Operation Count Research Articles

2.5D singular boundary method for acoustic wave propagation

This study proposes a two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5D) singular boundary method (SBM) to solve three dimensional (3D) acoustic problems with a constant cross section excited by harmonic point sources. The SBM expands the solution of a problem with a linear combination of fundamental solutions of the governing equation. The singular terms in the fundamental solutions are replaced by the origin intensity factors (OIFs). Nevertheless, the SBM suffers quadratically increasing memory consumption and operation count with respect to the degree of freedoms owing to the fully-populated coefficient matrices. This makes the SBM not applicable in road and rail traffic systems, where the domain of interest always is a few hundred meters long. Taking advantage of the invariant cross section in these problems, the 2.5D method is devised to decompose the 3D problem into a summation of a set of simpler 2D problems, and thus enables the SBM to solve 3D traffic acoustic problems. To recast the results of 3D problems, a new formulation for numerical integration is proposed. The proposed 2.5D SBM is tested to two problems in both full-space and half-space to illustrate its effectiveness and feasibility.

DESIGN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA SD MATHBIBUL ALAIHISALAM DI ERA COVID-19

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of learning media design for Mathematics SD Math BilBul "alaihisalam" (integer mathematics "let's learn Islamic arithmetic operations") in the Covid-19 era. This type of research is development research which refers to the development stages according to Thiagarajan which is known as the 4-D development model which consists of four stages, namely define, design, develop, and disseminate. However, this research only reached the develop stage. Develop is meant by media development based on expert judgment. The research subjects were all fourth grade students of SD Muhammadiyah who were at the Sukoharjo Pringsewu branch level. Data collection techniques through instruments in the form of validation sheets. The result of this research is that the design of mathematics learning media at SD Math BilBul "alaihisalam" (integer mathematics "let's learn Islamic counting operations") in the Covid-19 era is feasible to use.Keywords: Elementary School Mathematics Learning, 4D Development Model, Integer, Islamic Values

Penerapan Pendekatan Konstekstual untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Siswa pada Materi Operasi Hitung Campuran

This research is a Classroom Action Research with 2 (two) cycles which aims to improve students' creative thinking abilities through contextual approaches in mixed count operations material with qualitative approach. Data collection is done through observation, evaluation tools, interviews, documentation, and worksheets. The data analysis technique used in this study is descriptive qualitative Data triangulation is used to test the validity of the data. The data obtained came from three different sources, observers, teachers, and students. This research show most students become active gradually in learning activities. With a contextual approach students are motivated in finding meaning and concepts, observing, analyzing, determining completion strategies and alternatives to find the final result. An increase in students' creative thinking abilities in the aspects of fluency and flexibility from the pre-action stage to the end of the second cycle with a percentage of 25% to 60% (fluency) and 17.5% to 55% (flexibility).

Active Learning dalam Pembelajaran Matematika SD Melalui Permainan Engklek Mamun

The weak ability of the students on the summation material and reduction in the background of this research. Mathematics is abstract, so in mathematics learning the necessary medium/intermediary that serves to confine so that facts clearer and more easily accepted by students. Media used is the game usually Mamun, which is a game conducted in groups in the form of advanced crank if the number of positive and crank backward if the number is negative. Numbers is a row of students holding positive and negative number flags. Each student holds a number. Students who do not hold the number do the forward or backward crank according to the prescribed number. The method is qualitative. The result is that through the game Engklek Mamun students can do the counting operation summation and reduction on the number line.

Flavour symmetries in the SMEFT

We analyse how U(3)5 and U(2)5 flavour symmetries act on the Standard Model Effective Field Theory, providing an organising principle to classify the large number of dimension-six operators involving fermion fields. A detailed counting of such operators, at different order in the breaking terms of both these symmetries, is presented. A brief discussion about possible deviations from these two reference cases, and a simple example of the usefulness of this classification scheme for high-pT analyses at the LHC, are also presented.

