Cotton Pellet-induced Granuloma Model Research Articles

Evaluation of in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic attributes of methanolic extract of Launaea spinosa.

Launaea spinosa is used as an anti-inflammatory agent traditionally. This study was conducted to evaluate anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities of methanol extract of Launaea spinosa. Extraction was performed by maceration and the resultant green coloured extract was labelled as Ls.Me. Solubility analysis showed that Ls.Me was miscible with distilled water, normal saline, ethanol and methanol. Metal analysis following acid digestion method exhibited the presence of copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc and calcium. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of different classes of secondary metabolites in Ls.Me. HPLC analysis showed the presence of quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, benzoic acid and sinapic acid in Ls.Me. Data of in vitro antioxidant assays showed moderate antioxidant potential of Ls.Me which was also confirmed by data of in vivo enzymes (SOD, CAT, and TSP)assays. Antimicrobial assays datashowed that Ls.Me was active against S.aureus and S.epidermidis (bacterial) as well as C.albicans and A.niger (fungal) strains. Data of acute physio-pathological studies showed no abnormalities in Albino rats up to the dose of 2000mg/kg of Ls.Me. Acute and chronic inflammatory models were used to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of Ls.Me. Data of acute studies showed that Ls.Me has the potential to arrest inflammation produced by different mediators in a dose-dependent manner. 200mg/kg of Ls.Me was found to produce significantly (p < 0.05) better anti-inflammatory effects than 100mg/kg of Ls.Me. Ls.Me also significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited ear edema induced by xylene. Ls.Me showed profound anti-inflammatory responses in paw edema induced by formalin and also inhibited granuloma development in cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. Histopathological and biochemical investigations showed marked reduction in the number of inflammatory cells. TNF-α and IL-6 ELSIA kits were used to study effects of Ls.Me treatment on serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Data obtained showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 levels in serum of animals treated with Ls.Me. Data of in vivo angiogenesis assay showed that 200µg/ml of Ls.Me significantly halted vasculature development indicating its potent anti-angiogenic potential. On the basis of findings of the current study, it is concluded that multiple phytochemicals present in Ls.Me act synergistically to produce anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects. Further studies are required to standardize the plant extract and explore its safety profile.

Evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of piperine: An experimental study

Background: Narcotics (e.g., opioids) or non-narcotics (e.g., salicylates and corticosteroids) are used in the management of pain and inflammation, both of which have side effects, thereby emphasizing the search for natural substances. Piperine found naturally in plants of the Piperaceae family has shown inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-1 in in vitro studies. Objectives: To evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of piperine in comparison to aspirin. Materials and Methods: Albino Wistar rats of either sex weighing 180–200 g and Swiss mice weighing 25–30 g were used. The tail-flick method and hot plate method in rats and acetic acid-induced writhing method in mice were used for the evaluation of analgesic activity. The carrageenan-induced paw edema method, cotton pellet-induced granuloma method, and formalin-induced arthritis method were used for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity. Baker's yeast-induced pyrexia model was used to evaluate antipyretic activity. Results: Piperine showed significant analgesic effect of 40%–55% in tail-flick method, 58% in hot plate method, and 54% in acetic acid-induced writhing model, when compared to negative controls. The percentage inhibition of inflammation, in comparison to controls, was significant at 56% for carrageenan-induced paw edema model and 40% for formalin-induced arthritis model. In the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model, however, it was only 10%. In the yeast model of pyrexia, piperine significantly reduced rectal temperature at 4 h. However, aspirin had better effect than piperine in all these models. Conclusion: Piperine exhibits significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity though not comparable to aspirin.

Discovery of novel cage-like heterocyclic hybrids as anti-inflammatory agents through the inhibition of nitrite, PGE2 and TNF-α

Novel cage-like indolizine-acenaphthene-pyridinone heterocyclic hybrids were synthesized in good yields through [bmim]Br mediated tandem 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition-annulation sequence. The anti-inflammatory activity of these hybrids was performed using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, croton oil-induced ear oedema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. Four of these cage-like heterocyclic hybrids viz. 4b, 4d, 4e and 4j showed substantial anti-inflammatory activities against acute and chronic inflammatory models and also showed significant inhibition of PGE2, TNF-α, and nitrite levels in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema.

A PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF CALENDULA OFFICINALIS EXTRACT ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Introduction: Calendula officinalis is one of those plants which have medicinal importance due to its flowers has pharmacological activity the important pharmacological parameters have been less investigated properly and can be scientifically proved by reverse pharmacology. It was found of interest to evaluate these properties of extract of flowers of Calendula officinalis scientifically in experimental models.&#x0D; Methods: Study was conducted in Albino Wistar rats.Fresh Calendula officinalis flowers were collected, extraction and drug formulation was made. Anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis (HECO) flowers was studied in the Carrageenan induced paw edema model &amp; Cotton pellet induced granuloma models The differences between experimental groups were compared by ANOVA followed by Students “t” unpaired test.&#x0D; Results: The Calendula officinalis extract of flowers at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant and highly significant inhibition (p&lt; 0.05 and p&lt;0.001, respectively) of paw edema after giving the carrageenan in the rat paw in comparison of control. In cotton pellets induced granuloma pouch method also, the Hydrochloric extract of Calendula officinalis (HECO) flowers showed very significant reduction of weight of granuloma (p&lt;0.01) with 22.80% protection as compared with control.&#x0D; Conclusion: We conclude that the Anti-inflammatory activity was noted with Hydrochloric extract of Calendula officinalis in a dose-dependent manner in acute (carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model) as well as sub-acute (cotton pellet induced granuloma model) inflammatory experimental models. They decrease the chemical mediators of inflammation&#x0D; Key Words: Calendula Officinalis, anti inflammation, Paw Edema Model, granuloma pouch method , HECO

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF KNEMA ATTENUATA (HOOK. F. AND THOMSON) WARB ETHANOLIC STEM BARK EXTRACT IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS

Objective: Knema attenuata (Myristicaceae), popularly known as “wild nutmeg,” is an endemic tree species from Western Ghats, which has been used in folk medicine. Conventionally, the stem bark of K. attenuata is used for treating inflammatory conditions without any scientific information available for the same. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic stem bark extract (ESBE) of K. attenuata using in vivo and in vitro screening models.&#x0D; Methods: The ethanolic extract of stem bark was prepared by soxhlation, and its cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cell line was assessed using MTT assay method. In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of extract was estimated in rats using carrageenan-induced paw edema model and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition assay, estimation of myeloperoxidase activity, and determination of cellular nitrite levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.&#x0D; Results: Toxic symptoms were not observed for the ESBE. The extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in both in vivo and in vitro models. The anti-inflammatory action exhibited by the extract was a result of the inhibition of leukocyte migration and nitric oxide pathway and partially by inhibition of mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.&#x0D; Conclusion: Findings from the study provide the evidence for the popular use of stem bark extract of K. attenuata as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity based on polymorphism of cedrol in mice

Alternate forms of drug crystals display different physicochemical properties. These include stability, dissolution rate, bioavailability and solubility, which can affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It is therefore important to compare the crystal forms of cedrol to obtain optimal anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This study, for the first time, obtained and reports three novel forms (I-III) of cedrol polymorphs. The three forms of cedrol were recrystallized from seven organic solvents by slow cooling or volatilization and identified by thermal analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Form I originated from acetone and cyclohexane. Form II was obtained from ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile and n-hexane. Form III was recrystallized from methanol. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the three crystalline forms were evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing in mice, the hot plate method, carrageenan induced mouse paw edema models, Xylene-induced mouse ear edema models and cotton pellet-induced mouse granuloma models. Experimental results revealed that the highest performance was achieved from Form I. These findings are of great significance during the early research study of cedrol polymorphs.

