Cotton Pellet-induced Granuloma Model Research Articles

In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oil of zingiber officinale rhizomes on Wistar rats

Background: Zingiber officinale is a spice consumed in Chad and traditionally used against osteoarthritis, migraine and rheumatic pain, but few pharmacological studies of this plant have been carried out. The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Z. officinale rhizomes essential oil (EO). Methods: A preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the EO of Z. officinale rhizomes; the anti-inflammatory activity of the given plant extract was then assessed at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5% on three experimental models: egg yolk-induced oedema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma and formalin. In addition, the essential oil was tested for its in vitro antioxidant capacity using the 2,2-Diphényl-2-picryl-hydrazyle Free Radical Scavenging Test, acide 2,2'-azino-bis 3éthylbenz- thiazoline-6-sulfonique Radical Test and the Ferric reducing antioxidant power Test. The study was extended to the acute toxicity of the EO of the rhizomes of Z. officinale using the sequential method. Results: Qualitative phytochemical screening of the EO of Z. officinale rhizome revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, terpenoids and free quinones. In the egg yolk-induced edema model, the EO of Z .officinale rhizomes significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) oedema by 25.28%, 31.12% and 68.27% at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5%, respectively, when compared to controls. In the formalin-induced paw edema model, EO of Z. officinale rhizomes inhibited oedema by 24.27%, 30.14% and 43.14% at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5%, respectively, when compared to the controls. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, EO of Z. officinale rhizomes induced an anti-granulomatous effect of 32.68%, 38.27% and 41.51% at the concentrations of 0.20%, 1% and 5%, respectively, as compared to controls. Additionally, the EO of the rhizomes of Z. officinale also induced in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity and iron reduction. Definitely, the LD50 of the EO of Z. officinale rhizomes was estimated as more than 2000 mg/kg b.w. Conclusion: The EO of Z. officinale rhizomes exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. This effect can be explained, at least partly to its chemical content and its antioxidant potential.

Anti-Inflammatory Property of Costus afer Ker Gawl Ethanol Leaf Extract in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats

Costus afer Ker Gawl is an indigenous plant, commonly called a ginger lily, spiral ginger, or bush cane, it has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-inflammatory activity of C.afer leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Protein denaturation and erythrocyte stabilization assays were used to evaluate in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, and alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition was used to evaluate in vitro anti-diabetic activity. 60 male Wistar rats were used for the two inflammatory models: the 30 rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n=5) for carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma models respectively: Group I: normal, group II: control(untreated), group III: 10mg/kg b.w diclofenac sodium (standard), group IV, V and VI were given 50, 100, 250 mg/kg b.w Costus afer ethanol leaf extract (CAELE) in each of the two models. The study showed that in protein denaturation assay, CAELE and Diclofenac had 56.69% and 80.82% respectively at the highest concentration, erythrocyte stabilization had 80.40% CAELE and 94.88% Diclofenac sodium at the highest dose in a dose-dependent manner. Alpha amylase and alpha-glucosidase showed an increase in percentage inhibition activity at 65.44% and 43.72% respectively against acarbose (standard) at 56.01%. However, in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, the concentration exhibited high percentage inhibition (77.82%) comparable to the standard drug at 91.28%, and reduction in paw thickness was also observed in the carrageenan model in a dose-dependent manner respectively. This study showed that CAELE at different concentrations showed anti-inflammatory activity in diabetic conditions.

Effect of solvents on anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of leaves extract of Mussa paradisiaca Linn

The present study was undertaken to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of two different solvated leaves extracts of Mussa paradisiaca Linn (MP) on experimental animals. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out using formalin induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. Analgesic activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing and tail immersion models. Acute toxicity studies were carried out for the extracts and the test drug doses for screening were selected depending upon LD50 values. Aqueous and ethanolic leaves extracts of MP Linn in the dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg b.w, by oral route were used after confirmation of acute toxicity. Aspirin at a dose of 100 mg/kg, b.w was used as standard analgesic drug. Both doses of the extract inhibited the rat paw edema significantly (P<0.001) and significant (P<0.001) decrease in granuloma formation. It also suppressed the pain threshold of rat in tail immersion model (P<0.001), as well as inhibited the acetic acid induced writhing (P<0.001) when compared to the control group. It is concluded that the administration of aqueous and ethanolic leaves extracts of MP produced significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in experimental animals by dose dependent manner but the ethanol leaves extract showed more significant activity than former solvent.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Solanum pubescens fruit extract

