Cost Calculation Research Articles

Analisis Pengendalian Persediaan Bahan Baku dengan Metode Material Requirement Planning pada Sosis Solo Gajahan di Surakarta

Sosis Solo Gajahan is a business operating in the food industry, the problem faced by the company is whether the control of raw material inventory for Sosis Solo Gajahan is efficient and whether the application of the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) method can streamline the cost of raw material inventory for Sosis Solo Gajahan. The aim of this research is to consider the company's efficiency in raw material inventory costs and can be used to make decisions related to the efficiency of raw material inventory costs. By using the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) method which consists of the Lot For Lot (LFL), Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Period Order Quantity (POQ) methods. Based on the results of the total cost calculation according to company policy of IDR 5,131,580 and based on the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) method, which consists of the Lot For Lot (LFL) technique of IDR 696,000, the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) technique of IDR 1,290,360, and the Period Order Quantity (POQ) technique of IDR 696,000, the researchers concluded that the most efficient method applied at Sosis Solo Gajahan was the Lot For Lot (LFL) and Period Order Quantity (POQ) methods. The Lot For Lot (LFL) method produces inventory costs of IDR 696,000 and the Period Order Quantity (POQ) method produces inventory costs of IDR 696,000 and it is best to calculate raw material inventory control costs using the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) method with the Lot For Lot technique ( LFL) and Period Order Quantity (POQ) techniques, because they can achieve efficient raw material purchasing costs compared to current company policies.

2317 Geriatrician-led perioperative services: an example of value-based care

Abstract Background Perioperative services must adapt to the needs of an increasingly older surgical population. Perioperative medicine for Older People undergoing Surgery (POPS) services integrate geriatric medicine teams into surgical pathways to provide quality and cost-effective medical care. This project aims to examine value-based outcomes (clinical and financial impact) of embedding a POPS service at a district general hospital. Methods Following a period of implementation on an acute Trauma and Orthopaedic (T&O) ward, a two-week pilot was undertaken. All emergency fragility fracture admissions aged over 65 years with Clinical Frailty Scores (CFS) of ≥5 were included. Patients with hip fractures were excluded. The POPS service provided medical consultation, medicine rationalisation, proactive treatment escalation planning and shared decision making, as well as leading multidisciplinary team meetings. Outcome metrics: geriatric medicine consults, medical emergency team (MET)/cardiac arrest calls, staff/patient satisfaction and clinical coding. The REDUCE trial cost calculator was used to estimate savings. Results 35 patients were included, mean age 84 years, mean CFS score 7. Ward MET calls and cardiac arrest calls were reduced from a weekly average of 2.5 to 0, and weekly referrals to geriatric medicine reduced from 3 to 0. Experience-based design surveys identified thematic improvements relating to leadership, communication, dignity and respect. Improved quality of documentation resulted in the comorbidity score tariff increasing from £3325 to £6096 per patient. For services introduced by POPS including Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and delirium assessments, the REDUCE trial cost calculator estimated an additional saving of £2926 per patient totalling hospital savings of £2 million per year (for an estimated 700 patients per year). Conclusion Implementation of a POPS service at a district general hospital can lead to cost savings, improved patient and staff experience, and improved clinical outcomes within a sustainable workforce model.

Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Perhitungan RAB sebagai Kontrol dalam Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Insfrastruktur di Wilayah RT 11 RW 07 Desa Mranggen

<p><em>I</em><em>n building infrastructure, cost calculations are needed, organized in the form of a Budget Plan (RAB) according to government standards. The RAB provides an overview of the total cost required for building infrastructure or construction projects. Additionally, the RAB calculations can also determine the need for building materials, the number of workers required, and the duration of the project. This Community Service program aims to provide knowledge and new skills to the community on how to calculate the Budget Plan (RAB) for building both private homes and community infrastructure, such as meeting halls, neighborhood watch posts, water channels, and so on. The implementation method begins with interviews to assess understanding of creating an RAB, followed by socializing the benefits of making an RAB, training, and practical exercises on how to calculate the RAB. Subsequent steps include monitoring and evaluating the results of the calculations. This Community Service program equips the community with the skills to calculate the RAB for infrastructure development, better understand the volume of work calculations, determine material prices or unit prices for work, and prevent cost overruns during the construction phase.</em></p>

