional action; development of resource-saving, environmentally safe, high-precision technologies for cultivation of vegetable and melon crops, taking into account species and varietal characteristics, as well as scientific bases and practical recommendations for production of original seeds taking into account zonal specifics.However, there are problems hindering the introduction of breeding achievements: the increased cost of registration of breeding achievements in the State Register of Selection Achievements of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation, bureaucratic difficulties in their approbation, which arose for breeders after the adoption of the new law "On Seed Production". In order to solve the problems of seed production, the Ministries in charge of vegetable production have launched a sub-programme "Development of breeding and seed production of vegetable crops", which aims to increase the production of domestic competitive seeds and brings together the state, science and business.

Проблема распределения доходов между трудом и капиталом в современном мире: XX и XXI века

This work is devoted to an attempt to quantify the trends in the distribution of income between labor and capital and assess their compliance with the development opportunities of the modern economy. Trends in the distribution of income between labor and capital were assessed by constructing econometric models of the share of labor compensation in national income and GDP. The resulting models with a high level of confidence showed that in the 20th century in the United States there was a tendency to redistribute income from capital to labor. The main trend in the distribution of income between labor and capital in the 21st century in most countries, including Russia, is the tendency to redistribute income from labor to capital. In countries with predominantly socially oriented economic policies, the main trend in the distribution of income between labor and capital is the tendency to redistribute income from capital to labor. The trend of redistribution of income from labor to capital indicates an undervaluation of human capital. This trend does not correspond to the development possibilities of a modern post-industrial economy and leads to a loss of competitiveness of countries in whose economies this trend is observed. The emerging trend of redistribution of income from labor to capital in modern Russia is the result of a liberal economic policy, does not correspond to the development opportunities of the modern economy and slows down economic growth, and under the conditions of sanctions from unfriendly countries, it threatens economic stagnation.

Why and when democracies ban political parties: a classification of democratic state orientations to party bans

Defending democracy requires undemocratic steps; one of the most radical is the prohibition of political parties. The functioning of political parties is fundamental to healthy and pluralistic democracies. Thus, their exclusion from the political process raises a severe dilemma for a democratic society, which has to address sufficiently why and when a political competitor can legitimately be kicked out of the political arena. The latter is crucially important because of the rise of far-right parties and attempts by authoritarians to infiltrate the domestic political competition of democratic countries. The approaches of various national courts in cases concerning the prohibition of political parties are far from uniform. Experiences in Spain, Ukraine, the UK and, eventually, Germany demonstrate significant contrasts regarding the political theory and legal rationale for prohibition. While democracy is a universal value for a pan-European context, the courts set different limits of democratic tolerance for guarding it. The paper offers a new paradigm that explains why and when democracies ban political parties. The classification of democratic state orientation to party bans consists of liberal, institutional and militant models, which illustrate different concepts around finding the balance between personal rights on the one hand and the interests of a democratic society on the other.

Analyzing Labor Costs in The Transport and Storage Sector in European Countries Through Trend and Cluster Analysis:2007-2022

Trends in the transport and storage industry's labor markets in Europe have significantly impacted changes in labor costs. Technological advancements, increased privatization and deregulation, and changes in global capital flows are among the key reasons that have resulted in significant changes in labor costs in the logistics sector during the last few decades, especially in Europe. The amount of remuneration for logistics personnel and its pace of change over time are essential aspects influencing not just capital investment choices but also country competitiveness. The clusters of countries with similar wage increases over time are also impacted by their economic, social, and ecological problems to a similar extent. The existence of probable trends in labor costs in transport and storage on a country level, as well as cluster analysis over the countries where the trend is found, will aid in revealing significant similarities and contrasts concerning the sector and the countries involved in the research. The Labor Cost Index (LCI), according to NACE Rev. 2 Activity-nominal value, quarterly data released by Eurostat was utilized for this research. Sixty-four quarterly periods have been covered between the first quarter of 2007 and the fourth quarter of 2022. The research was based on data collected from 23 different European countries. The Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen's slope test were used for trend analysis, and the K-means clustering algorithm was used for cluster analysis.

Manufacturing Industry Resource Endowment Index and Its Big Data Model

This study aims to demonstrate the application of big data models in the evaluation of manufacturing competitiveness across different countries and economic entities. It involves analyzing algorithms and data structures, designing algorithms for evaluating manufacturing competitiveness suitable for different countries and economic entities, and providing algorithmic and theoretical support for building computer assessment models for manufacturing competitiveness in economic entities. The research adopts qualitative and quantitative methods, comparing and analyzing empirical data on manufacturing resource endowment and competitiveness in various countries, combining theoretical analysis and empirical data. By conducting a literature review and empirical research, relevant information and data are collected to establish the relationship between manufacturing resource endowment index and competitiveness. Through case studies and comparative research, this study explores the main factors affecting manufacturing competitiveness in different countries and their interrelationships. It confirms that the competitiveness of manufacturing industries in different countries is influenced by factors such as resource endowment. Further analysis quantifies the relationship between national manufacturing resource endowment and competitiveness, leading to the design of computer algorithms, data structures, and processing logic. The results demonstrate the significant role of resource endowment in manufacturing competitiveness, serving as a crucial basis for formulating comprehensive national strategies. The innovations of this study include: 1. Introducing the manufacturing resource endowment index as a key variable for evaluating competitiveness, enriching the content of competitiveness big data models. 2. Designing comprehensive data structures, algorithms, and processing logic for assessing manufacturing competitiveness from multiple perspectives. 3. In-depth analysis of the relationship and analytical methods between manufacturing strategies, resource endowment, and competitiveness, providing theoretical and model references for the design of computer big data operation platforms.