Introduction and Aim: Solanum pubescens is one of the very well-known traditional medicinal plants it has been widely used in the treatment of many inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory property of S. pubescens fruit. Materials and Methods: Anti-inflammatory activities of S. pubescens fruit extracts at different concentrations (100-200 mg/kg) were carried out using carrageenan-induced and cotton implant-induced granuloma methods. Results: The results of the carrageenan-induced paw edema study reveals the highest activity of fruit upper ethanolic (FUEE) extract at 200 mg/kg, with 64.84% followed by water (FEW), and fruit lower ethanolic extracts (FLEE). The protein and IL-6 evaluation in this experiment showed very promising results. Whereas the cellular toxicity was evaluated in terms of LPO, MPO and nitric oxide analysis which in turn showed harmless nature of extracts. Furthermore, assessment of proliferative phase of inflammation was done in rats using a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, where FUEE at 100 mg/kg showed 32.5±2.73 mg, 200 mg/kg 25.3±2.36 mg of dry weight of granuloma, compared to the standard indomethacin activity 1.4±3.45 mg. Moreover, the hematological parameters of treated animals reveals that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of FUEE 4.88± 0.18 mm/hr at 200 mg/kg was the least and almost equal to the standard. Conclusion: It can be said that S. pubescens is no doubt a very good source of phytomedicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, with most of the valuable phytoconstituents concerned with the anti-inflammation assembled in the fruit upper ethanolic extracts as this extract showed excellent activity in both the carrageenan and cotton pellet models.

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Leaves of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern. (Asteraceae).

The leaves of V. auriculiferahas been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, and pain in various parts of Ethiopia. However, to our knowledge, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions has never been experimentally studied. To assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activitiesof V. auriculifera leaf extract and solvent fractions in rodent models. Air-dried leaves ofV. auriculiferawere grounded and macerated using 80% methanol. The air-dried, grounded leaves were also successively extracted with ethyl acetate, and methanol. The residue was then macerated in water for 72 hr. The extract's peripheral analgesic activity, as well as the solvent fractions, were determined using an acetic acid-induced writhing test. The hot plate model was used to assess the central analgesic effect. Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effect in rats. The 80% methanol leaf extract and solvent fractions have demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) peripheral and central analgesic activity. Both 80% methanol leaf extract and solvent fractions of V. auriculifera were found to have anti-inflammatory activity in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, all concentrations of 80% methanol leaf extract (ME), methanol fraction (MEF), and aqueous fractions (AQF) of V. auriculifera inhibited exudate and granuloma formation. Although all tested doses significantly inhibited granuloma mass formation, only the medium and highest ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) doses significantly inhibited the generation of inflammatory exudate. This study's findings indicate that the solvent fractions and 80% methanol extract of V. auriculifera have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study's findings not only confirm the plants' traditional claim but also provide clues for further investigation of the active principles of this plant for the development of effective and safe analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Anti-inflammatory activity of methanol and ethyl acetate fractions of Sesbania grandiflora roots in rats

