Cosmic Space Research Articles

First law of thermodynamics and emergence of cosmic space in a non-flat universe

The emergence of cosmic space as cosmic time progresses is an exciting idea advanced by Padmanabhan to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe. The generalization of Padmanabhan's conjecture to the non-flat universe has resulted in scepticism about the choice of volume such that the law of emergence can not be appropriately formulated if one uses proper invariant volume. The deep connection between the first law of thermodynamics and the law of emergence [1], motivate us to explore the status of the first law in a non-flat universe when one uses proper invariant volume. We have shown that the first law of thermodynamics, dE = TdS +WdV cannot be formulated properly for a non-flat universe using proper invariant volume. We have also investigated the status of the first law of the form −dĚ = ŤdS in a non-flat universe. We have shown that the energy change dĚv within the horizon and the outward energy flux are not equivalent to each other in a non-flat universe when we use the proper invariant volume. We further point out that the consistency between the above two forms of the first law claimed in ref. [2] will hold only with the use of the areal volume of the horizon. The failure in formulating the first law of thermodynamics with the use of invariant volume shows that the invariant volume will be a poor choice to describe any thermodynamic process in cosmology.

Dunford–Pettis type properties and the Grothendieck property for function spaces

For a Tychonoff space X, let $$C_k(X)$$ and $$C_p(X)$$ be the spaces of real-valued continuous functions C(X) on X endowed with the compact-open topology and the pointwise topology, respectively. If X is compact, the classic result of A. Grothendieck states that $$C_k(X)$$ has the Dunford–Pettis property and the sequential Dunford–Pettis property. We extend Grothendieck’s result by showing that $$C_k(X)$$ has both the Dunford–Pettis property and the sequential Dunford–Pettis property if X satisfies one of the following conditions: (1) X is a hemicompact space, (2) X is a cosmic space (= a continuous image of a separable metrizable space), (3) X is the ordinal space $$[0,\kappa )$$ for some ordinal $$\kappa $$ , or (4) X is a locally compact paracompact space. We show that if X is a cosmic space, then $$C_k(X)$$ has the Grothendieck property if and only if every functionally bounded subset of X is finite. We prove that $$C_p(X)$$ has the Dunford–Pettis property and the sequential Dunford–Pettis property for every Tychonoff space X, and $$C_p(X) $$ has the Grothendieck property if and only if every functionally bounded subset of X is finite.

Advanced methods of low cost mission design for the Galilean moons exploration

The implementation of the deep space expeditions to the outer Solar system is the one of main priorities of modern astrodynamics. One of the irritating factors for this is the probability of the life determination in the underground ocean at the Jovian icy moon Europa. In that regard the realization of the cosmic projects using the spacecraft — orbiters around the Jovian Galilean Moons and especially the descent modules implementation on their surface is one of the basic focuses of the current international cosmic space researches collaboration. The mission design of such cosmic projects must be executed using new advanced methods for their planning: Low Energy Tours exploring, Favourable Total Radiation Doze of the spacecraft (SC) provision, and tolerable maintenance of the SC’s Time of Flight during the Jupiter system phase. Furthermore, the saving character of the trajectory design for the artificial satellite of the Galilean moon necessary required the smallness of the SC’s velocity relative this moon, i.e. the smallness of the SC’s hyperbolic velocity excess vector. In this work multibody bunch adaptive synthesis algorithms to overcome ballistic determinism expressed by existing of the integral of Jacobi in the basic CR3BP (circular restricted three body problem) are developed. It is shown that the diversity of the gravity of the ensemble in the Jovian system, not only complicates the accurate ballistic mission analysis, but, when its multibody effective use, allowing you to tailor flowed algorithms for the constructing scenarios of gravity assist maneuvers for interplanetary missions design, including circumvention of dangerous radiation areas, as well as landing at selected Galilean moon at a reasonable cost, resources and time.

Геометрия космического пространства, в котором мы живем, – это внутренняя геометрия черной дыры

Геометрия космического пространства, в котором мы живем, – это внутренняя геометрия черной дыры

Non-commutativity and non-inertial effects on the Dirac oscillator in a cosmic string space–time

We examine the non-inertial effects of a rotating frame on a Dirac oscillator in a cosmic string space-time with non-commutative geometry in phase space. We observe that the approximate bound-state solutions are related to the biconfluent Heun polynomials. The related energies cannot be obtained in a closed form for all the bound states. We find the energy of the fundamental state analytically by taking into account the hard-wall confining condition. We describe how the ground-state energy scales with the new non-commutative term as well as with the other physical parameters of the system.