Implementasi Building Information Modeling (BIM) terhadap Mutual Check 100 pada Pekerjaan Struktur Proyek Rusun Asrama Polisi Pingit Yogyakarta

Along with the development of Industry 4.0 technology, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as an innovation in planning, designing, and executing construction projects. BIM is a technological concept with methods and workflows based on project work information, all integrated into a digital model, which is then translated into a three-dimensional representation to enhance building design and construction productivity. In the Police Dormitory Apartment Project in Pingit, the need for quick and accurate calculations, cost projections, and volume of structural work is crucial. This can be easily realized through the application of Tekla Structures Building Information Modeling (BIM). It is expected that there will be a clear depiction of how BIM-based construction technology can be effectively utilized in this project. The method used is the BIM method with Tekla as the supporting software. From this modeling, it was found that the total cost of foundation work had a cost difference of IDR 19.973.729,42, which is 1,63%; the total cost of pedestal column work had a cost difference of IDR 13,713,600.03, which is 6,37%; and the total cost of sloof work had a cost difference of IDR 14.423.328,99, which is 6,06%. The total cost difference for all structural work on the foundation, sloof, and pedestal column was IDR 48.110.658,44, which is 2.86%. This suggests that the cost calculations using Tekla Structures are smaller compared to the MC100 work quantity.

Methods for Estimating Costs for Stays at Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities and Long-Term Care Hospitals

ObjectiveTo describe and compare 3 methods for estimating stay-level Medicare facility (Part A) costs using claims and cost report data for inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) and long-term care hospitals (LTCHs), the 2 hospital-based postacute care providers. DesignWe calculated stay-level facility costs using different methods. Method 1 used routine costs per day and ancillary cost-to-charge ratios. Method 2 used routine and ancillary cost-to-charge ratios (freestanding IRFs and LTCHs only). Method 3 used facility-specific operating cost-to-charge ratios from the Provider Specific File. For each method, we compared the costs with payments and charges at the claim and facility levels and examined facility margins. SettingData are from 1619 providers, including 266 freestanding IRFs, 909 IRF units, and 444 LTCHs. ParticipantsThe analyses included 239,284 claims from 2014, of which 86,118 claims were from freestanding IRFs, 92,799 claims were from IRF units, and 60,367 claims were from LTCHs. InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresCosts and payments in 2014 United States Dollars. ResultsFor freestanding IRFs, the mean facility stay-level costs were calculated to be $13,610 (method 1), $13,575 (method 2), and $13,783 (method 3). For IRF units, the mean facility stay-level costs were $17,385 (method 1) and $19,093 (method 3). For LTCHs, the mean facility stay-level costs were $36,362 (method 1), $36,407 (method 2), and $37,056 (method 3). ConclusionsThe 3 methods resulted in small differences in facility mean stay-level costs. Using the facility-level cost-to-charge ratio (method 3) is the least resource-intensive method. Although more resource-intensive, using routine cost per day and ancillary cost-to-charge ratios (method 1) for cost calculations allows for differentiation in costs across patients based on differences in the mix of services used. As policymakers consider postacute care payment reforms, cost, rather than charge or payment data, needs to be calculated and the results of the methods compared.

