Cortical Parenchyma Research Articles

Wood and bark anatomy of Andriana (Heteromorpheae, Apiaceae) with phylogenetic implications

The wood structure was examined in two species of Andriana, and the bark structure in one species of this genus. The Malagasy endemic genus Andriana is similar to the southern African genera of the tribe Heteromorpheae (Apioideae, Apiaceae) in having axial secretory canals arranged in a single ring in the innermost part of the cortical parenchyma and radial dilatation of secondary phloem. This genus is distinctive, however, from the latter by the common presence of column-shaped to bottle-shaped epidermal cells with very thick cuticle. Helical thickenings on vessel walls have not been found in Andriana; thus this feature can be considered a synapomorphic trait only for the Heteromorpha clade rather than for the tribe Heteromorpheae, as it was previously suggested. Surprisingly, secretory canals in the secondary phloem of Andriana species lack sheaths of specialized axial parenchyma. The absence of these sheaths is thought to be unique within the suborder Apiineae, which comprises the families Araliaceae, Myodocarpaceae, Pittosporaceae, and Apiaceae.

Characterization of halotolerant, pigmented, plant growth promoting bacteria of groundnut rhizosphere and its in-vitro evaluation of plant-microbe protocooperation to withstand salinity and metal stress

The use of plant associated, indigenous beneficial microbes for sustainable agriculture is getting worldwide acceptance as they successfully colonize at different plant niche under stress conditions to enhance the crop productivity. They also generate several plant growth regulators and protect plants from adversity like presence of salts and metals. In the present study, indigenous, halotolerant, plant growth promoting (PGP) bacterial isolates were isolated from the saline rhizospheric soil of groundnut plants aiming to investigate its in-vitro metal remediation capabilities under saline stress condition. Two pigmented bacteria were selected based on their phenotypic, biochemical, physiological and PGP characters and identified as members of family Bacillaceae (Bacillus and Halobacillus) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The pigments were extracted, tested for different antioxidant properties and identified by GC–MS and FT-IR spectra. Simultaneously, both strains exhibited a wide range of salinity (NaCl≥25%), metal resistance (Zinc≈1700mgkg−1, Aluminium≈1800mgkg−1, Lead≈1800mgkg−1), pH (6–10), PGP attributes (indole - 1.05–3.15μgml−1, ammonia - 0.13–19.95mmolml−1, nitrite - 0.07–0.26mmolml−1) and antibiotics sensitivity revealing their wide range of metabolic diversity. In-vitro inoculation of groundnut seedlings with selected isolates under salinity (1% NaCl) and metal (Zn, Al and Pb) stress had a positive impact on different plant physiological parameters (lesser lignification, intact proto xylem and cortical parenchyma) which was correlated with PGP attributes. Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis of seedling samples also detected less amount of metals in plants treated with bacteria indicating, an establishment of plant-microbe protocooperation to withstand salinity and metal stress. This strategy can be implemented to improve crop production in saline metal polluted agriculture fields.

Cerebral microvascular abnormalities in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension

AimIdiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by symptoms indicative of increased intracranial pressure (ICP), such as headache and visual impairment. We have previously reported that brain biopsies from IIH patients show patchy astrogliosis and increased expression of the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) at perivascular astrocytic endfeet. MethodsThe present study was undertaken to investigate for ultrastructural changes of the cerebral capillaries in individuals with IIH. We examined by electron microscopy (EM) biopsies from the cortical parenchyma of 10 IIH patients and 8 reference subjects (patients, not healthy individuals), in whom tissue was retrieved from other elective and necessary brain surgeries (epilepsy, tumors or vascular diseases). IIH patients were diagnosed on the basis of typical clinical symptoms and abnormal intracranial pressure wave amplitudes during overnight ICP monitoring. ResultsAll 10 IIH patients underwent shunt surgery followed by favorable clinical outcome. EM revealed abnormal pericyte processes in IIH. The basement membrane (BM) showed more frequently evidence of degeneration in IIH, but neither the BM dimensions nor the pericyte coverage differed between IIH and reference tissue. The BM thickness increased significantly with increasing age. Reference individuals were older than IIH cases; observations may to some extent be age-related. ConclusionThe present study disclosed marked changes of the cerebral cortical capillaries in IIH patients, suggesting that microvascular alterations are involved in the evolvement of IIH.