Exploration of anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effect of curcumin on co-administration with acetylsalicylic acid

Context: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) has been repositioned against different inflammatory disease conditions. However, on long-term use, ASA is reported to cause hepatotoxicity by compromising the antioxidant status. Curcumin is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action. Accordingly, co-use of curcumin can be expected to enhance the anti-inflammatory effects of ASA while minimizing its hepatotoxicity. Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of curcumin when co-administered with ASA. Methods: To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models were used. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administration of ASA (100 mg/kg/day) for 28 continuous days. Antioxidant effects were determined by malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione assay of liver tissue. Results: Co-treatment with curcumin and ASA significantly (p&lt;0.001) reduced (57.92%) the paw edema induced by carrageenan. The effect was higher than that of the ASA (45.51%) and curcumin (36.87%). Further, the combination showed higher (57.67%) inhibition of granuloma formation compared to that of ASA (34.22%) and curcumin (28.39%). Co-use of curcumin with ASA lowered the malondialdehyde level while relatively increasing the superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione compared to ASA and curcumin. The histological findings showed protection against ASA induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusions: Curcumin showed additive effects with ASA against inflammatory granuloma formation in rats. It also showed positive interaction against carrageenan-induced inflammation. With relatively higher antioxidant capacity, the co-use of curcumin showed protection against ASA induced hepatotoxicity.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-GRANULOMA ACTIVITY OF SULFORAPHANE, A NATURALLY OCCURRING ISOTHIOCYANATE FROM BROCCOLI (BRASSICA OLERACEA)

Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the anti-inflammatory activity of sulforaphane (SFN) in different acute and subchronic models of inflammation. Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of SFN was evaluated by the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) which are important mediators of inflammation as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, paw volume was determined in various acute models of inflammation, and percentage inhibition of granuloma tissue was assessed by cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. From serum, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels were determined which is followed by assay for estimation of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH). Results: SFN showed significant anti-inflammatory activity against paw edema induced by carrageenin/histamine/egg-albumin. A remarkable control in inflammation was observed most notably at the highest test dose of 5 mg/kg in the subchronic granuloma model. In addition, the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α which is responsible for inflammatory activity gets attenuated by SFN (∗p&lt;0.05; ∗∗p&lt; 0.01). Moreover, toxic control rats showed significant decreased levels of GSH, catalase, and SOD and increased the level of serum hepatic enzymes which gets reversed by SFN in dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: The present findings demonstrated that SFN can recover inflammation by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-6 in inflammation process.

Functionalized spirooxindole-indolizine hybrids: Stereoselective green synthesis and evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect involving TNF-α and nitrite inhibition

Stereoselective synthesis of a small library of novel spiroheterocyclic hybrids including indolizine, oxindole, and substituted piperidine units has been accomplished in [bmim]Br using a [3 + 2] cycloaddition strategy in good yield and were tested for their anti-inflammatory activities. The effects of compounds (4a-o) against inflammation were studied using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, croton oil-induced ear oedema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models. Among the heterocyclic hybrids, compounds 4d, 4g, and 4o showed significant anti-inflammatory activities against acute and chronic inflammatory models. These compounds also showed significant inhibition of PGE2, TNF-α, and nitrite levels in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema. Thus it is evident from our study that these novel spiroheterocyclic hybrids 4d, 4g, and 4o displayed significant anti-inflammatory effects that involve the reduction of PGE2, TNF-α, and nitrite levels.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of an Extract of Agave americana on Experimental Animals.

Background:Medicinal plants have the potential treasure to treat medical conditions for a long time based on error and trial method. Agave americana has been known as century plant or American aloe. The leaves contain genins, saponins, steroidal flavonoids, isoflavones, and coumarins. It has long been used for anti-inflammatory effects.Objectives:This study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract of A. americana.Materials and Methods:A. americana leaves extract is collected and the extract is done by percolation method. Inflammation is induced in experimental animals' carrageenan-induced paw edema model and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. The extract of A. americana and standard, aspirin and indomethacin are given orally for the anti-inflammatory effects. The anti-inflammatory effects were measured at regular intervals of time to see the percentage inhibition of paw edema and reduction of weight of granuloma with percentage protection to compare the effect of the extract with the control and standard.Results:The extract of A. americana showed improved in percentage inhibition of paw edema in graded doses of hydroalcoholic extract of A. americana (HEAA) as compared with control in carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The percentage inhibition of 400 mg/kg of HEAA at the 3rd h is almost comparable with the standard, aspirin. On the other hand, graded doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed a highly significant reduction (P < 0.001) in the weights of granuloma in comparison with the control in cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. The percentage inhibition of weight of granuloma by 400 mg/kg of HEAA is quite comparable to the standard, Indomethacin.Conclusion:Anti-inflammatory activity is seen with the graded dose of HEAA. The plant contains flavonoids and genins which have been shown to have anti-edematous effects in the acute phase of inflammation. Thus, the plant contributes to its anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, higher doses of A. americana leaves need to be used to have the better understanding of the mechanism of anti-inflammation.SUMMARY The hydroalcoholic extract from Agave americana (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, HEAA) were studied in carrageenan-induced paw edema model and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model in Wistar rats. The plant contains flavonoids and genins which have been shown to have anti-edematous effects in the acute phase of inflammation. The results were good with the higher doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg of HEAA. Its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity is in good agreement with the traditional use of A. americana. Abbreviation Used: HEAA: Hydroalcoholic extract of Agave americana leaves; SEM: Standard error mean; ANOVA: Analysis of variance; n: Number; g: gram; w/w: weight by weight; h: hour; kg: kilogram; mg: milligram