Issues of Improving Expense Tracking and Calculating Prime Cost in Agriculture

Objectives : This article is devoted to the consideration of the issues of cost accounting and cost calculation in agriculture. In addition, the article highlights the issues of the correct distribution of costs by cost items and objects, as well as the correct calculation of the cost of Uzbekistan's products. In addition, Uzbekistan is an agrarian country, so the article presents suggestions and recommendations for improving the accounting of costs and production costs in agriculture. Previous studies in this area conducted in other parts of the world indicate a direct relationship between the indicators of production costs and market indicators; however, based on the features of Uzbekistan, it may be different, given the accounting policy and the specifics of agricultural costs. Methods: A linear regression method to determine the impact of costs and methods of calculating the cost of production was used. Costs are divided into variables and constants. Based on the features of agriculture, simple, advanced, and regulatory methods are used. Each of these methods is associated with variables and regresses individually for each type of agricultural product. Findings: Our results confirm that there are some methods of calculating the cost of production of farms. The results also indicate that the correct determination of the cost of production affects the profitability of these farms. The results obtained indicate that the calculation of the cost of agriculture is an indicator of the profitability of farms in Uzbekistan in the short term. The impact of the change in the cost of agricultural products influences profitability, in the end on profit; as it influences the prices of sales of products in the end affect the financial performance of farms. Novelty: The impact of the cost of agricultural products on the profitability of farms is becoming more important than ever before since the negative externalities of cost changes affect the financial performance of farms. Keywords: Farms, Expenses, Cost, Product cost, Accounting register

A Study on the Improvement of Shadow Regulations in the Paid Broadcasting Market : Focusing on the Channel Contract Procedure and Cost Calculation Area

A Study on the Improvement of Shadow Regulations in the Paid Broadcasting Market : Focusing on the Channel Contract Procedure and Cost Calculation Area

Effect of Oats and Millet composition in Gluten-free Nutrient wafer

Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)] is a widely cultivated staple crop and nutritionally rich cereal grain. The cultivar can tolerate drought and high temperatures, making it suitable for arid and semi-arid regions, especially in Africa and Asia. Millet-based products have numerous health benefits like lowering cholesterol, managing blood sugar, and many others. It is rich in antioxidants, fiber, and various micronutrients. Millet is gluten-free, suitable alternative for individuals with gluten intolerance or celiac disease. Methods: Low-sugar-gluten-free Pearl millet wafer is a low-moisture baked food prepared from a mixed batter of millet powder, and oats. A waffle iron toaster (1000W) is used to prepare the wafer The nutritional components were analyzed and calorie calculation was done following the Atwater system. The total energy from a 100 gm wafer serving was found to be around 289 calories. Results and Discussions: The product was typically shaped in a square-grooved sheet, with a density around 0.2gm/cc, the matrix is aerated and fluffy. Total final moisture, ash and extracted fat content was also estimated. The average thickness of the wafer was around 5mm. Sensory parameters like crispiness, chewiness and mouthfeel were evaluated on a hedonic scale while the crispiness is correlated to the final moisture content. Product cost was calculated including the energy cost calculation. The cost of the final product was Rs 45/100gm which is at per the marketed wafers. Conclusion: The improved quality was targeted to achieve in a model of low-emission process to reduce the energy cost and increase production efficiency with better nutritional component retention.

Multi‐objective optimisation framework for standalone DC‐microgrids with direct load control in demand‐side management

AbstractRenewable energy‐powered DC microgrids have emerged as a sustainable alternative for standalone power systems in remote locations, which were traditionally reliant on diesel generators (DIG) only. To ensure power quality and reliability, energy storage systems (ESS) and demand‐side management (DSM) techniques are employed, addressing the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources (RES). This manuscript presents a novel multi‐objective optimisation framework to determine the equipment sizing, depth of discharge (DoD) of ESS, and share of controllable loads contributing to DSM in a standalone DC microgrid incorporated with RES as a primary energy source and a backup DIG. The proposed optimisation strategy utilises genetic algorithm with the objectives of minimizing lifecycle cost and carbon footprint. A novel battery energy storage system (BESS) management criterion is introduced, which accounts for battery degradation in the lifecycle cost calculation. The minimum allowable DoD of the BESS is considered a decision variable in the optimisation problem to assess the impact of higher DoD on lifecycle cost improvement. MATLAB simulation results demonstrate that the proposed optimisation model significantly reduces the levelized cost of electricity and per unit carbon footprint compared to previous models. Additionally, it identifies an optimal range of DoD for the BESS to enhance the lifecycle cost of a standalone DC microgrid.