Rightsizing root phenotypes for drought resistance.

I propose that reduced root development would be advantageous for drought resistance in high-input agroecosystems. Selection regimes for crop ancestors and landraces include multiple stresses, intense competition, and variable resource distribution, which favored prolific root production, developmental plasticity in response to resource availability, and maintenance of unspecialized root tissues. High-input agroecosystems have removed many of these constraints to root function. Therefore, root phenotypes that focus on water capture at the expense of ancestral adaptations would be better suited to high-input agroecosystems. Parsimonious architectural phenotypes include fewer axial roots, reduced density of lateral roots, reduced growth responsiveness to local resource availability, and greater loss of roots that do not contribute to water capture. Parsimonious anatomical phenotypes include a reduced number of cortical cell files, greater loss of cortical parenchyma to aerenchyma and senescence, and larger cortical cell size. Parsimonious root phenotypes may be less useful in low-input agroecosystems, which are characterized by multiple challenges and trade-offs for root function in addition to water capture. Analysis of the fitness landscape of root phenotypes is a complex challenge that will be aided by the development of robust functional-structural models capable of simulating the dynamics of root-soil interactions.

Value of Shear Wave Elastography for differentiating benign and malignant renal lesions.

To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of shear-wave elastography (SWE) for assessing malignant and benign kidneymasses. Forty patients with solid renal masses underwent US elastographic evaluation. SWEvalues of the lesions and adjacent cortical renal parenchyma and SWER were detected prospectively. Malignant tumors wererecorded as group 1 and benign tumors were recorded as group 2. The highest elasticity values were 27.27±25.66 kPa for group 1 and 16.13±8.89 kPa for group 2. The mean±SD elasticity values for adjacent renal cortex for groups 1 and 2were 2.7±2.08 and 2.75±1.35, respectively. For group 1, a negative correlation was observed between the age of the patientsand SWER value (p=0.047, rs=‑0.401). There was also a negative correlation between the SWER value and the SWE value ofadjacent renal cortex (p=0.004, rs=‑0.555). SWE is a noninvasive method that provides quantitative elasticity informationon tissues. Overlaps among different types of renal lesions may be due to heterogeneity of the lesions. Larger studygroups may clarify the other factors affecting SWE values under both normal and pathological conditions.

Localized gene expression changes during adventitious root formation in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.).

Cutting propagation plays a large role in the forestry and horticulture industries where superior genotypes need to be clonally multiplied. Integral to this process is the ability of cuttings to form adventitious roots. Recalcitrance to adventitious root development is a serious hurdle for many woody plant propagation systems including black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), an economically valuable species. The inability of black walnut to reliably form adventitious roots limits propagation of superior genotypes. Adventitious roots originate from different locations, and root induction is controlled by many environmental and endogenous factors. At the molecular level, however, the regulation of adventitious root formation is still poorly understood. In order to elucidate the transcriptional changes during adventitious root development in black walnut, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure the expression of nine key genes regulating root formation in other species. Using our previously developed spatially explicit timeline of adventitious root development in black walnut softwood cuttings, we optimized a laser capture microdissection protocol to isolate RNA from cortical, phloem fiber and phloem parenchyma cells throughout adventitious root formation. Laser capture microdissection permitted high-resolution, site-specific analysis of gene expression that differentiated between participatory and non-participatory root progenitor cells. Results indicated mRNA abundance was altered in all nine rooting-related genes in response to auxin treatment in both juvenile and mature cuttings. SCARECROW LIKE-1 (SCL) had the greatest change in expression in juvenile rooting-competent cells at days 16 and 18, with a 24- and 23-fold increase relative to day 0, respectively. Tissues not linked to root organogenesis had little change in SCL expression at similar time points. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF)6 and ARF8 as well as SHORTROOT expression also increased 2- to 4-fold in rooting-competent tissue. The greatest transcript abundance in rooting-competent cuttings was restricted to root progenitor cells, while recalcitrant cuttings had a diffuse mRNA signal among tissue types.