Relativistic scalar Aharonov–Bohm effect for a neutral particle under Lorentz symmetry breaking effects in the cosmic string space–time

We search for relativistic quantum phases for a Dirac neutral particle with a permanent magnetic dipole moment in the cosmic string space–time under the effects of the violation of the Lorentz symmetry. This general relativity background is built based on the modified Maxwell theory coupled to gravity. Hence, we analyze analogues of the scalar Aharonov–Bohm effect for neutral particles in two different scenarios of the Lorentz symmetry violation in the cosmic string space–time.

Joining General Relativity to Particles Physics through Complex Numbers and Autism

Autistics and the plane of complex numbers suggest that if the accelerating expansion of our universe and the anti-universe succeeded a coasting expansion 8.8 billion years after the Big Bang, an accelerating contraction will start in 3.8 billion years. Mirroring the expansion phase, a coasting contraction of the two universes in cosmic space will come up in 12.6 billion years. The end of the fourth section of 8.8 billion years will host two Big Crunches, two White Holes, and a new Big Bounce. The reason for that paradox solves the “cosmological constant problem” and joins general relativity to particle physics. The z-plane and autism can also help us cross science with the arts and religion; retain the search for truth, beauty, and goodness by our descendants; and reach the message of progress buried in the Ark of the Covenant, the Great Pyramid, and Giza’s Sphinx: A selfish brain hides a selfless heart.

مبادئ حقوق الإنسان والتصادم الثقافي

The international human rights cultural system focuses mainly on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1966, which recognized cultural diversity, rights and multiculturalism, based on the following principles: Equality between cultures: The rejection of discrimination between nations and peoples, the non-recognition of the idea of cultural superiority or domination, and the racist concepts on which it is based. It can be said that cultural diversity is a multiplicity of visions, forms and patterns of expression in societies. By itself, this enriches the knowledge and diversity of its streams in the framework of unity, because each one has cultural patterns, and cultural heritage. It is also impossible to imagine a cultural diversity on the meaning of collision and conflict, considering that cultural diversity is the development of cultures, enhancement of their capabilities, and acquirement of human dimensions. Therefore, cultural identity should not be confined within a narrow privacy that prevents its emergence into cosmic space in order to harmonize with the human rights system in its cosmic dimension, such as the recognition of the other, the development of the spirit of tolerance, the dissemination of a culture of peace and cooperation among human beings and the rejection of the ideas of collision, conflict and ha The imposition of the right to cultural diversity is a necessary condition, as it is an inalienable right of individuals, peoples and civilizations to express their existence freely, as in the issue of cultural diversity and intellectual difference. It is essentially the forms of freedoms and the forms of peoples' right to self-cultural determination, where the culture of a certain people is a source of wealth for other cultures in the framework of cooperation and understanding. The researcher reached to a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: 1. The right to culture is one of the rights recognized by human rights covenants whether within the framework of the United Nations or at the level of regional conventions. However, the researcher found no convention on culture, cultural diversity and respect for multiculturalism. 2. The theory of civilizations collision and the end of history which considers cultural diversity as its starting point and on which it based its arguments, are non-innocent theories aimed at mobilizing public opinion against the other for marketing the idea of the victory of neo-liberal capitalism. 3. Cultural diversity broadens the choices made for individuals and societies to attain satisfactory intellectual, moral and spiritual life, and defending cultural diversity is inseparable from respect for human dignity. It imposes an obligation to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms. No one is permitted to depend on cultural diversity to Violate or limit human rights guaranteed by international instruments. The researcher reaches to a number of recommendations, the most important of which were: 1. The United Nations should adopt an international convention of culture and cultural diversity that goes in line with its approach of transforming from generalization to specialization in most human rights to give greater protection and respect for multiculturalism. 2. The educational institutions should pay great attention to instilling the concepts of openness to diverse cultures and accepting the other on the basis of coexistence through the curricula in order to build a human personality that believes in multiculturalism and protects it from the danger of extremist ideas in order to preserve civil peace and ensure international peace and security.

The Weyl equation under an external electromagnetic field in the cosmic string space–time

In this paper we have considered a massless spinor Dirac particle in the presence of an external electromagnetic field in the cosmic string space–time. To study the Weyl equation in the cosmic string framework using the general definition of Laplacian in the curved space, elements of covariant derivative have been constructed and the Weyl equation has been rewritten in the considered framework. Then we have obtained the equation of energy eigenvalues by using the Nikiforov–Uvarov (NU) method. The wave function has been obtained in terms of Laguerre polynomials. An important result obtained is that the degeneracy of the Minkowski space spectral is broken in the transition from Minkowski to cosmic string space.