The anti-inflammatory potential of methanol and ethyl acetate fractions of Sesbania grandiflora Linn., roots were evaluated by carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method and cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats. Female Wistar rats were treated orally with methanol (MFSGR) and ethyl acetate (EAFSGR) fractions of Sesbania grandiflora roots (100 and 200 mg/kg) and Diclofenac sodium (15 mg/kg). One-hour post treatment, Carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1 % w/v, s.c.) was administered in the sub plantar region of the left hind limb of rat. Thereafter, paw volume was measured at 0, 30 min, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h. Percentage inhibition (PI) of oedema was calculated. In cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, male Wistar rats were treated with Diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and MFSGR and EAFSGR (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) respectively. Thirty-minutes after respective treatment, an autoclaved cotton pellet of 20±1 mg was aseptically implanted subcutaneously. Fraction and standard diclofenac were administered once daily for the next 7 days. On 8th day, excised cotton granuloma was dried and weighed, body weight and organ index were calculated. MFSGR and EAFSGR (100 and 200 mg/kg) exhibited a significant inhibition in paw volume against carrageenan-induced paw oedema. In cotton pellet induced granuloma model, MFSGR and EAFSGR exhibited significant inhibition of cotton dry and wet weight. The present study suggests that the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions of Sesbania grandiflora roots exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The observed effect could be attributed to the presence of vital phytoconstituents.

Evaluation of In Vivo Wound-Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Solvent Fractions of Fruits of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae).

The solvent fractions of the fruits of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) have not yet been explored scientifically for in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the solvent fractions of the fruit of Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) in rats. The crude extract of Argemone mexicana was fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and distilled water. Wound healing activity was evaluated using excision and incision wound models while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. The fractions were evaluated at 5 and 10% ointments using moist-exposed burn ointment as the standard drug, and 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg test doses using aspirin, and dexamethasone as standard drugs for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities, respectively. All treatment administrations were made orally for anti-inflammatory activity and applied topically for wound healing activity. The 10% w/w ethyl acetate fraction ointment showed a significant percentage of wound contraction, reduced period of epithelialization, increased amount of fibrosis, neovascularization, and collagen tissue formation (p < 0.01). The ethyl acetate fraction also showed a significant increase in tensile strength (55%; p < 0.01) and (81.10%; p < 0.01) at the tested doses of 5 and 10% w/w ointments, which was comparable to moist-exposed burn ointment. The ethyl acetate fraction also revealed a significant percent edema inhibition (61.41%; p < 0.01), suppression of the exudate (38.09% p < 0.01), and granuloma mass formations (53.47% p < 0.01) at the tested dose of 400 mg/kg. The results of this study showed that the Ethyl acetate fraction of Argemone mexicana fruit has significant wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which support the traditional claims of the experimental plant.

The hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson exhibits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in animal models

Psydrax subcordata (DC.) Bridson (Rubiaceae) is traditionally used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions in Ghana. There is, however, little scientific evidence to support its use in Ghanaian Traditional Medicine. This study, therefore, evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata (PSRE) using rodent models. Acute toxicity of PSRE was assessed in the Irwin's test. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated in the acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception tests. Xylene-induced ear oedema test and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models were used to assess the ameliorative effects of PSRE in acute and subacute inflammation. Effect of PSRE on tissue integrity in xylene-induced inflammation was also evaluated by histological examination. Oral treatment of PSRE up to the dose of 5000 mg kg−1 did not produce any lethal effect in mice. Oral PSRE (30–300 mg kg−1) significantly (at least P < 0.01) attenuated nociception in both acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced nociception tests. In the xylene-induced ear oedema test, PSRE decreased acute inflammation dose-dependently. The extract also attenuated transudate and exudate formation in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. The findings show that hydroethanolic root extract of Psydrax subcordata possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties in rodents. The study provides pharmacological support for the traditional use of the plant in the management of pain and inflammatory conditions.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Angiogenic Aattributes of Moringa olifera Lam. and its Nanoclay-Based Pectin-Sericin films.

