Characterization of halotolerant, pigmented, plant growth promoting bacteria of groundnut rhizosphere and its in-vitro evaluation of plant-microbe protocooperation to withstand salinity and metal stress

Abstract

The use of plant associated, indigenous beneficial microbes for sustainable agriculture is getting worldwide acceptance as they successfully colonize at different plant niche under stress conditions to enhance the crop productivity. They also generate several plant growth regulators and protect plants from adversity like presence of salts and metals. In the present study, indigenous, halotolerant, plant growth promoting (PGP) bacterial isolates were isolated from the saline rhizospheric soil of groundnut plants aiming to investigate its in-vitro metal remediation capabilities under saline stress condition. Two pigmented bacteria were selected based on their phenotypic, biochemical, physiological and PGP characters and identified as members of family Bacillaceae (Bacillus and Halobacillus) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The pigments were extracted, tested for different antioxidant properties and identified by GC–MS and FT-IR spectra. Simultaneously, both strains exhibited a wide range of salinity (NaCl≥25%), metal resistance (Zinc≈1700mgkg−1, Aluminium≈1800mgkg−1, Lead≈1800mgkg−1), pH (6–10), PGP attributes (indole - 1.05–3.15μgml−1, ammonia - 0.13–19.95mmolml−1, nitrite - 0.07–0.26mmolml−1) and antibiotics sensitivity revealing their wide range of metabolic diversity. In-vitro inoculation of groundnut seedlings with selected isolates under salinity (1% NaCl) and metal (Zn, Al and Pb) stress had a positive impact on different plant physiological parameters (lesser lignification, intact proto xylem and cortical parenchyma) which was correlated with PGP attributes. Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy analysis of seedling samples also detected less amount of metals in plants treated with bacteria indicating, an establishment of plant-microbe protocooperation to withstand salinity and metal stress. This strategy can be implemented to improve crop production in saline metal polluted agriculture fields.