ANALISIS BIAYA PRODUKSI DAN PENGELOLAAN PERSEDIAAN PADA PERUSAHAAN PT NOORE SPORT INDONESIA DI KOTA BANDUNG

Effective production cost management is crucial for determining competitive selling prices, especially when facing competitors offering similar products at affordable prices. Inventory management plays a vital role in the sales process, making it essential for companies to manage and monitor their inventory effectively. This research addresses the challenges faced by companies regarding suboptimal production cost calculations and inadequate inventory management, leading to stock shortages. The study aims to analyze the practices employed by companies to optimize production costs and manage inventory efficiently, thereby maintaining product quality and responding to market changes. The focus is on understanding how companies identify, measure, and control production costs and manage inventory efficiently. The research employs descriptive and quantitative methods, including observations, interviews, and documentation related to production cost reports and inventory data. The findings indicate that current company policies are not optimal and lack efficiency. This study compares the company's production cost calculations with the full costing method and applies the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method for inventory management to enable efficient inventory control. The implications suggest that adopting these methods can significantly improve production cost management and inventory efficiency, providing a competitive edge in the market

Design and Build of Dacron Pillow Filling Machine to Increase Production Capacity and Reduce Production Costs

This research was conducted at Mr. Khambali's SME. Mr. Khambali's pillow SME is engaged in producing pillows and bolsters with an average daily production of 140 units. The problemin Mr. Khambali's pillow SME is that the production output often does not meet demand because the process of stuffing the dacron into the pillow sack takes 8 minutes. This research aims to increase production capacity and reduce production costs. The method used in this research is Anthropometry, which is a reference for designing the machine to ensure its safe and comfortable use. Then, work time measurement is conducted using the time study method, and the calculation of production costs is compared before and after the design process. The results obtained from the design process are an increase in production from 140 units to 230 units per day and a reduction in production costs from IDR. 23,801 to IDR. 14,705. This research concludes that after designing the Dacron pillow-filling device, production increased by 90 units, and production costs decreased by IDR. 9,096.

Comparative Analysis Of Cost Calculation With Activity-Based Costing And Traditional Methods

In the modern business world, accurate cost calculation is crucial for effective decision-making. Traditional methods often fail to reflect actual resource consumption, leading to inaccurate pricing and resource allocation. This research aims to analyze the use of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) and compare it with traditional methods. The research approach is qualitative, employing literature review methods. The findings show that ABC, which allocates costs based on activities performed, provides more realistic and accurate cost estimates. ABC helps companies identify non-value-added activities, improve efficiency, and reduce waste. Although ABC is more complex and expensive to implement, it provides more precise cost information, supporting optimal decision-making regarding pricing, product strategy, and resource allocation. Conversely, traditional methods are simpler but often result in less accurate cost allocation and do not reflect variations in activity consumption. Therefore, ABC is superior in terms of accuracy and effectiveness in identifying waste and inefficient activities, despite requiring technological support and higher initial costs.

Detecting Changeover Events on Manufacturing Machines with Machine Learning and NC data

ABSTRACT Changeover events occur in every industrial production when a machine is prepared and setup for production of the next product variant. Changeover times must be acquired with a high degree of validity for product cost calculations, order sequencing, and work schedules. The novelty of this article is a Machine Learning (ML) approach to automatically detect changeover events in production on manufacturing machines without direct human feedback. The machine learning approach uses several algorithms to classify different phases of the changeover process. The changeover of a milling process was defined using different phase concepts (2-phases, 6-phases, 23-phases) to be applicable to other types of manufacturing machines. Different machine learning methods were compared. The best results for the F1 score were achieved with the Random Forest, the CatBoost, and the Extra Trees algorithm (2-phases: 99.4–99.7%, 6-phases: 85.2–85.9%, 23-phases: 77.7–79.4%). It is shown that detecting changeover events can be realized based on data from an NC of a manufacturing machine without data from external sensors (2-phases: 98.9%, F1 score).