“Periderm Disorder Syndrome”: a New Name for the Syndrome Formerly Referred to as Pink Eye

The “periderm disorder syndrome” (PDS), colloquially referred to previously as “pink eye”, is a physiological disorder caused by the death of the meristematically active layer of periderm cells (phellogen) and subsequent degeneration of the associated native periderm. This disorder occurs at a time when phellogen cell division is essential in the production of new periderm to cover and protect the expanding tuber surface and replace sloughed cells during later stages of rapid tuber growth. The characteristic degeneration and loss of periderm integrity, including the barrier provided by the suberized phellem, results in the aberrant induction of internal suberization. These aberrations often include accumulations of suberin polyphenolics (SPP) on neighboring cortical parenchyma cell walls as part of an erratic regenerative response to protect the vulnerable underlying tissues. Autofluorescence of the excessive accumulation of SPPs in cortical tissues located beneath the dysfunctional, or absent, periderm of afflicted tubers is a durable characteristic of extreme PDS. Conversely, the pinkish coloration sometimes associated with the PDS often is not present, and if present it is frequently barely discernable and ephemeral. Therefore, the pinkish coloration is not a reliable diagnostic nor does it lend itself to an appropriate name. Rather the syndrome is characterized by degeneration of the periderm and induction of erratic regenerative responses (mainly SPP accumulations) that are diagnostic and indicative of PDS. As such, “Periderm Disorder Syndrome” is a more accurate and descriptive name for this erratic and costly problem.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of The Essential Oil And Anatomical Markers Of Lavandula Dentata L. Cultivated In Brazil

ABSTRACT Lavandula dentata, popularly known as lavender, is commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of digestive and inflammatory disorders. The objective of this study was to analyzed the chemical oil composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and anatomical markers of the leaf and stem of L. dentata cultivated in South Brazil. Essential oil showed an antioxidant activity similar to rutin and gallic acid when analyzed by phosphomolybdenum method. However, by the free radical DPPH and ABTS methods, it showed a slight potential antioxidant. Essential oil presented 1,8-cineol (63%) as major component, antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria strains and Candida albicans, by broth microdilution. The anatomical profile provided the following main microscopic markers: hypostomatic leaves; diacytic stomata, thin and striate cuticle; multicellular and branched non-glandular trichomes; capitate glandular trichomes; peltate glandular trichomes; dorsiventral mesophyll; flat-convex shape midrib, truncated on the abaxial side; one collateral vascular bundle in the midrib; square stem shape, angular collenchyma alternated with cortical parenchyma; sclerenchymatic fibers well-developed on the four edges.

A Lateral Fluid Percussion Injury Model for Studying Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnoses have increased in frequency during the past decade, becoming a silent epidemic. The pathophysiology of TBI involves pathophysiological processes affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces resulting in temporary impairment of neurological function. Preclinical models have been generated to recapitulate the mechanical, neuroinflammatory, and behavioral outcomes observed in the clinical setting. The lateral fluid percussion (LFP) model is the most extensively used and well-characterized model of nonpenetrating and nonischemic TBI. The model is reproducible and can be adjusted to produce a mild to moderate and severe injury, as reflected by mortality and return of reflexes, by adjusting the amount of force applied. The histopathological changes achieved with this model reproduce that seen in human TBI including focal contusion in the cortex, with accompanying intraparenchymal punctate hemorrhage, followed by inflammation and neuronal degeneration. This chapter describes the LFP model, which produces a mixed model of focal and diffuse brain injury that progresses over time affecting predominantly the cortical parenchyma.

A new monozoic tapeworm, Parabreviscolex niepini n. g., n. sp. (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), from schizothoracine fishes (Cyprinidae: Schizothoracinae) in Tibet, China.