Background: Inflammation is a strong reaction of the non-specific natural immune system that helps to start protective responses against encroaching pathogens and develop typical immunity against intruding factors. However, prolonged inflammation may lead to chronic autoimmune diseases. For thousands of years, medicinal plants have served as an excellent source of treatment for chronic pathologies such as metabolic diseases. Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic potential of Moringa olifera Lam. extract (MO) and Moringa-loaded nanoclay films. Methods: The extract preparation was done through the maceration technique using absolute methanol (99.7%) and labelled as Mo. Me. Mo. Me-loaded nanoclay-based films were prepared by using pectin and sericin (Table 1). The in vitro studies characterized the film thickness, moisture, and phytochemical contents. The in vivo anti-inflammatory tests involved using a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model assay. In addition, the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was employed for angiogenesis activity. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the extract confirmed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids and phytosterol. This extract contained quercetin in a large quantity. Cotton-pellet induced granuloma model study revealed a comparable (p > 0.05) effect of a high dose of Mo. Me (500 mg/kg) as compared with standard drug. Noteworthy, data obtained through the RT-PCR technique manifested the dose-dependent anti-oedematous effect of Moringa olifera via downregulation of TNF-α and interleukin-1ß. The findings of the CAM assay exhibited a remarkable anti-angiogenic activity of Mo. Me loaded nanoclay films, showing diffused vasculature network in the macroscopic snapshot. Conclusion: Moringa olifera and its nanocomposite films have therapeutic potential against inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory effect of simvastatin by impeding TNF-α and interleukin-1ß pathways: antiangiogenic activity of simvastatin and simvastatin-loaded silver nanoparticles

Purpose The present study was carried out to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic attributes of simvastatin and its nanofilms containing silver nanoparticles. Methods Silver nanoparticles and simvastatin-loaded nanocomposite (SNSN) films were formulated by using polymeric solution (pectin + sericin) through casting solution method. Different in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory assays were performed. In addition, chick chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) was also employed for angiogenesis activity. Results FTIR spectra of the film depicted the presence of intact simvastatin. Differential scanning calorimetry exhibited no endothermic expression in F9 film thermogram. The simvastatin release from all films exhibited a burst effect. Cotton-pellet induced granuloma model study showed that high dose of simvastatin and indomethacin produced comparable (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory effect. Noteworthy, RT-PCR showed dose-dependent, anti-oedematous effect of simvastatin through downregulation of serum TNF-α and interleukin-1ß levels. While results of CAM assay exhibited remarkable anti-angiogenic potential of SNSN films showing dissolved blood vessels network macroscopically. Conclusion To reiterate, simvastatin and its SNSN films can add significant contribution to the field of biomedicines due to their promising anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic properties, however, clinical studies are required to validate their commercial use.

Formulation and Evaluation of Ocimum Sanctum based Emulgel for Wound Healing Potential

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of leaves of Occimum sanctumin the formulation of hydrogels using different types of animal models. Materials and Methods: O. sanctum leaf ethanol extract was fractionated with methanol to give a methanol fraction. The methanol fraction (1% vw / w) was used in hydrogel formulations in various combinations of Carbopol 940 and sodium CMC. The hydrogels produced were characterized for optimal physical properties, pH, ductility, uniformity, viscosity, release profile, and irritation. Optimized hydrogels were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in animals using xylene-induced, croton oil-induced ear edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. The effect was monitored by , which measures the suppression rate of ears , nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in mice after acute inflammation induced by croton oil. Results and discussion: Physical evaluation confirmed that the resulting hydrogel was brownish in color and had a uniform and smooth appearance when applied. The combination of F3-hydrogel formulations was found to be appropriate for all other evaluation parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability and consistency. Therefore, it was observed that the optimal composition of F3 preparation is 1.5 g of Carbopol 940 and 1% sodium CMC. The suppression rate of edema in xylene-induced ear edema in mice was found to be comparable to that of the standard treatment group (65.59%). In this study, the results show that the prepared hydrogel-OSMFH has an inhibitory effect on acute inflammation. The results show the ability of croton oil to induce the influx of neutrophils into the ear tissue of mice.

