Cortical Hormones Research Articles

Effects of adrenal cortical hormones and thyroxine on phosphorylase activity in muscle.

The open-chest rat preparation was used to investigate the interaction between corticosterone and thyroxine in regulating myo-cardial phosphorylase activity; measurements were also made of heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure. Corticosterone, but not thyroxine, caused an increase in total heart phos-phorylase which was due to a specific increase in the enzyme rather than a general increase in cellular protein. Both corticosterone and thyroxine increased cardiac phosphorylase a activity n i normal rats. The enzymatic and positive chronotropic effects of thyroxine were markedly diminished in adrenalectomized rats; simultaneous administration of corticosterone with thyroxine restored the responses to normal. In thy-roidectomized animals, corticosterone produced less stimulation of heart phosphorylase a than in control rats. When both thyroxine and corti-costerone were given to thyroidectomized animals, the level of phosphorylase a approximated that seen when these hormones were injected into normal ra...

Mode of action of adrenal cortical hormones. II. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the microsome-pH5 fraction system of thymus cells following the administration of triamcinolone.

Mode of action of adrenal cortical hormones. II. Inhibition of protein synthesis in the microsome-pH5 fraction system of thymus cells following the administration of triamcinolone.

Combined action of adrenal cortical hormones and endotoxin on cells of the reticuloendothelial system.

Combined action of adrenal cortical hormones and endotoxin on cells of the reticuloendothelial system.

Selective adrenal phlebography.

Catheterization of the adrenal veins is potentially a useful clinical tool since it permits not only detailed visualization of the inner glandular vasculature but also sampling of effluent hormones. Bucht (1) , was the first investigator to study the left adrenal vein angiographically in man; since that time there have been surprisingly few subsequent articles (2, 3) on this subject. We have developed a technic for catheterizing with facility both adrenal veins in man. On the basis of three years experience, we now feel that adrenal phlebography does indeed have wide clinical application. Anatomy The intraglandular venous circulation is complex and incompletely understood (4, 5). The cortex and medulla are drained in series by sinusoids, venules, and muscular veins which join to form the central vein. This then becomes the adrenal vein as it exits on the ventral groove of the gland. It should be noted that the main venous branches are cuffed by invaginated folds of cortex and that even the central vein is surrounded by a thin layer of cortex. At the corticomedullary junction, there is a rich plexus of sinusoids which is drained independently into the medullary veins by relatively few channels. The adrenal capsular plexus is drained by the many venae comitantes, which accompany the small capsular ramifications of the adrenal arteries into renal capsular veins, lumbar veins, phrenic veins, and others. Direct intervenous anastomotic connections linking the central vein with capsular veins and their branches have also been frequently observed. Our own injection studies with oily and aqueous contrast media confirm these findings (Fig. 1). Although it is assumed that under normal conditions the major adrenal output of medullary and cortical hormones drains into the central vein, it is also reasonable to suggest that the capsular veins represent an excellent alternative pathway in times of stress or in disease. Well developed eccentric longitudinal muscle bundles characteristically present in the central vein and its larger tributaries are presumed to play a dominant role in the control and expulsion of glandular hormones. The right adrenal vein is very short and enters usually in a cephalad direction into the right posterolateral border of the inferior vena cava at the level of T12 or upper border of L1. The left adrenal vein after joining the left phrenic vein empties into the superior border of the left renal vein opposite the gonadal vein. Exceptions to this standard anatomy textbook description have recently been emphasized by Gagnon (6) and Johnstone (7). These authors found not only examples of multiple adrenal veins but also instances in which the right vein emptied into the renal or hepatic vein and the left into lumbar and renal veins and even into the portal system.

Induction of methionine adenosyltranferase in rat liver by corticosteroids.

SummaryThe induction of hepatic methionine adenosyltransferase by adrenal cortical hormones has been studied in adrenalectomized rats. Experiments with cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone revealed that triamcinolone was the most potent inducer of methionine adenosyltransferase activity. On the contrary, two mineral corticoids, aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone, and a biologically inactive isomer of cortisol, 11-epicortisol, were found to be ineffective in raising the hepatic level of this enzyme, indicating the specificity of the action of glucocorticoids in this respect. Actinomycin, puromycin, and cycloheximide, inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis, largely blocked the glucocorticoid-induced increase in the enzyme, observed 12 hours after hormone administration. The results suggest that the changes in the hepatic levels of methionine adenosyltransferase brought about by glucocorticoids represent enzyme synthesis de novo probably involving enhanced DNA-directed RNA pr...

Pigmentation and oral contraceptives.