PENGARUH MEDIA SEMPOA TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN OPERASI HITUNG PENGURANGAN SISWA KELAS II MI

Many students don't like math. This dislike makes students not very familiar with subtraction calculation operations, thus making the students' ability to calculate subtraction operations is still low in completing subtraction count operations. Based on the background of the problem, this study is expected to provide answers to the formulation of the problem “How is the influence of the abacus media on the ability to calculate the reduction of second grade students at MI Islamiyah Mulyoagung Singgahan Tuban 2019/2020?”. Based on the formulation of the problem, this study aims “To describe the effect of abacus media on the ability to count reduction operations in grade II students at MI Islamiyah Mulyoagung Singgahan Tuban 2019/2020”. This research uses Quasi Experiment method with quantitative approach through independent sample t test analysis technique. Data collection methods in this study used observation, tests and documentation. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis then clarified with tables and graphs. The subject of this research is MI Islamiyah Mulyoagung Singgahan Tuban with samples according to the population of 34 students and the sampling technique used was random sampling technique. From the results of the study it can be concluded that tcount = 3.882 and ttable = 1.693. This means that tcount> ttable so that it can be concluded that there is an influence of the use of abacus media on the ability to calculate grade II student reduction operations at MI Islamiyah Mulyoagung. Increased ability to count reduction operations is influenced by the use of abacus media. This is evidenced from the average value of pretest and posttest. Before the experimental group was given a tretment the average pretest value obtained was 69 in the medium category, and after being given a treatment the posttest average value was 81.76 in the high category. While the control group obtained an average pretest value of 68 in the moderate category and because the control group was not given an average treatment of the posttest obtained by 68.82 in the moderate category.

ANALISIS KESULITAN BELAJAR BERDASARKAN GAYA BERPIKIR SISWA MELALUI PENDEKATAN MATEMATIKA REALISTIK (PMRI) BERBANTUKAN KERTAS BERWARNA

The purpose of this study was to determine student thinking styles in solving mathematical problems in integer count operations material through the Realistic Mathematical Approach (PMRI) assisted by colored paper media. This research method is a qualitative method. Data collection instruments using test, observation and documentation. Learning at the primary school level tends to be textbook oriented and conventional so that it requires student learning innovation that can facilitate mathematics learning. The realistic mathematics approach (PMRI) is one of the innovations that connect student real world with learning mathematics in solving mathematical problems. In the world of education, the characteristics of students' thinking styles in learning are not taken into account, which should be considered in learning. Peaget's development theory states that elementary school students fall into the category of concrete operations stages so that researchers use colored paper media to assist students in understanding the operations of addition and subtraction of integers.

Characteristics of Student Mental Models in Negative Round Numbers

The purpose of this study is to know, to describe, and to analyze students' mental model on negative integers. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data collection techniques use test, observation, interview, and documentation. The data analysis techniques use data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. The result shows that there are three characteristics of students' metal model, the characteristics of early mental model on negative integers are only able to understand the minus sign as a count operation, students with formal mental model characteristics on negative integers understand the existence of negative numbers that have values ​​smaller than 0 but do not understand that numbers going left on the number line, it can be smaller values. Students with formal mental model characteristics on negative integers understand the direction on the number line and the value of each number correctly. It can be concluded that in understanding the scale of negative integer values ​​and negative integer places on number line, every student has different characteristics. The characteristics of the early mental model are the characteristics of the lowest mental model, the characteristics of the synthesis mental model are the characteristics of the moderate mental model and the characteristics of the formal mental model are the characteristics of the highest mental model in understanding negative integers.

A 119dB Dynamic Range Charge Counting Light-to-Digital Converter For Wearable PPG/NIRS Monitoring Applications.

This paper presents a low power, high dynamic range (DR), reconfigurable light-to-digital converter (LDC) for photoplethysmogram (PPG), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensor readouts. The proposed LDC utilizes a current integration and a charge counting operation to directly convert the photocurrent to a digital code, reducing the noise contributors in the system. This LDC consists of a latched comparator, a low-noise current reference, a counter, and a multi-function integrator, which is used in both signal amplification and charge counting based data quantization. Furthermore, a current DAC is used to further increase the DR by canceling the baseline current. The LDC together with LED drivers and auxiliary digital circuitry are implemented in a standard 0.18μm CMOS process and characterized experimentally. The LDC and LED drivers consume a total power of 196μW while achieving a maximum 119dB DR. The charge counting clock, and the pulse repetition frequency of the LED driver can be reconfigured, providing a wide range of power-resolution trade-off. At a minimum power consumption of 87μW, the LDC still achieves 95dB DR. The LDC is also validated with on-body PPG and NIRS measurement by using a photodiode (PD) and a silicon photomultiplier (SIPM), respectively.