Exploring cost changes with time-driven activity-based costing after service delivery redesign in Dutch maternity care.

The implementation of Value-Based Healthcare (VBHC) has spread across international healthcare systems, aiming to improve decision-making by combining information about patient outcomes and costs of care. Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) is introduced as a pragmatic yet accurate method to calculate costs of care pathways. It is often applied to demonstrate value-improving opportunities, such as interventions aimed at service delivery redesign. It is imperative for healthcare managers to know whether these interventions yield the expected outcome of improving patient value, for which TDABC is also suitable. However, its application becomes more complex and labour intensive if the intervention extends beyond activity-level changes in existing care pathways, to the implementation of entirely new care pathways. The complexity arises from the potential influence of such interventions on the costs of related care pathways. To fully comprehend the impact of such interventions on organizational costs, it is important to include these factors in the cost calculation. Given the substantial effort required for this analysis, this may explain the limited number of prior TDABC studies with similar objectives. This methodological development paper addresses this gap by offering a pragmatic enrichment of the TDABC methodology. This enrichment is twofold. First, it provides guidance on calculating a change in costs without the need for a total cost calculation. Second, to secure granularity, a more detailed level of cost-allocation is proposed. The aim is to encourage further application of TDABC to conduct financial evaluations of promising interventions in the domain of VBHC and service delivery redesign.

A PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND ITS MANAGEMENT. AN ENGINEERING STUDENT LABORATORY

This paper reveals the project management techniques and methods that the engineering student could develop as an exercise as well as a proof of the complete understanding of a product development steps. The process ofvehicle development is used as an example. The Pert diagram, the probabilities and the minimum costs calculation, the human resources management and the risk management analysis are presented.

A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Task-Offloading Strategy in a Blockchain-Enabled Edge Computing Network

In recent years, many mobile edge computing network solutions have enhanced data privacy and security and built a trusted network mechanism by introducing blockchain technology. However, this also complicates the task-offloading problem of blockchain-enabled mobile edge computing, and traditional evolutionary learning and single-agent reinforcement learning algorithms are difficult to solve effectively. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-enabled mobile edge computing task-offloading strategy based on multi-agent reinforcement learning. First, we innovatively propose a blockchain-enabled mobile edge computing task-offloading model by comprehensively considering optimization objectives such as task execution energy consumption, processing delay, user privacy metrics, and blockchain incentive rewards. Then, we propose a deep reinforcement learning algorithm based on multiple agents sharing a global memory pool using the actor–critic architecture, which enables each agent to acquire the experience of another agent during the training process to enhance the collaborative capability among agents and overall performance. In addition, we adopt attenuatable Gaussian noise into the action space selection process in the actor network to avoid falling into the local optimum. Finally, experiments show that this scheme’s comprehensive cost calculation performance is enhanced by more than 10% compared with other multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithms. In addition, Gaussian random noise-based action space selection and a global memory pool improve the performance by 38.36% and 43.59%, respectively.

Importance of iron complexation and floc formation towards phosphonate removal with Fe–electrocoagulation

Phosphonates are widely used scale inhibitors, but the residual phosphonates in drainage are challenging to remove because of their chelating capacity and resistance to biodegradation. Here, we reported a highly efficient and robust Fe-electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) system for phosphonate removal. Surprisingly, we found for the first time that phosphonates like NTMP were more efficiently removed under anoxic conditions (80% of total soluble phosphorus (TSP) in 4 min) than oxic conditions (0% of TSP within 6 min) in NaCl solution. A similar phenomenon was observed when other phosphonates, such as EDTMP and DTPMP, were removed, highlighting the importance of iron complexation and floc formation toward phosphonate removal with Fe-EC. We also showed that the removal efficiency of NTMP by electrochemically in-situ formed flocs (97%) was much higher than post-adsorption systems (ex-situ, 40%), revealing that the growth of flocs consumed the active site for NTMP adsorption. Beyond the removal of TSP, 10 % of NTMP-P was also degraded after the electrolysis phase, evidenced by the evolution of phosphate-P. However, this did not happen in anoxic or chemical coagulation processes, which confirms the formation of reactive oxygen species via Fe(II) oxidation in the oxic Fe-EC system. The primary removal mechanism of phosphonates is due to their complexation with iron (hydr)oxide generated in the Fe-EC system by forming a Fe-O-P bond. Encouragingly, the Fe-EC system exhibits comparable or even better performance in treating phosphonate-laden wastewater (i.e., cooling water). Our preliminary cost calculation suggests the proposed system (€ 0.009/m3) has a much lower OPEX under oxic conditions than existing approaches. This study sheds light on the removal mechanism of phosphonate and the treatment of phosphonate-laden wastewater by playing with the iron complexion and flocs formation in classical Fe-EC systems.