A 34-year-old woman of parity 2 experienced indefinite abdominal pain loss of weight sweating tremor prostration and pigmentation (including chloasma) of the face upper and lower limbs oral mucosa abdominal operation scar and palmar lines after about 18 months use of the oral contraceptive Lyndiol (lynestrenol mestranol). She discontinued Lyndial and received a dexamethasone suppression test of the pituitary when the 17-OHCS fell from 15.7 mg to 4 mg/24 hours and 17-KS from 8 mg/ 24 hours to 1.2 mg/24 hours. Dexamethasone therapy was continued for two weeks. Abnormal pigmentation and abdominal pain disappeared. Pigmentation reappeared when Lyndiol was tried again apparently due to stimulation of pituitary secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. While some symptoms suggested Addisons disease the normal urine adrenal cortical hormones content and the normal levels of serum electrolytes were contradictory.

Mode of action of adrenal cortical hormones. I. Effect of corticosteroids on amino acid incorporation into proteins of thymus and liver subcellular components in cell-free systems.

Mode of action of adrenal cortical hormones. I. Effect of corticosteroids on amino acid incorporation into proteins of thymus and liver subcellular components in cell-free systems.

Studies on the prophylaxis and treatment of experimental serum sickness in rabbits

Five or ten days after a single injection with one gram of horse serum globulin, allergic reactions, such as edema and erythema, appeared in both ears of sensitized rabbits and continued to exist for 2 to 6 days. The frequency of occurrence of the reactions was about 60 per cent. Those reactions were also induced immediately after subcutaneous reinjection with one mg of the same antigen into the unilateral ear of rabbits which had been sensitized with a smaller amount of antigen than that which might be necessary to induce such delayed type of reactions as described above.In sensitized rabbits which had developed allergic reactions, the level of antibody against horse serum globulin in the blood stream was proved to be higher than that in rabbits which had failed to develop allergic reactions.These allergic reactions were prevented by subcutaneous injection with cortical steroid hormones for five or ten days after the sensitization of horse serum protein. Both glycyrrhizin and ACTH were also effective to relieve the reactions.From these experimental results, it is suggested that the mechanism of steroid to prevent allergic reactions may not be simple. One of the factors related to this mechanism is to prevent the production of antibody, and another the anti-inflammatory effect of steroid.

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS DURING OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE

The reversibility of the rheumatoid process observed during hepatitis and jaundice (1) has been generally explained in terms of increased corticosteroidal activity, due either to retention of bile acids, which contain chemical nuclei of a steroidal nature similar to those of adrenal cortical hormones (2), or to the ability of bilirubin to displace corticosteroids from sites of protein binding (3). Little attention has been given to the possibility that different mechanisms are involved in the inhibition of inflammation which takes place during jaundice. Our interest in this problem was stimulated on reading that in rats ligature of bile duct brings about an inhibition of inflammatory lesions produced by Freund's adjuvant (4). This result led us to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of jaundice by means of an experimental scheme analogous to that generally employed to evaluate antirheumatic drugs.

Fatal Varicella in a Child With Congenital Heart Disease

Clinically and pathologically confirmed primary varicella pneumonia and generalized varicella associated with asymptomatic congenital heart disease (coarctation of the aorta, patent ductus arteriosus, and mitral stenosis) occurred in a 4-year-old girl. The patient had not been treated with adrenal cortical hormones or immunosuppressive drugs.

Variation in adrenal cortical hormones within physiologic ranges, stress and interferon production in mice.

SummaryBoth stress and pharmacologic levels of adrenal cortical hormones have been reported to suppress the synthesis of interferon. We measured interferon in mice 6 hours after intravenous injection of NDV and related interferon titers to plasma corticosterone levels. The stress of repeated random electric shocks preceded by a warning buzzer during interferon production did not alter the response from that of controls; such stress administered for 5 hours prior to virus inoculation significantly enhanced interferon production. Administration of ACTH did not alter interferon response. Corticosterone administration adequate to produce high circulating steroid levels just greater than maximal attainable physiologic levels also did not alter response. All adrenalectomized mice had relatively higher interferon titers; however, neither prior stress nor partial corticosterone replacement therapy in any combination significantly altered interferon production. Administration of the virus itself produced an adrena...

The hours of changing responsiveness or susceptibility.