Letter to the Editor: Comments on the paper of Batagelj—on fractional approach to analysis of linked networks

We examine the role of count conservation when derived network matrices are obtained from linked network matrices using an outer product decomposition. It is seen that a full counting operation conserves the count of pathways between nodal variables while a fractional counting operation conserves the count of the nodal variable. We use the cases of co-referencing (bibliographic coupling) and co-citation with a simple citation network to illustrate the ideas.

A mechanism for balancing accuracy and scope in cross-machine black-box GPU performance modeling

The ability to model, analyze, and predict execution time of computations is an important building block that supports numerous efforts, such as load balancing, benchmarking, job scheduling, developer-guided performance optimization, and the automation of performance tuning for high performance, parallel applications. In today’s increasingly heterogeneous computing environment, this task must be accomplished efficiently across multiple architectures, including massively parallel coprocessors like GPUs, which are increasingly prevalent in the world’s fastest supercomputers. To address this challenge, we present an approach for constructing customizable, cross-machine performance models for GPU kernels, including a mechanism to automatically and symbolically gather performance-relevant kernel operation counts, a tool for formulating mathematical models using these counts, and a customizable parameterized collection of benchmark kernels used to calibrate models to GPUs in a black-box fashion. With this approach, we empower the user to manage trade-offs between model accuracy, evaluation speed, and generalizability. A user can define their own model and customize the calibration process, making it as simple or complex as desired, and as application-targeted or general as desired. As application examples of our approach, we demonstrate both linear and nonlinear models; these examples are designed to predict execution times for multiple variants of a particular computation: two matrix-matrix multiplication variants, four discontinuous Galerkin differentiation operation variants, and two 2D five-point finite difference stencil variants. For each variant, we present accuracy results on GPUs from multiple vendors and hardware generations. We view this highly user-customizable approach as a response to a central question arising in GPU performance modeling: how can we model GPU performance in a cost-explanatory fashion while maintaining accuracy, evaluation speed, portability, and ease of use, an attribute we believe precludes approaches requiring manual collection of kernel or hardware statistics.

Resource-efficient digital quantum simulation of d-level systems for photonic, vibrational, and spin-s Hamiltonians

Simulation of quantum systems is expected to be one of the most important applications of quantum computing, with much of the theoretical work so far having focused on fermionic and spin-frac{1}{2} systems. Here, we instead consider encodings of d-level (i.e., qudit) quantum operators into multi-qubit operators, studying resource requirements for approximating operator exponentials by Trotterization. We primarily focus on spin-s and truncated bosonic operators in second quantization, observing desirable properties for approaches based on the Gray code, which to our knowledge has not been used in this context previously. After outlining a methodology for implementing an arbitrary encoding, we investigate the interplay between Hamming distances, sparsity patterns, bosonic truncation, and other properties of local operators. Finally, we obtain resource counts for five common Hamiltonian classes used in physics and chemistry, while modeling the possibility of converting between encodings within a Trotter step. The most efficient encoding choice is heavily dependent on the application and highly sensitive to d, although clear trends are present. These operation count reductions are relevant for running algorithms on near-term quantum hardware because the savings effectively decrease the required circuit depth. Results and procedures outlined in this work may be useful for simulating a broad class of Hamiltonians on qubit-based digital quantum computers.

Sequencing Operator Counts with State-Space Search

A search algorithm with an admissible heuristic function is the most common approach to optimally solve classical planning tasks. Recently Daviesetal.(2015) introduced the solver OpSeq using Logic-Based Benders Decomposition to solve planning tasks optimally. In this approach, the master problem is an integer program derived from the operator-counting framework that generates operator counts, i.e., an assignment of integer counts for each task operator. Then, the operator counts sequencing subproblem verifies if a plan satisfying these operator counts exists, or generates a necessary violated constraint to strengthen the master problem. In OpSeq the subproblem is solved by a SAT solver. In this paper we show that operator counts sequencing can be better solved by state-space search. We introduce OpSearch, an A∗-based algorithm to solve the operator counts sequencing subproblem: it either finds an optimal plan, or uses the frontier of the search to derive a violated constraint. We show that using a standard search framework has two advantages: i) search scales better than a SAT-based approach for solving the operator counts sequencing, ii) explicit information in the search frontier can be used to derive stronger constraints. We present results on the IPC-2011 benchmarks showing that this approach solves more planning tasks, using less memory. On tasks solved by both methods OpSearch usually requires to solve fewer operator counts sequencing problems than OpSeq, evidencing the stronger constraints generated by OpSearch.