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ramipril in albino rats

Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a product of Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Angiotensin‑II regulates vascular tone, stimulates the release of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, activates nuclear factor‑kappa B (NF‑κB), increases oxidant stress and functions as an inflammatory molecule. Ramipril an ACE inhibitor act by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme, decreases angiotensinogen II activity. Hence the present was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Ramipril.Methods: Eighteen Wistar albino rats weighing around 150-200gms of either sex were randomly selected from central animal facility and divided into three groups. The control group received normal saline 25ml/kg, standard group received Indomethacin 10mg/kg and test group received Ramipril (0.9mg/kg) orally for six days. The animals were subjected to carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model.Results: Ramipril significantly decreased the mean paw oedema in carrageenan induced paw oedema when compared to control and in cotton pellet induced granuloma Ramipril decreased the mean granuloma weight when compared to control.Conclusions: Ramipril showed anti-inflammatory activity when given for 6 consecutive days per orally in albino rats in carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model.

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of an anti-platelet agent crinumin on carrageenan-induced paw oedema and granuloma tissue formation in rats.

The present study was designed to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of an anti-platelet agent crinumin, by various in vitro and in vivo inflammation models. Firstly, crinumin protein was purified through cation exchange chromatography; then, in vitro activity was estimated by albumin denaturation assay and HRBC membrane stabilization assay. Carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models were used for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity assessment in rats. In both models, rats were pre-treated for 7days with crinumin (25-50µg/ml) and diclofenac sodium (50µg/ml). Expression of P-selectin (in serum and plasma) through ELISA and NF-κB (in paw and granulomatous tissues) through western blotting was checked. Our results showed that crinumin at both doses (25 or 50µg/kg of b.w.) significantly (p<0.05) reduced the paw oedema formation in a dose-dependent manner in the second phase of inflammation and significant (p<0.05) reduction of wet and dry weight of granuloma was observed indicating the anti-inflammatory potential of crinumin. Crinumin decreased the expression of P-selectin and NF-κB indicating its potential role in decreasing platelet activation and healing inflammation. Histopathological studies additionally proved the efficacy of drug in treating inflammation. The results of the study suggest that the crinumin might have an inhibitory role in atherosclerosis as platelet aggregation and inflammation are the key processes involved in atherosclerotic disorders.

English

This study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) collected in Brazzaville-Congo. Acute inflammation was induced by using the carrageenan and formaldehyde models, and chronic inflammation by the cotton pellet induced granuloma model. Analgesic effect was evaluated by using the acetic acid-induced writhing, the pressure induced by the analgesymeter as well as the pain induced by formaldehyde. The results obtained show that aqueous extract (400 and 800 mg/kg) inhibits the edema induced by the carrageenan and formaldehyde. Moreover, this extract at the doses used (400 and 800 mg/kg) significantly inhibits granuloma fabric induced by cotton pellet. In addition, aqueous extract (400 and 800 mg/kg) inhibits significantly the pain induced by the three methods used. In conclusion, aqueous extract of C. odorata has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. These observations justify the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of inflammatory pathologies and the pain. &nbsp; Key words: Chromolaena odorata, anti-inflammatory, analgesic.