THE HOURS OF CHANGING RESPONSIVENESS OR SUSCEPTIBILITY* ALAIN REINBERG, M.D., PkDj J During the last several years knowledge ofOrcadian rhythms in animals and in man has been marked by considerable progress which clearly indicates the fundamental importance of these rhythms for medicine and biology. Since the work ofBünning [?] on plant life and that ofPittendrigh [2, 3], Halberg [4-6], and Aschoff [7, 8] on animals and man, it is no longer possible to regard circadian rhythms, in particular, and biological rhythms, in general, as having an exclusively exogenous origin and, more precisely, as being reacquired by each individual in each generation. The results ofexperimental research suggest: (1) At aU levels oforganization , rhythmic activity appears as one ofthe fundamental characteristics of Uving [9, 10]. (2) Within certain limits, the period, amplitude, and timing ofcircadian rhythms can be influenced by the cycUc variations of certain environmental factors—the alternation ofday and night, hot and cold, noise and silence, and, in man, the hours ofwork and ofrepose tied up with the duties ofsocial life. These factors are caUed "synchronizers" by Halberg fu] and Halberg, Visscher, and Bittner [12], "entxainingagents " by Pittendrigh and Bruce [13], or "Zeitgeber" by Aschoff [14]. The three terms are synonymous: They are aU defined to indicate that the environment is a "clock or calendar time-giver" whüe physiologic timing * Lecture presented at the annual meeting ofthe American Association for the Advancement of Science (American Physiological Society), Washington, D.C, December 28, 1966. t Maitre de Recherches au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Address: Laboratoire de Physiologie, Fondation A. de Rothschild, 29, Rue Masin, Paris íceme France. X The extension to man ofthe concept ofthe hours ofchanging resistance has been made under close scientific co-operation between the University of Minnesota and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. I would like to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Franz Halberg, professor ofexperimental pathology. University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis, for his encouragement and advice. Special thanks are due to Dr. ConstantineJ. Falliers, director ofChildren's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital, Denver, and to Dr. Nathan S. Kline, director ofpsychiatric research, Rockland State Hospital, Orangeburg, New York, for their advice concerning parts ofthis text. Ill per seis given (persists) in the absence ofobvious external synchronization. Under the conditions ofour daily life, when the alternation ofactivity (in Ught) and rest (in darkness) is tied to relatively regular hourly imperatives , the period ofour circadian rhythms is, on the average, twenty-four hours. FoUowing certain manipulations ofthe organism, "average" circadian periods are found in body temperature, gross motor activity, and adrenal cortical hormone levels in blood that (a) differ from precisely twenty-four hours, (b) differ from one animal to the next, and for which (c) environmental cycles with the same frequency are not known. Such circadian periods that are desynchronized from the local twentyfour -hour clock time also have been found in children studied on "selfdemand " [15-17], in schizophrenic patients in a state of"regression" after electroshock [18], in men studied in an "isolator" speciaUy constructed to eUminate known synchronizers [19], and even during several months of Ufe in a cave in the absence ofknown time cues [20-24]. Under ordinary conditions of Ughting as well as in isolation without synchronizers, certain phase relations among the circadian rhythms themselves are consistently maintained; this finding ofa so-caUed internal synchronization with differences in phase leads to the concept of circadian systems [25]. This concept serves as the theoretical background for analyzing the responses of organisms as a function of the so-caUed circadian system phase, in order to coUert information ofpharmacologic, physiologic , and medical interest. The resistance ofan animal to a threat offixed kind and intensity varies dramaticaUy as a function ofthe time at which the organism is exposed to the stimulus. The threat can be ofa chemical nature, as an overdose ofdrugs, or it can be a toxic substance ofvegetable or bacterial origin. Alternatively, it can be a physical agent, such as the noise to which "(geneticaUy susceptible)" rodents are exposed. What seems more important to medicine, the reactivity of human beings to certain drugs and other substances has also been documented as being circadian-system phase dependent. A considerable...

Adrenal cortical hormones and resistance of animals of different ages to asphyxia

Adrenal cortical hormones and resistance of animals of different ages to asphyxia

Corticosteroid determination in cerebrospinal fluid

An attempt was made to determine the levels of corticosteroids in cerebrospinal fluid, in order to study the role of adrenal cortical hormones in the central nervous system in various clinical conditions. The concentration of adrenal cortical hormones in cerebrospinal fluid is so low that the determination of 17 hydroxycorticosteroids in small volumes of cerebrospinal fluid by a method employing the phenylhydrazine reaction is difficult. In this investigation, a simple fluorometric technic was used for the determination of corticosteroids in small quantitities of cerebrospinal fluid. This method offers adequate sensitivity and accuracy for the measurement of normal or elevated levels of corticosteroids in human cerebrospinal fluid.

Effect of adrenalcortical hormones on release of triglycerides and glucose by liver.