Underground Cable Fault Distance Locator and Counter Based Damaged Cable Replacement Indicator System

This paper deals with two objectives, the first objective focuses on finding out the location of fault occurred in any phase in the underground cable system (Clegg in Underground cable fault location. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1993) using the basic principle of Ohm’s Law. The second objective basically focussed on making a programmed counter to count the number of faults, respectively, occurring in each phase during the life span of the underground cable so that damaged cable can be replaced with a new cable of same length and characteristics after reaching the limit of predefined number of faults. For this, the concept of software counting operation (Mellor-Crummey and LeBlanc in A software instruction counter. University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627) is applied on the occurrence of a short circuit fault event in any phase of the underground cable by using counter programming. For this paper, the basic concept of Ohm’s law (Paul and Kakoti in Underground cable fault locator. IARJSET 3(9), 2016) is used according to which, if a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series of resistor in cable lines, the current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. A software simulation of the system consisting of an ATmega 328P microcontroller (Atmel-8271-8-bit-AVR-Microcontroller-ATmega48A-48PA-88A-88PA-168A-168PA-328-328P_datasheet_Complete, Microchip), fault sensing circuit and a low voltage regulated power supply is performed. Here, the fault sensing circuit is developed using a combination of four resistors and four switches for each phase that is an equivalent model of an underground cable line, is interfaced to an ATmega 328 microcontroller with the help of internally inbuilt ADC for providing the digital data to microcontroller.

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENYELESAIKAN OPERASI HITUNG PERKALIAN MELALUI PENGGUNAAN MEDIA TALI PAS

This study aims to describe students' activeness of the class when it is applied to the media and the improvement of learning outcomes of the students of grade V SDN Paciran I Lamongan 2016/2017 academic year in completing multiplication counting operation through the use of laces. This research belongs to classroom action research. Data obtained in the form of formative test results, observation sheet of teaching and learning activities. The learning outcomes of multiply counting operations by applying the wrist strap medium from cycle 1 to cycle 2 experience, a very satisfactory improvement. In cycle 1, there is an increase of students who fulfill KKM that is 50%, while in cycle 2 reach 100%.

Identify Maths Learning Difficulties on the Set Subject

In conducting students' learning activities that do not always work, there are often things that cause failure. The study aims to describe the difficulties students have experienced and to study the mistakes of the students in working on the tests in mathematics learning on the set subject. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive with a case study approach. Data collection techniques with problem instruments, interviews, and documentation. The legitimacy of data using technique triangulation. Data analysis through the data reduction phase, data presentation, and withdrawal of conclusions. The research was conducted with the subject of his research 30 students. The results showed that the type of difficulties experienced by students in the form of 1) difficulty in understanding the problem is the inability of the students to interpret the mathematical symbols on the subject of the set, 2) difficulty transforming that is the inability of students determining the set formula, 3) difficulty in the completion process is that students are not able to perform binary counting operations to solve the set problem. Then it can be concluded the types of difficulty learning mathematics that students experience in the subject of the association can be classified into 3 types, namely difficulty in understanding the problem, difficulty transforming the problem, and difficulty solving problems.

ANALISIS KESULITAN SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL CERITA OPERASI HITUNG PADA BILANGAN PECAHAN CAMPURAN

This study describe the analysis of the difficulty of students in completing problem arithmetic operations on mixed numbers class VI MI Darussalam Malang. This type of research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The subjects of this study are students of class VI MI Darussalam Malang with high, medium, and low grades. The results showed that: (1) students in the high and medium grades did not have difficulty in changing mixed fractions to ordinary fractions, however students in the low grade category have difficulty in converting mixed fractions to ordinary fractions; (2) students in the high grade category have no difficulty equating the denominator, however students in the medium and low grade categories have difficulty in equating the denominator of fractions; (3) students with all three categories of high, medium, and low grades have difficulty in calculating fraction operations with three mixed numbers; and (4) students in the high, medium, and low grade categories have difficulty completing the mixed fraction counting operation.