A new monozoic cestode, Parabreviscolex niepini n. gen. and n. sp. (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), is described from the type-host Schizopygopsis younghusbandi Regan, 1905 (Cyprinidae: Schizothoracinae) and Schizothorax waltoni Regan, 1905 (Cyprinidae: Schizothoracinae) in the Yarlung Tsangpo River, the upper tributary of the Brahmaputra River on the Tibetan Plateau. The new genus is placed in the Capingentidae because the vitellarium is situated partly in the medullary and cortical parenchyma, i.e., neither completely external nor internal to inner longitudinal muscles. Parabreviscolex n. gen. is characterized by possessing an afossate and cuneiform scolex; numerous vitelline follicles and testes present immediately after the scolex, and spread backward near the cirrus sac; the uterus does not loop anterior to the cirrus sac; genital pores separate, opening to the common genital atrium; the pre-ovarian vitelline follicles lateral and median, post-ovarian vitelline follicles present; ovary H-shaped, compact, and ovarian arms long, anteriorly reaching the cirrus sac. Homology search by the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) showed that the partial 18S rDNA and complete mtDNA cox-1 sequences obtained in this report were not consistent with any sequences available in GenBank, and molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed Parabreviscolex formed a separated long branch within the caryophyllideans from cyprinids.

Anatomía e histoquímica de los órganos subterráneos de plantas trepadoras medicinales rioplatenses (Argentina)

Fil: Colares, Marta Noemi. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentina. Universidad de Belgrano. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Anatomía de los órganos subterráneos de cuatro Dicotiledóneas medicinales rioplatenses (Argentina). II. Plantas palustres

Perrotta, Vanesa G.; Marcelo P. Hernandez; Ana M. Arambarri. 2017. “Anatomy of the underground organs of the four Dicotyledons medicinal plants on the Rio de la Plata shore (Argentina). II. Marsh plants”. Lilloa 54 (2). The paper presents morphology-anatomy and histochemical data of the underground organs of four marshy species of Dicotyledons used in the Rio de la Plata folk medicine. They are: Alternanthera philoxeroides, Eryngium pandanifolium, Ludwigia peploides y Senecio bonariensis. The aim of this study was to obtain structural characteristics of the rhizome and roots, and identified chemical com- pounds that allow differentiation of taxa, facilitating the identification of whole or fragmented samples of organs used in folk medicine. Fresh material was collected in the study area. Specimens were prepared and included in the LPAG herbarium, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Rhizomes and roots samples were fixed in conservation liquid. Slides were made and analyzed with a light microscope. Histochemical analysis to recognize starch, mucilage, lipophilic substances, and tannins were performed. The diagnoses structural features were: cortical parenchyma type; secondary vascular tis- sue development; presence of secretory tissue, and crystal types. A comparative table with histochemical results and a dichotomous key using micrographic rhizome and root characters were generated to get a valuable tool to establish authenticity of botany quality control.

Pharmacognostic characterization of Beaumontia grandiflora (Roxb.) Wall. leaf for taxonomic identification for quality control of a drug

Beaumontia grandiflora (Roxb.) Wall., a well-known ornamental, as well as a medicinal plant belongs to family Apocynaceae. The research work is about the pharmacognostic characterization of B. grandiflora which includes; macro and microscopic evaluation, phytochemical and physicochemical properties of leaves. Transverse section of leaf showed the arrangement of the different cellular components i.e. vascular bundles, parenchyma, hair, lower epidermis and upper epidermis, respectively. Powder study of leaves showed the presence of cortical parenchyma, parenchyma cells with collapsed tissues, lamina and upper epidermal cells. In fluorescence analysis different colors were observed under ordinary, short and long wavelength UV light. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract indicated the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, saponins, lipids, alkaloids, cardioactive glycosides, flavonoids, triterpenoids and tannins. Physicochemical analysis i.e. loss on drying, pH, ash values and extractive values were performed. These results will help in identification and quality control of B. grandifolia medicinal material.

Widespread brain distribution and activity following i.c.v. infusion of anti-β-secretase (BACE1) in nonhuman primates.