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Methanol Leaf Extract of Senna italica (Mill.) Using Cotton Pellet-induced Granuloma Model in Wistar Rats

Senna italica Mill. belonging to the family Fabaceae has been used traditionally to treat various ailments diseases including skin diseases, fever, jaundice, stomachache, burns and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol leaf extract of the plant. Preliminary phytochemical screening and oral acute toxicity studies were carried out using standard protocols. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in Wistar rats using cotton pellet-induced granuloma model at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. Hematological and biochemical parameters were also evaluated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. The oral median lethal dose was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. The extract reduced wet granuloma weight with percentage inhibition of 5.9%, 52.9% and 47.1 % at doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg respectively compared to the negative control. At same doses, the extract showed 14.3%, 17.1% and 28.6% inhibition in weight of dry cotton pellet. A significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction was observed in platelets, platelet lymphocyte ratio, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels.The result from this study suggests that the methanol leaf extract of Senna italica has anti-inflammatory activity supporting the traditional use of the plant in the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory related diseases.

Anti-inflammatory effect of a triterpenoid from Balanophora laxiflora: results of bioactivity-guided isolation

Balanophora laxiflora, a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat fever, pain, and inflammation in Vietnam, has been reported to possess prominent anti-inflammatory activity. This study examined the active constituents and molecular mechanisms underlying these anti-inflammatory effects using bioactivity-guided isolation in combination with cell-based assays and animal models of inflammation. Among the isolated compounds, the triterpenoid (21α)-22-hydroxyhopan-3-one (1) showed the most potent inhibitory effect on COX-2 expression in LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, 1 suppressed the expression of the inflammatory mediators iNOS, IL-1β, INFβ, and TNFα in activated Raw 264.7 macrophages and alleviated the inflammatory response in carrageenan-induced paw oedema and a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory effects of 1 were mediated via decreasing cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by inhibiting NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and free radical scavenging activities. By downregulating ROS signalling, 1 reduced the activation of MAPK signalling pathways, leading to decreased AP-1-dependent transcription of inflammatory mediators. These findings shed light on the chemical constituents that contribute to the anti-inflammatory actions of B. laxiflora and suggest that 1 is a promising candidate for treating inflammation-related diseases.

Investigation of Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Leaf Gel of Aloe trigonantha L.C. Leach in Rats.

BackgroundTraditionally Aloe trigonantha leaf is used for the treatment of different diseases. However, there were no in vivo studies which prove its claimed use for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, the present study aimed at evaluating the in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of the leaf gel of the plant in rats.MethodsThe leaf gel powder of the Aloe trigonantha was prepared after the gel gets lyophilized. It was evaluated for wound healing activity topically by incorporating it in a simple ointment base at a concentration of 5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w). Excision and incision models were used for wound healing activity in rats. For the excision wound model, wound contraction and period of epithelialization were evaluated, while wound tensile strength was evaluated using an incision wound model. A Xylene-induced ear edema model and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model were used for anti-inflammatory study. The leaf gel powder of Aloe trigonantha was given orally at a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in both models of anti-inflammatory studies. An anti-inflammatory effect was measured by reduction of ear edema weight and reduction of wet exudate and dry granuloma weight in both of xylene-induced ear edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models, respectively.ResultsTreatment of wounds with ointment containing 5% and 10% (w/w) of the gel exhibited a significantly increased wound contraction rate, shorter epithelialization time, and higher skin breaking strength (p<0.05) compared to controls. Aloe trigonantha leaf gel powder also produced dose-dependent significant reductions (p<0.05) of inflammation compared to control in both models.ConclusionData obtained from this study collectively indicated that Aloe trigonantha is a potential wound-healing and anti-inflammatory agent in rat models of wound and inflammation which provides evidence for the traditional claim.

Clinicopathological Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effects of Rutin in Guinea pigs