A comparative evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two medicinal plants rubia cordifolia and cassia fistula in wistar albino rats

Background: Pain and inflammation are disabling accompaniments of many medical conditions. So, controlling both pain and inflammation assumes the top priority for the physician. Inflammation is a part of a complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, chemicals or irritants. Therapy of pain and inflammation has always been debatable.Methods: Rats were divided into 8 groups of 6 animals of each. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied with carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. The analgesic activity was evaluated using Eddy’s hot plate model. The aqueous extract of Rubia cardifolia root and Cassia fistula leaf preparations were compared with Diclofenac in both acute and sub acute inflammatory models and also in pain model.Results: Various test result parameters were statistically analysed at P value &lt;0.5. In Eddy's hot plate model both RC and CF preparations prolonged the response reaction time, while CF preparation showed longer reaction time than that of RC preparation. In carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models, both RC and CF preparations showed significant decrease in paw edema volume and granuloma dry weight respectively, but less than that of Diclofenac. RC preparation found to have dose dependant in inflammatory models.Conclusions: RC root and CF leaf preparations were compared head to head and they have been found to have significant dose dependant analgesic activity and dose independent acute and sub acute anti inflammatory activities. Though CF leaf preparation appeared to be a good analgesic than RF root preparation, but failed to do so as an anti inflammatory agent in both inflammatory models. But both test preparations were not equivalent to Diclofenac in all three models.

Variable potentiation of analgesic anti- inflammatory activity of diclofenac by two medicinal plants rubia cordifolia and cassia fistula in wistar albino rats

Background: NSAIDS are commonly prescribed drugs in clinical practice. However, their usage is limited by their toxicity profile and research continues for an alternative therapy with higher efficacy and safety. Various plant preparations found to be safe and effective are emerging, but their interactions with synthetic drugs are not much known.Methods: Wistar rats were divided in to four groups of six animals each Rubia cordifolia (RC) root preparation and casissia fistula (CF) leaf preparation were studied with sub anti-inflammatory dose of diclofenac in various analgesic, acute and subacute inflammatory models and test results variables were expressed in mean reaction time, paw edema volume and granuloma weight respectively.Results: Various test results were tabulated, statistically analysed and significance was calculated at P value &lt;0.5. Eddy’s hot plate model did not show any significant change, but carrageenan induced paw edema model and cotton pellet induced granuloma model showed comparable decrease in paw edema volume and granuloma dry weight.Conclusions: Diclofenac, a standard analgesic and anti –inflammatory was not potentiated in pain model but it was potentiated in carrageenan and cotton pellet granuloma models in a variable manner. CF potentiates acute anti-inflammatory action, whereas RC potentiates subacute anti-inflammatory actions of diclofenac.

An experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory activities of some combined NSAID preparations in albino rats

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most commonly used drugs across the globe and they are also available over the counter for minor symptoms of pain and inflammation. Their toxicity profile limits their continued usage and search is continuing for the better effective and safer agent.Methods: Interaction of paracetamol with diclofenac, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid were studied on carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. Potentiation of these NSAIDs by paracetamol was also studied on same models.Results: Addition of paracetamol did not increase anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid in both acute and subacute models of inflammation. Paracetamol found to potentiate the ibuprofen action in anti-inflammatory model where as in subacute inflammatory model diclofenac action was potentited.Conclusions: Our study does not support the rationality of various fixed dose combination of NSAIDs with paracetamol available in market. Either NSAIDs to be used individually or their dose need to be decreased in fixed dose combination.

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritis Activity of Isolated Fractions from Bauhinia purpurea Leaves Extracts in Rats

Bauhinia purpurea are used as antinociceptive, antidiarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, analgesic, anticancer, antipyretic, anti-diabetics, anti-diarrheal activity etc. The flavonoids and polyphenol are present in Bauhinia purpurea and may play an important role in the treatment of inflammation and arthritis. Till date no one has documented about active constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity. The present study was aimed to isolate fractions from Bauhinia purpurea leaves extracts, and assessed their anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity in rats. The hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Bauhinia purpurea leaves were prepared and tested for in vitro antioxidant activity namely DPPH, total polyphenol content, total flavonol content and reducing power assay. The antioxidant activity was performed only for proper selection of extracts, to isolate the polyphenol and flavonoids fractions from extract expressing maximum antioxidant activity. The different fractions were isolated from hydroalcoholic extracts by using column chromatography. The fractions FBP5, FBP8, FBP9 and FBP10 were further investigated for phytochemical screening to determine the nature of isolated compound. The fractions FBP8, FBP9 and FBP10 were screened for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity in carrageenan rat induced paw oedema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma model and adjuvant induced chronic arthritis in rats. The findings of in vitro antioxidant activity demonstrated that hydroalcoholic extracts expressed higher antioxidant activity compared to aqueous extract, and hence hydroalcoholic extracts was further selected for the isolation of various fractions. The results of phytochemical study imply that FBP8, FBP9 and FBP10 revealed the presence of polyphenol and flavonoids. The fraction FBP8, FBP9 and FBP10 (25 mg/kg) exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity. The FBP9 produces maximum anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity compared to other fractions. These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity of isolated fraction was due to presence of flavonoids and polyphenols.