Multi-satellite Universat-SOCRAT mission for monitoring technogenic and natural hazards

The natural and man-made space environment generates serious risks for the implementation of space missions, both automatic and human. The main natural and technogenic risk factors that limit or pose a threat to the implementation of space-based automatic and manned space missions in the near-Earth space are cosmic radiation and space debris. In the upper layers of the atmosphere, natural transient electromagnetic phenomena associated with significant energy release are also risk factors for suborbital flights. It is planned to create a system of spacecraft in the proposed Universat-SOCRAT project that makes it possible, in a mode close to real-time, to determine the radiation conditions in a significant part of the area of trapped radiation, up to the orbits of global navigation satellite systems or the geostationary orbit. It is also planned to create a space segment of monitoring space debris and electromagnetic transients in the upper atmosphere. Monitoring of space debris will allow all-weather and global tracking of near-Earth objects and, thereby, increase the efficiency of analyzing data and making necessary decisions. In some cases it will improve the accuracy of determining the coordinates of objects for their subsequent cataloging. Successful realization of the project will make it possible to create a space system for monitoring and preventing space hazards for both ongoing and planned space missions for the first time in the world.

Relativistic quantum motion of the scalar bosons in the background space–time around a chiral cosmic string

In this paper, a relativistic behavior of spin-zero bosons is studied in a chiral cosmic string space–time. The Duffin–Kemmer–Petiau (DKP) equation and DKP oscillator are written in this curved space–time and are solved by using an appropriate ansatz and the Nikiforov–Uvarov method, respectively. The influences of the topology of this space–time on the DKP spinor and energy levels and current density are also discussed in detail.

About Robotics, Mechatronics and Automation that Help us Conquer the Cosmic Space

Here we have to mention that all these SF writings and many others that have existed over time, especially in the 20th century, have influenced alongside obvious screenings, young people and not just them, to think more about our role, robots, into a better world. The robot's key role is to help the man make his work easier, safer, more enjoyable, just like a computerized machine that helps us work faster and better, the robot has an obvious role in making work easier, to work in our place when we are tired, when work is exhausting and repetitive, when the environment is toxic, hostile, dangerous and in many other situations. However, it is time to say that the role of the robot in the future is altogether another, namely, to help us conquer the cosmic space to expand ourselves as a race in the whole universe in which we are now. In fact, this is the robot's humanitarian role and in the future, it can be developed and prepared just for that purpose. Exploratory robots are robots that operate in hard-to-reach and dangerous locations, telegraph or partially autonomous. They can work for example in a region in military conflict, on the Moon or on Mars. A geared navigation on the ground in the last two cases is impossible due to distance. Communication signals arrive at their destination in a matter of hours and their reception lasts as long. In such situations, robots have to be programmed with several types of behavior, from which they choose the most appropriate and execute it. This type of robot equipped with sensors was also used to research pyramid wells. Several cryobots (cryo robots) have already been tested by NASA in Antarctica. This type of robot can reach up to 3,600 m through the ice. Cryobots can thus be used in polar head research on Mars and Europe in the hope of alien living. NASA has always said that understanding how to live and work in space for long periods of time has been a key goal of the International Space Station. But, from the White House, it may seem expensive this race around the Earth, considering that the mission costs about $8 million a day. Space makes us anxious. We are anxious that things go smoothly as if space flight should be infallible like a flight to London. And we are looking forward to a return on investment. We fly in space because of human ambition, because nothing gives us more resistance than trying to do what we have not done before. And we're flying in space because space is the eighth continent. We may eventually need asteroid or lunar resources, depending on how we manage the resources we have here on Earth. Eventually, we should become a species that will conquer other planets, whether we are no longer inside or that we actually destroy it or it will be destroyed.

Dark matter effect attributed to the inherent structure of cosmic space

We propose that anomalous gravitational effects currently attributed to dark matter can alternatively be explained as a manifestation of the inherent structure of space at galactic length scales. Specifically, we show that the inherent curvature of space amplifies the gravity of ordinary matter such that the effect resembles the presence of the hypothetical hidden mass. Our study is conducted in the context of weak gravity, nearly static conditions, and spherically symmetric configuration, and leverages the Cosmic Fabric model of space developed by Tenev and Horstemeyer [T. G. Tenev and M. F. Horstemeyer, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 27 (2018) 1850083; T. G. Tenev and M. F. Horstemeyer, Rep. Adv. Phys. Sci. 2 (2018) 1850011, arXiv:1808.08804].