This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of flavonoid (Rutin 20 mg/kg) on each (carrageenan-induced paw edema)acute inflammation and (cotton pellet granuloma) chronic inflammation and, effect of Rutin on some hematological, biochemical and histopathological examination in guinea pigs induced by inflammation. A total of eighteen male guinea pigs were categorized into three groups, six pigs on all group. Group one as non-treated control, they given 5% carboxymethyl cellulose orally for seven days. Group two received single dose orally (20mg/kg) Rutin for seven days. Group three received (10mg/kg) Indomethacin orally for seven days. By injecting of 0.1ml of carrageenan suspension in saline into the sub-planter superficies of the right hind paw, the acute inflammation (edema) was induced in all experiment guinea pigs one hour after compounds taken. Then estimated the volume of paw edema immediately after carrageenan injection through one, two, three and four hours by using a plethysmograph system(VGO Basile, Italy). The results indicated that, Rutin (20 mg/kg body weight) showed significant lowered (P<0.05) in the carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model comparing with control and indomethacin groups. In addition Rutin (20 mg/kg) improved the hematological and biochemical profiles and able of maintain the biochemical varies related to inflammation. This was also supported by histopathological studies of liver sections. On conclusion, Rutin possess anti-inflammatory activity. Thus the Rutin showed protective role against acute and chronic inflammation.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Fabricated Silver-Based Nanocomposite for Various Therapeutic Applications.

PurposeThe current study proposed the simple, eco-friendly and cost-effective synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) structured silver-based nanocomposite (CMC-AgNPs) using Syzygium aromaticum buds extract.MethodsThe CMC-AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infra-red (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The synthesized nanocomposites were evaluated for their bactericidal kinetics, in-vivo anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmaniasis, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities using different in-vitro and in-vivo models.ResultsThe spherical shape nanocomposite of CMC-AgNPs was synthesized with the mean size range of 20–30 nm, and the average pore diameter is 18.2 nm while the mean zeta potential of −31.6 ± 3.64 mV. The highly significant (P < 0.005) antibacterial activity was found against six bacterial strains with the ZIs of 24.6 to 27.9 mm. More drop counts were observed in Gram-negative strains after 10 min exposure with CMC-AgNPs. Significant damage in bacterial cell membrane was also observed in atomic force microscopy (AFM) after treated with CMC-AgNPs. Nanocomposite showed highly significant anti-inflammatory activity in cotton pellet induced granuloma model (Phase I) in rats with the mean inhibitions of 43.13% and 48.68% at the doses of 0.025 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively, when compared to control. Reduction in rat paw edema (Phase II) was also highly significant (0.025 mg/kg; 42.39%; 0.05 mg/kg, 47.82%). At dose of 0.05 mg/kg, CMC-AgNPs caused highly significant decrease in leukocyte counts (922 ± 83), levels of CRP (8.4 ± 0.73 mg/mL), IL-1 (177.4 ± 21.3 pg/mL), IL-2 (83.7 ± 11.5 pg/mL), IL-6 (83.7 ± 11.5 pg/mL) and TNF-α (18.3 ± 5.3 pg/mL) as compared to control group. CMC-AgNPs produced highly effective anti-leishmaniasis activity with the viable Leishmania major counts decreased up to 36.7% within 24 h, and the IC50 was found to be 28.41 μg/mL. The potent DPPH radical scavenging potential was also observed for CMC-AgNPs with the IC50 value of 112 μg/mL. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity was assessed using HeLa cell lines with the LC50 of 108.2 μg/mL.ConclusionThe current findings demonstrate positive attributes of CMC fabricated AgNPs as a promising antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-leishmaniasis, and antioxidant agent with low cytotoxic potential.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Lupeol isolated from Indian traditional medicinal plant Crateva adansonii screened through in vivo and in silico approaches