The Manufacturing Reshoring Phenomenon: A Policy-Oriented Analysis of Factors Driving the Location Decision

For several decades, multinational enterprises (MNEs) have offshored their manufacturing activities to low-cost countries to achieve significant productivity gains. However, changes in the relative competitiveness of countries, social effects of deindustrialization in advanced economies and the vulnerability of global value chains (GVCs) revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic have encouraged some firms, supported by governments, to “reshore” part, or all of their offshore industrial operations back to their home country. Reshoring decisions are motivated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors that are empirically analyzed in this paper to understand how reshoring policies implemented by governments can more effectively address the factors driving the firms’ location decisions. A review of the reshoring policies implemented in Europe, the UK and the US is conducted to provide general policy recommendations regarding policy instruments, SMEs, innovation and regionalization of value chains. This paper fills a gap in the literature by connecting the micro-level supply chain management analysis of firms’ reshoring drivers with the macro-level economic policy perspective on reshoring. The review of existing reshoring policies calls for an in-depth analysis by the manufacturing sector and at the local level.

Albania and the European Integration

This study delves into the evolution of Albania's European integration process, focusing on various critical aspects. We examine the legislative and institutional reforms undertaken by Albania to meet the Copenhagen criteria and European Union standards. Specifically, we scrutinize the sectors of justice, public administration, and fundamental rights, assessing both progress made and lingering challenges. Furthermore, we explore the economic impact of European integration on Albania, evaluating how opening up to European markets and adopting common norms have influenced economic growth, employment, and the country's competitiveness. We also analyze social dynamics, examining how the integration process has shaped Albanian society, impacting culture, education, and social cohesion. From a geopolitical perspective, we consider Albania's strategic position in the Western Balkans and how this may affect regional dynamics and the country's role within the European Union. Finally, we discuss future prospects, exploring remaining challenges and outlining the opportunities that European integration could offer to Albania politically, economically, and socially. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024

Geopolitics of the Red Sea: Implications of foreign military bases expansion to the Horn of Africa security

ABSTRACT The Red Sea region has rapidly changed during the last decades due to growing foreign countries’ rivalry and military base expansion. This study examines foreign countries’ military base expansion and its implications for the Horn of Africa’s security. ⁠The study uses a qualitative research approach, collecting data from secondary sources. The study argues that foreign countries’ military base expansion in the Red Sea region has both advantages and disadvantages to the Horn of Africa region. Foreign military presence in the Red Sea region enables the region’s states to combat terrorism and piracy and has economic benefits and military experience sharing with host states. However, foreign military presence will exacerbate patronage, open avenues for interference in the internal affairs of states, and foreign countries competition complicates the security of the volatile Horn of Africa region. Hence, the Red Sea littoral states shall strengthen their cooperation to reduce the adverse effect of foreign countries’ military base expansion and enhance their political, economic, and diplomatic bargaining power.

Optimalisasi Potensi Ekspor Produk Gula Jahe Seduh “Berkah” ke Pasar Dunia

The increasingly advanced technology and industry today is the key to export activities. Exports can be the driving force of the global economy by contributing more like economic development, country competitiveness, job creation, and innovation. The National Export School focuses on export learning for UMKM, BUMN, and other companies. The mission of the Export School is to create 500,000 new exporters by 2030. The National Export College is working with Merdeka Campus in a Studi Independen Bersertifikat (SIB) program that focuses on the development of UMKM for export to global markets. Ginger sugar product development has significant export potential for local economic growth, and national economic development. The aim of this dedication is to develop ginger sugar products to the international market by increasing consumer demand, expanding the network, and enhancing the brand. The dedication method is implemented using the results of field surveys with business owners.

How Competitive Is the Agriculture in European Union Member States? An Assessment of Changes over the Past Decade

The need to monitor changes in the level of agricultural competitiveness of EU member states necessitates the development of an appropriate set of indicators to answer the question of whether a country is improving its competitive position. This paper proposes a synthetic measure for assessing the agricultural competitiveness in the member states of the European Union (EU) from 2012 to 2021. Statistics on the respective indicators were derived from the Eurostat database and Agri-Food Data Portal. The survey was based on linear ordering using a standardised sums approach. This implies that member states vary in competitiveness in the agricultural sector. From 2012 to 2021, the most competitive countries were Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Simultaneously, the rankings of agricultural competitiveness changed over the 10 years under review. The highest improvement rates were recorded in Finland, Slovakia, and Ireland. However, the differences between the old and new member states are still explicit. None of the new member states of the EU were in the top ten with regard to their agricultural competitiveness. Many areas associated with agriculture in these countries require considerable improvement. We also carried out a principal component analysis (PCA), which allowed us to identify the parameters conveying relevant information on the analysed phenomenon and unveil the hidden structures in the primary data set. We discovered that the share of the EU’s agricultural output in the EU exports of agricultural products explained variations in the agricultural competitiveness within member states.