Effectiveness of Village Fund Utilization in Supporting Rural Development (Case Study of Punti Village, Soromandi Subdistrict, Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara)

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the use of village funds in supporting the development of rural community empowerment and to analyze Community Involvement in the Management of the Village Fund Budget for the Development and Empowerment of Rural Communities in Punti Village, Soromandi District, Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation. Based on the analysis conducted, the utilization of village funds in Punti Village, Soromandi District, Bima Regency has shown high effectiveness in supporting rural development. The programs implemented, especially infrastructure development such as drainage and concrete rebates, have been in accordance with the priorities and needs of the community. This effectiveness can be seen from various aspects, including timeliness, cost calculation, measurement, choice making, thinking, order execution, and goal setting. Community participation was quite good in the planning stage through the village development planning meetings, although the involvement of women still needs to be improved. However, participation in the implementation and evaluation stages is still less than optimal. Nevertheless, the overall management of village funds has contributed positively to welfare improvement, infrastructure development, and community empowerment, including through cadre training and the development of village-owned enterprises. To maximize the benefits of village funds, it is necessary to increase community participation in all stages, especially in program implementation and evaluation, as well as to increase the involvement of women in decision-making.

Application of virtual simulation technology in epidemiology education: a systematic review

Objective: To systematically review the progress, advantages, disadvantages, precautions and future trends of virtual simulation technology used in epidemiology teaching. Methods: A systematical literature retrieval was conducted by using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data and VIP Paper Check System with key words of epidemiology, teaching and virtual simulation, and the literatures included were screened and classified with narrative integration method. Chinese virtual simulation teaching platforms were used to select the literatures about existing epidemiology virtual simulation teaching projects for integration and analysis. Results: A total of 22 articles were included (7 in Chinese and 15 in English), most of which were teaching projects for students majoring in Public Health. We also found 24 national first-class courses and 21 provincial first-class courses in virtual simulation of epidemiology in China. The application of virtual simulation technology in epidemiology education is still in its infancy, and the interaction degree is mostly moderate. It is mainly used in three scenarios: improving the visualization degree of complex concepts and structures, training the operational skills through low-risk and low-cost virtual environment, serving as an effective supplement to the teaching of epidemiological field investigation and response to public health emergencies. In terms of effect, it is conducive to students' understanding of epidemiology related phenomena and principles, and has the advantages of breaking through time and space constraints, reducing teaching costs and risks, improving students' attention and satisfaction and so on. However, it also faces the lack of foundation in the initial stage, and some students have problems such as psychological and physiological discomfort. In the future, we need to optimize the development process, program design and so on. At the same time, we should conduct more in-depth research on cost calculation, effect evaluation and curriculum integration. Conclusions: The application of virtual simulation technology in epidemiology education is an important part of training high-level applied public health talents. We encourage to actively carry out virtual simulation teaching in epidemiology, and train public health talents with Chinese characteristics.

Activity Based Cost Calculation Decision Making Tool

This research aims to determine the relevant cost calculations carried out by companies in selling or further processing. Routine decision making generally occurs and is related to regular company operational activities. Relevant costs arise in situations where decision makers must choose between two or more options. Decision making will require information on relevant costs. When choosing between different alternatives, managers should concentrate only on costs and revenues that are among the decision systems.