BackgroundLupeol, a triterpene bioactive compound isolated from Indian traditional plant Crateva adansonii acted as promising and alternative anti-inflammatory agent to treatments of diseases related to inflammation. The inflammatory process in the body serves an important function in the control and repair of injury. However, it is self-perpetuating in number of disease conditions, which must be prevented and treated. Worldwide most prescribing NASID drug shows severe side effects. Whereas drug from natural origin shows dual inhibition of inflammatory and analgesic target protein with more efficacy and less side effects than NSAID drugs. Our study aims to isolate and screen the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of lupeol, a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from leaf extract of Crateva adansonii belongs to Capparaceae family commonly used Indian traditional medicine for treating inflammatory diseases. ResultsMethanol and chloroform leaf extracts (ME and CE) and lupeol fraction (LF) of plant Crateva adansonii is investigated through employing in vivo male Wistar albino rat model. Acute toxicity study of C. adansonii ME and CE leaf extracts reveals that no mortality and no behavioral changes in experimental animals up to 2 g/kg. So no lethal dose we consider two optimal doses 200 and 400 mg of plant leaf extracts for in vivo inflammatory and analgesic study. In vivo acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity was carried out through carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. LF (100 mg/kg, oral route) of Crateva adansonii evoked highest percentage of inflammation inhibition (50 and 33.96% respectively) in both in vivo acute and chronic inflammation model among all tested samples (ME and CE 200 mg and 400 mg/kg, oral route) including reference standard (10 mg/kg, oral route) indomethacin. Carrageenan-challenged experimental animals were screened for one inflammatory marker enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), inflammatory products such as Prostaglandrin E2 (PGE2), and eight different cytokines markers (TNFα, IL-6, IFN γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, MCP-1, Rantes, and MIP) associated with inflammation reveals that LF (100 mg/kg, oral route) of Crateva adansonii shows prominent anti-inflammatory activity than reference standard indomethacin (10 mg/kg, oral route) over all these biological tested parameters. In vivo analgesic assays such as hot plate assay and acetic acid-induced writhing assay revealed that LF (100 mg/kg, oral route) possesses significant analgesic activity (11.60 s and 69.05%) when compared with standard drug pentazocine(10 mg/kg, oral route). Finally, we made an in silico screening of lupeol against analgesic (nAChR) and anti-inflammatory (COX-2) target proteins reveals that lupeol possess highest binding affinity with nAChR and COX-2 target proteins (− 8.5 and − 9.0 Kcal/mol) over the reference standard pentazocine and indomethacin (− 7.0 and − 8.4 Kcal/mol) respectively. ConclusionThe present study result provides a pharmacological evidences for analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of lupeol isolated from Indian traditional plant Crateva adansonii act as a multi-target agent with immense anti-inflammatory potential targeting key molecules of inflammation such as MPO, PGE2, and eight pro-inflammatory cytokine markers. Outcome of present study is to find promising anti-inflammatory bioactive agents from the cheapest Indian traditional medicinal plant sources useful for pharmaceutical industries.

Investigation of Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Solvent Fractions of 80% Methanol Leaf Extract of Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) in Rats.

IntroductionThe various fractions of leaves of Achyranthes aspera L. (A. aspera) have not yet been explored scientifically for in-vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate in-vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of solvent fractions of 80% methanol leaf extract of A. aspera in rats.MethodsThe 80% methanol leaf extract of A. aspera was fractionated with chloroform, n-butanol and water. Wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using excision and incision wound models, rat paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models, respectively. For wound healing activity, fractions were evaluated at 5 and 10% ointments. The positive control groups were treated with nitrofurazone 0.2% ointment. Simple ointment treated for excision wound model and untreated for incision wound model rats were assigned as negative controls. For anti-inflammatory activity, fractions were evaluated at 100, 200 and 400mg/kg. Positive control groups were treated with indomethacin 10mg/kg for both rat paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. The 2% Tween 80 treated rats were assigned as negative controls for both anti-inflammatory activity models. All groups comprised of 6 rats and treatment administrations were made topically and orally for evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities.ResultsThe 10% w/w chloroform fraction ointment revealed a high percentage of wound contraction and reduced period of epithelialization (p <0.01). Chloroform fraction was also found to be the most active fraction, which demonstrated the maximum percentage inhibition of edema (52.50%; p <0.01) and transudative and proliferative component of chronic inflammation (37.52 and 52.81%; p <0.01), which was comparable to indomethacin.ConclusionData obtained from this study collectively indicated that a chloroform fraction of 80% methanol leaf extract of A. aspera possessed significant wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities.