Application of The Aggregation and Multicriteria Optimization Method in Assessing the Level of the Knowledge Economy of World Regions in Industry 4.0

The article proposes a new methodology for determining the level of the knowledge economy of countries in terms of the possibilities of using Industry 4.0 technologies. The relevance of the study is due to the transition to a new technological structure – “Industry 4.0” in the world. The aim of the study is to analyze data on the main sub-indices of the knowledge economy associated with Industry 4.0 for countries around the world based on the author’s methodology. As a tool for this analysis, the k-means++ clustering method was used to classify countries according to their characteristics. The assessment of the potential of Industry 4.0 is determined on the basis of 5 criteria characterizing various aspects of the development of countries at the level of economic knowledge. In the calculation process, determining the extent to which the indicators used describe the level of the knowledge economy, and the use of the aggregation formula and multi-criteria optimization, constitutes the scientific novelty of the study. It was concluded that as a result of clustering the countries of the world using the formula Aggregation and Multicriteria Optimization, the number of clusters decreased and the distribution of countries between clusters began to more adequately reflect reality. The results of the study can be used in the process of assessing the competitiveness of countries during the transition to the Industry 4.0 economy, as well as in developing strategies and concepts for countries.

TRENDS IN THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF UKRAINE'S ECONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR

Influenced by the processes of global digital transformation and the requirements set by the European Union in the context of European integration, the Ukrainian economy, even before the full-scale invasion, was focused on the development of digital technologies that allow increasing the level of production automation and labour productivity, reducing costs, increasing revenues, improving competitiveness and realising other benefits of digitalisation. At the same time, during the war, the role of digital technologies is growing, turning into a flexible tool that ensures the economic sustainability of Ukraine. Despite the considerable attention of researchers to the problems of building Ukraine's digital economy in wartime, the key features and trends of its development require a more detailed study, taking into account the challenges and tasks that arise in martial law and can be quickly and effectively addressed with the help of digital technologies. In this regard, the study of the specifics of the development of digital transformation of the economy in order to achieve Ukraine's strategic goals in wartime deserves special attention. The subject of the study is the process of digital transformation of Ukraine's economy in wartime. The purpose of the study is to analyse the features and trends in the development of Ukraine's digital economy, taking into account the challenges and needs of wartime, and to propose ways of post-war recovery. The study of the problem was carried out with the use of a combination of general scientific and modern research methods, among which the main ones are the method of system analysis (when studying the approaches and points of view of domestic and Western scientists), economic and statistical (to determine the trends in the development of the digital economy in Ukraine), analysis and synthesis (when studying the types of digital economy), graphic (to visualize a number of theoretical and practical provisions of the article). The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities of development of Ukraine's digital economy in the context of current challenges caused by the war. The authors emphasises that digitalisation processes are important for the restoration and development of the national economy and for increasing the country's competitiveness. The importance of further development of the digital economy is determined not only in the context of war, but also to overcome its consequences in the period of post-war recovery. Conclusions. Digital technologies have a significant potential to restore the national economy and accelerate economic development, as they can facilitate the transition from the use of material to information resources, reduce production costs, create new technological products and bring them to the global market, increase the country's competitiveness, etc. In addition, digital technologies can accelerate Ukraine's economic development both during the war and in the period of post-war reconstruction. This contribution is supported by the research work of the Department of Accounting and Taxation of the National University Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic 05711 "Modern concepts and practice of development of accounting, auditing and taxation in the context of economic globalization".

The Impact of Graduate Education Scale on the Innovation Capability of the Tertiary Industry

With the rapid development of the global economy and the rise of the knowledge economy, innovation capability has become a key factor determining the competitiveness of a country or region. The tertiary industry, especially the service and high-tech industries, plays an increasingly important role in driving economic growth, promoting employment, and social progress. Graduate students, as the subjects of high-level talent cultivation, their quantity and quality are directly related to the construction of the national innovation system and the development potential of the tertiary industry. Graduate education, as an important way to cultivate high-level talents, plays an irreplaceable role in enhancing national innovation ability and promoting the development of the tertiary industry. Graduate education not only focuses on the impartation of knowledge but also emphasizes the cultivation of independent research ability, innovative thinking, and interdisciplinary cooperation capability, which are essential for driving the development of the service and high-tech industries. Therefore, by vigorously developing graduate education and cultivating more high-level talents with innovative spirit and practical ability, we can provide strong talent support and intellectual protection for the development of the service and high-tech industries. This will also promote the construction and improvement of the national innovation system, further enhancing the country's competitiveness and influence in the global economy.