Anti-inflammatory activity of lisinopril in albino rats

Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a product of renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Angiotensin‑II regulates vascular tone, stimulates the release of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, activates nuclear factor‑kappa B, increases oxidant stress and functions as an inflammatory molecule. Lisinopril an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor act by inhibiting ACE, decreases angiotensinogen II activity. Hence the present was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of lisinopril. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of lisinopril in albino rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen Wistar albino rats weighing around 150–200 g of either sex were randomly selected from central animal facility and divided into three groups. The control group received normal saline 25 ml/kg, standard group received indomethacin 10 mg/kg and test group received lisinopril (3.6 mg/kg) orally for 6 days. The animals were subjected to carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. Results: Lisinopril significantly decreased the mean paw oedema in carrageenan induced paw oedema when compared to control and in cotton pellet induced granuloma lisinopril decreased the mean granuloma weight when compared to control. Conclusion: Lisinopril showed anti-inflammatory activity when given for 6 consecutive days per orally in albino rats in carrageenan induced paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma model.

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-arthritis Activity of Flavonoids Fractions Isolated from Centipeda minima Leaves Extracts in Rats

Centipeda minima has been used since centuries as a traditional medicinal plant in treating a number of disease conditions, the bioactive components responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity have not been identified. The present study was planned to isolate flavonoids fractions from Centipeda minima leaves extracts, and assessed anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity in rats. The hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of Centipeda minima leaves were prepared and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity namely DPPH, total polyphenol content, total flavonol content and reducing power assay. The different fractions were isolated from hydroalcoholic extracts by using column chromatography. The Flavonoids fractions were investigated for anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity in carrageenan rat induced paw oedema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma model and adjuvant induced chronic arthritis in rats. The findings of in vitro antioxidant activity confirmed that hydroalcoholic extracts expressed higher antioxidant activity compared to aqueous extract, and hence hydroalcoholic extracts was further selected for the isolation of various fractions. The results of phytochemical study suggest that FCM6, FCM7 and FCM8 exposed the presence of polyphenol and flavonoids. The fraction FCM6, FCM7 and FCM8 (25 mg/kg) exhibits significant antiinflammatory and anti-arthritis activity. The outcomes suggest that the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis activity of isolated fraction was due to presence of flavonoids and polyphenols.

Protective Effect of Crocodile Hemoglobin and Whole Blood Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in Human Lung Fibroblasts (MRC-5) and Inflammation in Mice.

A putative protective effect of cHb and cWb against H2O2-induced oxidative damage was evaluated in detail using MRC-5 cells. In addition, the carrageenan (Carr)-induced mouse paw edema model and the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model were employed to examine the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of cHb and cWb in mice. It was demonstrated that both cHb and cWb treatments significantly increased cell viability and inhibited morphology alterations in MRC-5 cells exposed to H2O2. Orally administered cHb and cWb significantly reduced Carr-induced paw edema volume and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation. Moreover, cHb and cWb decreased the expression levels of important pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), while only cWb was found to increase the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 significantly. Finally, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) in the liver improved after cHb and cWb treatment under acute and chronic inflammation. Taken collectively, the results of this study suggest that both cHb and cWb protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in fibroblast cells. Moreover, cHb and cWb were found to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in both the acute and chronic stages of inflammation and appear to enhance antioxidant enzyme activity and decrease lipid peroxidation in the livers of mice. Therefore, this study indicates that cHb and cWb have great potential to be used in the development of dietary supplements for the prevention of oxidative stress related to inflammatory disorders.