The potential for therapeutic antibody treatment of neurological diseases is limited by poor penetration across the blood-brain barrier. I.c.v. delivery is a promising route to the brain; however, it is unclear how efficiently antibodies delivered i.c.v. penetrate the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF)-brain barrier and distribute throughout the brain parenchyma. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an inhibitory monoclonal antibody against β-secretase 1 (anti-BACE1) following continuous infusion into the left lateral ventricle of healthy adult cynomolgus monkeys. Animals infused with anti-BACE1 i.c.v. showed a robust and sustained reduction (~70%) of CSF amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Antibody distribution was near uniform across the brain parenchyma, ranging from 20 to 40nM, resulting in a ~50% reduction of Aβ in the cortical parenchyma. In contrast, animals administered anti-BACE1 i.v. showed no significant change in CSF or cortical Aβ levels and had a low (~0.6nM) antibody concentration in the brain. I.c.v. administration of anti-BACE1 resulted in enhanced BACE1 target engagement and inhibition, with a corresponding dramatic reduction in CNS Aβ concentrations, due to enhanced brain exposure to antibody.

A PITX3-EGFP Reporter Line Reveals Connectivity of Dopamine and Non-dopamine Neuronal Subtypes in Grafts Generated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells.

SummaryDevelopment of safe and effective stem cell-based therapies for brain repair requires an in-depth understanding of the in vivo properties of neural grafts generated from human stem cells. Replacing dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease remains one of the most anticipated applications. Here, we have used a human PITX3-EGFP embryonic stem cell line to characterize the connectivity of stem cell-derived midbrain dopamine neurons in the dopamine-depleted host brain with an unprecedented level of specificity. The results show that the major A9 and A10 subclasses of implanted dopamine neurons innervate multiple, developmentally appropriate host targets but also that the majority of graft-derived connectivity is non-dopaminergic. These findings highlight the promise of stem cell-based procedures for anatomically correct reconstruction of specific neuronal pathways but also emphasize the scope for further refinement in order to limit the inclusion of uncharacterized and potentially unwanted cell types.

A rare case of incidentally detected renal replacement lipomatosis

We present a case of incidentally detected renal replacement lipomatosis in an Indian patient of 90 years who presented to us for chest evaluation. On Chest X-ray, we didn't find any chest abnormality except scoliosis. A staghorn calculus of size 5.5*3.7 cm was noted in left kidney for which a noncontrast CT scan was ordered. NCCT revealed a staghorn calculus in left renal pelvis with replacement lipomatosis, atrophic cortical parenchyma and patchy areas of low attenuation in renal parenchyma.

Bark anatomy ofAdansonia digitataL. (Malvaceae)

The bark structure of Adansonia digitata L. is described in detail. Characters of the bark that are shared with other Malvaceae include the presence of strongly dilating rays, mucilage cells and cavities, druses of calcium oxalate in the cells of cortical parenchyma and phloem rays, a storied arrangement of sieve tube members and axial parenchyma strands, the presence of secondary phloem fibers and their arrangement into tangential bands. The secondary phloem fibers are longer (2.8–8.6 mm) and more abundant than the libriform fibers (1.7–2.2 mm) in the wood of this species. The abundance of parenchyma in both axial and radial parts of the secondary phloem and in the pseudocortex is a noteworthy feature. Due to the complementarity of fibrous and parenchymatous tissues, the secondary phloem can provide substantial mechanical benefits and apparently play an important role in the biomechanical stability of the trunk. The meristematic capacity of dilated phloem rays and the pseudocortex allow for substantial bark dilatation with very limited abscission of the outer portions of the secondary phloem. Subsequent phellogen initiation in the outer part of the secondary phloem was not observed, not even in mature bark. Hence no rhytidome is present. The thin translucent phellem, formed by continuous phellogen arising in the subepidermal layer, allows for photosynthesis to potentially occur within the chloroplast-containing cells of phelloderm and pseudocortex, even when the plants are leafless, thus probably assisting them to survive harsh climatic conditions. The formation of sieve tube members by transverse anticlinal divisions from fusiform cambial initials in A. digitata is a first report for the Malvaceae sensu lato.