Medical photography

The photography is a method for creating a permanent image of an object through designing the image on a light-sensitive media (film or sensor). The word “photography” comes from greek (“photos” - light and “grapho” - write) and means “light-writing”, or, in other words, a method of producing photographic image by using light and according to the laws of optics.(1) Specific qualities of the photography are its objectivity and documentary. It records events, phenomena in nature, events from common life, personalities - everything that leaves a lasting memory of what happened before. And not only. With the help of the photography, we can create convincing and realistic works that through their deep impact develop mental capabilities and enrich the cultural knowledge of every thinking person, create new, different ideas for the outside world, evoke feelings, thoughts and emotions.(2) Due to its rapid development, especially in the recent “digital” years, photography became an integral part of all spheres of life. Besides being a documentary tool, it is also an extremely powerful method of research and analysis for inaccessible to the human eye spheres and phenomena - the processes that takes place in an environment unattainable for man, studying the atomic nucleus, exploring the secrets of the cosmic space, observations on the functionality of the human organism and many others.

METAL: The Metal Evolution, Transport, and Abundance in the Large Magellanic Cloud Hubble Program. I. Overview and Initial Results

Abstract Metal Evolution, Transport, and Abundance in the LMC (METAL) is a large Cycle 24 program on the Hubble Space Telescope aimed at measuring dust extinction properties and interstellar depletions in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) at half-solar metallicity. The 101-orbit program is composed of Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectroscopy toward 33 LMC massive stars between 1150 and 3180 Å and parallel Wide Field Camera 3 imaging in seven near-UV to near-IR filters. The fraction of silicon in the gas phase (depletion) obtained from the spectroscopy decreases with increasing hydrogen column density. Depletion patterns for silicon differ between the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC, with the silicon depletion level offsetting almost exactly the metallicity differences, leading to constant gas-phase abundances in those galaxies for a given hydrogen column density. The silicon depletion correlates linearly with the absolute-to-selective extinction, R V , indicating a link between gas depletion and dust grain size. Extinction maps are derived from the resolved stellar photometry in the parallel imaging, which can be compared to far-IR images from Herschel and Spitzer to estimate the emissivity of dust at LMC metallicity. The full METAL sample of depletions, UV extinction curves, and extinction maps will inform the abundance, size, composition, and optical properties of dust grains in the LMC, comprehensively improve our understanding of dust properties, and improve the accuracy with which dust-based gas masses, star formation rates, and star formation histories in nearby and high-redshift galaxies are estimated. This overview paper describes the goals, design, data reduction, and initial results of the METAL survey.

Penetrating particle ANalyzer (PAN)

PAN is a scientific instrument suitable for deep space and interplanetary missions. It can precisely measure and monitor the flux, composition, and direction of highly penetrating particles (>∼100 MeV/nucleon) in deep space, over at least one full solar cycle (11 years). The science program of PAN is multi- and cross-disciplinary, covering cosmic ray physics, solar physics, space weather and space travel. PAN will fill an observation gap of galactic cosmic rays in the GeV region, and provide precise information of the spectrum, composition and emission time of energetic particle originated from the Sun. The precise measurement and monitoring of the energetic particles is also a unique contribution to space weather studies. PAN will map the flux and composition of penetrating particles, which cannot be shielded effectively, precisely and continuously, providing valuable input for the assessment of the related health risk, and for the development of an adequate mitigation strategy. PAN has the potential to become a standard on-board instrument for deep space human travel.PAN is based on the proven detection principle of a magnetic spectrometer, but with novel layout and detection concept. It will adopt advanced particle detection technologies and industrial processes optimized for deep space application. The device will require limited mass (20 kg) and power (20 W) budget. Dipole magnet sectors built from high field permanent magnet Halbach arrays, instrumented in a modular fashion with high resolution silicon strip detectors, allow to reach an energy resolution better than 10% for nuclei from H to Fe at 1 GeV/n. The charge of the particle, from 1 (proton) to 26 (Iron), can be determined by scintillating detectors and silicon strip detectors, with readout ASICs of large dynamic range. Silicon pixel detectors used in a low power setting will maintain the detection capabilities for even the strongest solar events. A fast scintillator with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout will provide timing information to determine the entering direction of the particle, as well as a high rate particle counter. Low noise, low power and high density ASIC will be developed to satisfy the stringent requirement of the position resolution and the power consumption of the tracker.