Study of anti-inflammatory activity of Ficus racemosa linn stem bark extract in albino rats

Background: Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli. Though there are standard anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, diclofenac, etc., these are not free of side effects. This has led to an increase in demand for natural products with anti-inflammatory activity having less side effects. Hence the study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ficus racemose (EEFR) in albino rats.Methods: Healthy albino rats of either sex were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each. Group1-control, group 2-diclofenac sodium 2 mg/kg and group 3 and 4 EEFR (200 and 400 mg/kg respectively), anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by Carrageenan induced paw oedema: formalin induced-peritonitis and cotton pellet induced granuloma model for in vivo activity and protein denaturation test for in vitro activity.Results: EEFR exhibited significant in vitro (p&lt;0.001) anti-inflammatory effect at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg. EEFR produced 61.37% inhibition at the dose of 400 mg/kg and diclofenac (standard drug) produced 62.95% of inhibition after 3 hours of drug treatment in carrageenan induced paw oedema. The exudate volume was decreased in formalin induced peritonitis by EEFR and diclofenac significantly (p&lt;0.001). In cotton pellet induced granuloma EEFR (400 mg/kg) and diclofenac showed decreased formation of granuloma by 28.36% and 28.00% (p&lt;0.001) respectively.Conclusions: EEFR has significant anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and chronic model in a dose dependant manner in comparison with standard drug.

Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol leaves extract and solvent fractions of Zehneria scabra (Cucurbitaceae) in rodents

Abstract. Belay R, Makonnen E. 2018. Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol leaves extract and solvent fractions of Zehneria scabra (Cucurbitaceae) in rodents. Biofarmasi J Nat Prod Biochem 18: 42-56. Zehneria scarba (L.f.) Sond is one of the medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine of Ethiopia for years to treat various inflammatory disorders. The present study was aimed to validate the anti-inflammatory activity of crude 70% ethanol leaves extract (70EE) against a sub-acute model and further evaluate the solvent fractions (AF, BF, and CF) in an acute (carrageenan-induced paw edema), sub-acute (formaldehyde induced arthritis) and chronic (cotton pellet induced granuloma) inflammatory models. The 70EE was first prepared by maceration, and the fractions were obtained by sequential partitioning with chloroform and n-butanol from the aqueous suspension of crude 70EE. The test groups, then, received 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of the crude 70EE or the fractions (AF, BF, and CF) at the same dose levels, whereas positive controls received aspirin (200mg/kg) or dexamethasone (0.5mg/kg) and negative controls received vehicle (2% tween 80 or distilled water, 10 mL/kg). All tested doses of the crude 70EE showed significant inhibition of formaldehyde induced arthritis at the 10th day of treatment, on which the 400mg/kg dose showed the maximum anti-arthritic effect (%A = 60.5; p &lt; 0.001). In the carrageenan-induced paw edema, all the three fractions showed a statistically significant effect, in fact, with different onset and magnitude. In this model, the AF was found to be the most active fraction, and the 400mg/kg dose demonstrated the maximum effect (%A = 76.25; p &lt; 0.001) at 5h post-induction, which is much better than the effect of aspirin at the dose employed. The overall order of efficacy in inhibiting the exudative component of carrageenan-induced paw edema was found to be AF&gt; BF&gt; CF. The AF was also found to be the most active fraction in inhibiting the exudative component of chronic inflammation in the cotton pellet induced granuloma model, where the maximum effect (%A = 43.10, p &lt; 0.001) was exhibited by a dose of 400mg/kg. The AF was also the most active fraction in inhibiting formaldehyde induced arthritis, in which the BF and CF relatively showed a comparable effect throughout day 4-10. On the contrary, in the cotton pellet induced granuloma model, the CF was found to be the most active fraction in inhibiting the proliferative and granulomatous component of chronic inflammation, and the overall order of effectiveness was found to be CF&gt; AF&gt; BF. Besides, 400mg/kg of CF demonstrated the maximum inhibition of granuloma formation (%A = 55.52; P &lt; 0.001). The phytochemical analysis revealed the differential distribution of secondary metabolites into the three fractions, which either singly or in concert appeared to be responsible for the observed effects. The data obtained from the present study collectively indicate that the extract and fractions of leaves of Z.scabra possessed a significant anti-inflammatory activity, upholding the folkloric use of the plant.