Anatomy and ultrastructure adaptations to soil flooding of two full-sib poplar clones differing in flood-tolerance

Flooding stress always depressed plants survival and growth in flood-affected areas. To explore anatomy and ultrastructure adaptations to hypoxia stress, two full-sib poplar clones differing in flood-tolerance LS1 (flood-tolerant) and LS2 (flood-susceptible) were compared for waterlogging effects on them. The two clones LS1 and LS2 originated from Populus deltoides cv. Lux ex. I-69/55×P. simonii. Morphological, ecophysiological and growth parameters, as well as anatomy and ultrastructure characteristics of their seedlings were subjected for 15days to flooding treatment, followed by a three-day drainage and recovery stage. Results showed that flooding stress adversely influenced all characteristics aforementioned in all flooded plants. Compared with LS1, LS2 suffered clearly more severe flood injury during hypoxia and slower recovery ability after drainage, illustrated by morphology, biomass accumulation, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, root metabolism, and relative membrane permeability and malonaldehyde content of roots. Correspondingly, more pronounced anatomy and ultrastructure damages in leaves and roots were found in flooded LS2 as well, including palisade cell deformation in leaves, as well as serious lysis of cortical parenchyma cells and decompositions of nucleus and organelles in roots. Our results showed that morphological, ecophysiological and growth responses to soil flooding paralleled their anatomy and ultrastructure adaptations in leaves and roots. Stable intercellular and intracellular structures in leaves and roots, especially in the latter, helped the flood-tolerant clone behaved better than the flood-susceptible clone. Roots suffered more severe anatomy and ultrastructure injury than leaves under hypoxia stress. The flood-tolerant clone kept a stable cross-section anatomy with normal aerenchyma and ultrastructure in roots, which enable plant-internal aeration so that maintain aerobic respiration and basic root activities under flooding condition. The flood-susceptible clone was prone to lost normal cross-section anatomy under soil flooding caused by serious cortical parenchyma cell lysis and ultrastructure destruction, which resulted in root disorganization and dysfunction.

NETosis in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive deterioration of cognitive functions. Its neuropathological features include amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and the loss of neurons and synapses. Neuroinflammation is a well-established feature of AD pathogenesis, and a better understanding of its mechanisms could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches. Recent studies in transgenic mouse models of AD have shown that neutrophils adhere to blood vessels and migrate inside the parenchyma. Moreover, studies in human AD subjects have also shown that neutrophils adhere and spread inside brain vessels and invade the parenchyma, suggesting these cells play a role in AD pathogenesis. Indeed, neutrophil depletion and the therapeutic inhibition of neutrophil trafficking, achieved by blocking LFA-1 integrin in AD mouse models, significantly reduced memory loss and the neuropathological features of AD. We observed that neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) inside blood vessels and in the parenchyma of AD mice, potentially harming the blood–brain barrier and neural cells. Furthermore, confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of NETs inside the cortical vessels and parenchyma of subjects with AD, providing more evidence that neutrophils and NETs play a role in AD-related tissue destruction. The discovery of NETs inside the AD brain suggests that these formations may exacerbate neuro-inflammatory processes, promoting vascular and parenchymal damage during AD. The inhibition of NET formation has achieved therapeutic benefits in several models of chronic inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases affecting the brain. Therefore, the targeting of NETs may delay AD pathogenesis and offer a novel approach for the treatment of this increasingly prevalent disease.

Occurrence, type and location of calcium oxalate crystals in selected medicinal plants

Crystals in selected medical plants growing naturally in Place palayam reserve forest, Thiruvallur District were studied with Polarised light microscope. Four types of crystals were observed: druses, prismatics, raphide and rosettes crystal. Druses more in cortical parenchyma and ground parenchyma cells in the stem & petiole region. In contrast prismatic, raphide and rosettes present in cortical, ground, axial and phloem parenchyma in the roots and stems. The Preliminary results show the presence of four types of calcium oxalate crystals in the stems, Petiole & roots of 10 Species: Achyranthes aspera, Aerva lanata, Atalantia monophylla, Bridelia Crenulata presence of Druses crystal, Plumeria rubra, Adhatoda zeylanica presence of prismatic crystal, Asparagus racemosus, Monochoria vaginalis presence of raphide crystal and Carica papaya and Carissa spinarum presence of rosette type of crystal. These observations indicate that there is relationship between the distribution of calcium oxalate crystals and the medicinal parts of the plant and supports the view that the presence of calcium oxalate crystals may relate to the adulterants.