NASA and the Conquest of Cosmic Space by Man

The man has dreamed of flying ever since he started to go and he first looked up to heaven. But the desire to conquer the cosmic space appeared obviously much later when the technologies developed to a level sufficient to allow the launch of space. The purpose of man on this earth in his very short life is not just to eat, drink, have fun and try to make wealth and reproduce. Obviously, the great man as he is today must also have more noble purposes, dream, but try to fulfill great ideals that bring him slowly but surely (step by step) the man supremacy into the universe. NASA's vision and mission. The vision of NASA is to improve life here, expand life there to find life beyond. His mission is to understand and protect the mother planet, explore the universe, seek life and inspire the next generation of explorers.

Towards a Global History of Culture1

Abstract Contemporary physics often speaks of “multiverses” or “parallel universes,” seriously debating whether our cosmic space is only one of many2. However many such spaces there may be, for now let us limit ourselves to the space in which we find ourselves; let us focus furthermore on the planet we are on, and further still on humanity upon this planet. Let us attempt to write a short history of the culture produced by humanity on this globe. We humans possessed and indeed possess a shared space, the globe, where a physical time common to us all passes. Let us survey the history of the world’s culture within this shared context.

Nature and culture: blurring the borders

For many centuries, interpreting culture as something additional, constructed above nature, researchers have created the effect of their mutual alienation from one another. At present, new naturalism has undertaken the task to erase the borders between nature and culture, humans and animals. Representatives of this school oppose classical philosophical anthropology that proclaims man to be a special kind of being. The forefront of their thinking is taken by the nonhuman Other, natural world, the “thinking ocean” or the “information field of cosmic space”. The article offers a critical analysis of modern naturalistic approaches, considers the following issues: man as part of the natural kingdom or a special kind of being; the picture of the world is centered around man or develops without him; man as a product of the evolution of nature or a social creation, he is the crown of creation or a defective creature, etc. As has been shown, an attempt to avoid anthropocentrism by removing the anthropological theme as ultimately significant becomes inconsistent. The author comes to the conclusion that comprehension of man only by means of biology is impossible, and requires the expertise of the humanities as well.

About Robotics, Mechatronics and Automation that Help us Conquer the Cosmic Space

Here we have to mention that all these SF writings and many others that have existed over time, especially in the 20th century, have influenced alongside obvious screenings, young people and not just them, to think more about our role, robots, into a better world. The robot's key role is to help the man make his work easier, safer, more enjoyable, just like a computerized machine that helps us work faster and better, the robot has an obvious role in making work easier, to work in our place when we are tired, when work is exhausting and repetitive, when the environment is toxic, hostile, dangerous and in many other situations. However, it is time to say that the role of the robot in the future is altogether another, namely, to help us conquer the cosmic space to expand ourselves as a race in the whole universe in which we are now. In fact, this is the robot's humanitarian role and in the future, it can be developed and prepared just for that purpose. Exploratory robots are robots that operate in hard-to-reach and dangerous locations, telegraph or partially autonomous. They can work for example in a region in military conflict, on the Moon or on Mars. A geared navigation on the ground in the last two cases is impossible due to distance. Communication signals arrive at their destination in a matter of hours and their reception lasts as long. In such situations, robots have to be programmed with several types of behavior, from which they choose the most appropriate and execute it. This type of robot equipped with sensors was also used to research pyramid wells. Several cryobots (cryo robots) have already been tested by NASA in Antarctica. This type of robot can reach up to 3,600 m through the ice. Cryobots can thus be used in polar head research on Mars and Europe in the hope of alien living. NASA has always said that understanding how to live and work in space for long periods of time has been a key goal of the International Space Station. But, from the White House, it may seem expensive this race around the Earth, considering that the mission costs about $ 8 million a day. Space makes us anxious. We are anxious that things go smoothly as if space flight should be infallible like a flight to London. And we are looking forward to a return on investment. We fly in space because of human ambition, because nothing gives us more resistance than trying to do what we have not done before. And we're flying in space because space is the eighth continent. We may eventually need asteroid or lunar resources, depending on how we manage the resources we have here on Earth. Eventually, we should become a species that will conquer other planets, whether we are no longer inside or that we actually destroy it or it will be destroyed.