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Melakukan Operasi Hitung Pecahan Pelajaran Matematika Melalui Pembelajaran Kooperatif Teknik Permainan Kartu Bagi Siswa Kelas V Mi Maarif NU Nurul Ulum Bulurejo Benjeng

ABSTRACT
 Based on the author's experience in the field, many failures in the mathematics learning process faced by all students. Students feel bored, lazy and boring when faced with learning mathematics. To deal with such problems, the efforts made by the teacher are to arouse student learning motivation. Some things that can be done by the teacher so that learning mathematics becomes fun is to try various models and techniques in learning. One of the learning models used is cooperative learning of card game techniques. The problem examined in this study is how is the effort to increase the ability of students to perform fraction counting operations with cooperative learning of card game techniques? while the purpose of this study was to determine the ability to perform fraction counting operations after the application of cooperative learning in card game techniques. The researcher used Classroom Action Research which was conducted in two cycles or 2 rounds. Each cycle consists of planning, observation, reflection and discussion. The target of the research carried out is MI Ma'arif NU Class V Students Nurul Ulum Bulurejo Benjeng. The data obtained is the result of teacher observation, student activity data, and evaluation test results data. From the results of the analysis it was found that the increase in students' ability to perform fraction counting operations that can be seen from the evaluation test data. Obtaining results in cycle 1 with an average value of 63.6 or 60% completeness in cycle II the average value of students to be 91.44 or reach 92%. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that cooperative learning methods can improve 

Fast DST-VII/DCT-VIII With Dual Implementation Support for Versatile Video Coding

The Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) recently launched the standardization of the next-generation video coding named Versatile Video Coding (VVC) with the inherited technical framework from its predecessor High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC). The simplified Enhanced Multiple Transform (EMT) has been adopted as the primary residual coding transform solution, termed Multiple Transform Selection (MTS). In MTS, only the transform set consisting of DST-VII and DCT-VIII remains, excluding the other transform sets and the dependency on intra prediction modes. Significant coding gains are achieved by introducing new DST/DCT transforms, but the full matrix implementation is relatively costly compared to partial butterfly in terms of both software run-time and operation counts. In this work, we exploit the inherent features existing in DST-VII and DCT-VIII. Instead of repeating the element-wise additions and multiplications in full matrix operation, these features can be leveraged to achieve more efficient implementations which only use partial elements to derive the identical results. Existing transform matrices are further tuned to utilize these (anti-)symmetric features. A partial butterfly-type fast algorithm with dual-implementation support is proposed for DST-VII/DCT-VIII transform in VVC. Complexity analysis including operation counts and software run-time are conducted to validate the effectiveness. In addition, we prove the features are perfectly supported by theory. The proposed fast methods achieve noticeable software run-time savings without compromising on coding performance by comparing with the VVC Test Model VTM-3.0. It is shown that under Common Test Condition (CTC) with inter MTS enabled, an average of 9%, 0%, and 3% decoding time savings are achieved for All Intra (AI), Random Access (RA) and Low Delay B (LDB), respectively. Under low QP test condition with inter MTS enabled, the proposed fast methods achieve 1%, 2% and 4% decoding time savings on average for AI, RA, and LDB, respectively.

Parallel reduction of four matrices to condensed form for a generalized matrix eigenvalue algorithm

The VZ algorithm proposed by Charles F. Van Loan (SIMA, 1975) attempts to solve the generalized type of matrix eigenvalue problem ACx = λBDx, where A, B ∈ Rn×m, C, D ∈ Rm×n, and m ≥ n, without forming products and inverses. Especially, this algorithm is suitable for solving the generalized singular value problem. Van Loan’s approach first reduces the matrices A, B, C, and D to a condensed form by the finite step initial reduction. The reduction finds orthogonal matrices Q, U, V, and Z, such that QAZ is upper Hessenberg, and QBV, ZTCU, and VTDU are upper triangular. In this initial reduction, A is reduced to upper Hessenberg form, while simultaneously preserving triangularity of other three matrices. This is done by Givens rotations, annihilating one by one element of A, and by generating three more rotations applied to other matrices per each annihilation. Such an algorithm is quite inefficient. In our work, we propose a blocked algorithm for the initial reduction, based on aggregated Givens rotations and matrix–matrix multiplications, which are applied in the outer loop updates. This algorithm has another level of blocking, exploited in the inner loop. Further, we also consider a variant of the algorithm in a hybrid CPU–GPU framework, where compute-intensive outer loop updates are performed on GPU, and can be overlapped with the reduction in the next step performed on CPU. On the other hand, application of a sequence of rotations in the inner loop is parallelized on CPU, with balanced operation count per thread. Since a large number of aggregated rotations are produced in every outer loop step, they are simultaneously accumulated before outer loop updates. These adjustments speed up original initial reduction considerably which is confirmed by numerical experiments, and the efficiency of the whole VZ algorithm is increased.