ARTICLESEffect of adrenalcortical hormones on release of triglycerides and glucose by liverH Klausner, and M HeimbergH Klausner, and M HeimbergPublished Online:01 Jun 1967https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.6.1236MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByHepatocyte-specific glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency disturbs platelet aggregation and decreases blood monocytes upon fasting-induced hypoglycemiaMolecular Metabolism, Vol. 53Variation in glucocorticoid levels in relation to direct and third-party interactions in a social cichlid fishPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 151Glucocorticoid receptor haploinsufficiency causes hypertension and attenuates hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis and blood pressure adaptions to high‐fat diet12 August 2008 | The FASEB Journal, Vol. 22, No. 11Metabolic action of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonism in rats with exogenous hypercorticosteronemia19 June 2007 | International Journal of Obesity, Vol. 31, No. 1111β-HSD1 inhibition improves triglyceridemia through reduced liver VLDL secretion and partitions lipids toward oxidative tissuesMagalie Berthiaume, Mathieu Laplante, William T. 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Mecanismo de açãoArquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, Vol. 26, No. 4Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats exposed before the operation to the stress stimulusExperientia, Vol. 24, No. 11Effects of a corticoid on lipid metabolism and on urea formation in isolated rat liverMetabolism, Vol. 17, No. 9 More from this issue > Volume 212Issue 6June 1967Pages 1236-1246 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1967 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.6.1236PubMed4952109History Published online 1 June 1967 Published in print 1 June 1967 Metrics

The synthesis of steroidal 1β,2β-methylene derivatives

The synthesis of 1β,2β-methylene derivatives of a cortical steroid hormone and an androgen analog are described. The 1β,2β-methylene group was introduced stereospecifically by a Simmons-Smith reaction on > 1-3β-ols. The properties of the cyclopropyl steroids are discussed, including some anomalous molecular rotation shifts.

Effects of a synthetic adrenocortical steroid on the metabolism of adipose tissue

Results of in vitro and in vivo experiments on the action of adrenal cortical steroid hormone on the metabolism of adipose tissue have indicated that the hormone inhibits glucose utilization in adipose tissue.The present paper summarizes the results of our experiments, both in vitro and in vivo, on the effect of β-methazone, a synthetic adrenal cortical steroid, on glucose uptake and insulin effect in epididymal adipose tissue of the rat.1) β-methazone (0.001 γ-10 γ/ml) did not effect any significant change when the medium in which the adipose tissue was immersed did not contain albumin, however, the stimulating effect of insulin (10 μu-1.000 μu/ml) on glucose uptake was definitely inhibited.2) When 2% albumin was added to the medium, β-methazone increased glucose uptake of adipose tissue, and simultaneously, increased the release of free fatty acid into the medium. These effects were not influenced by the glucose concentration of the medium or by the incubation time.3) The insulin effect in adipose tissue was also not inhibited by the addition of β- methazone when albumin was present in the medium. However, regarding the release of free fatty acid, β-methazone acted antagonistically to insulin.4) Basal glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity of the tissues were studied in the epididymal adipose tissue of rats which had been given β-methazone 1 mg., daily, for 3 consecutive days prior to extirpation. No significant difference in treated group and the control group, however, a decrease in insulin sensitivity was observed in the β-methazone group.Based on the results of the aforementioned experiments, a few considerations were made on the influence of corticosteroid hormones on adipose tissue metabolism, and suggestions were made that the imbalance between lipolytic hormones such as the hypophyseal, adrenal cortical hormones and insulin may be one of the causative factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.

いわゆる前立腺性好酸球増多症の研究

Three typical cases of prostatic eosinophilia receiving an adrenal cortical hormone (Dexamethasone) were subjected to the massage of the prostate before, during and following the administration of the hormone and during the cessation. This paper deals with the results of the study designed to investigate the peepheral eosinocyte counts, blood pictures the PE phenomenon, and the Charcot-Leyden crystal forming capacity. The results are summarised as follows:1) When Decadrone (Dexamethasone) was given to patients who showed the PE-positive reaction, the eosinocyte count and blood picture became normal during and following the administration.The PE phenomenon also disappeared but the Charcot-Leyden crystalforming capacity was positive.2) Administration of Decadrone to PE-positive patients resulted in eosinophilia during the cessation of medication and following the administration. Blood was positive for the PE phenomenon and the Charcot-Leyden crystal-forming capacity.3) Peripheral eosinocyts from PE-positive patients were positive for the Charcot-Leyden crystal-forming capacity, irrespective of Decadrone administration and prostatic massage.4) Following Decaidrone administration, peripheral eosinocytes were positive for the Charcot-Leyden crystal-forming capacity, even though they became normal.5) Decadrone administration reduced the complaints of PE-positive patients markedly, but the complaints reappeared themselves when the administration was ceased.6) The etiology of so-called prostatic eosinophilia has not yet been identified, but it appears that besides infection by microorganisms and allergy due to focal infection, some abnormality in the reticuloendothelial system, including the marrow, should be taken into consideration.

Effect of Cholesterol-Lowering Diet on Production of Adrenal Cortical Hormones in Man

Effect of Cholesterol-Lowering Diet on Production of Adrenal Cortical Hormones in Man

Growth inhibiting effect of cortical hormones in cockerels.

ABSTRACT Injection of cortisol into one-day old cockerels produced thymus atrophy and involution of bursa of Fabricius. The response was satisfactory using two daily injections. This method was used to evaluate the relative potency of various synthetic cortical hormones. Paramethasone was found to be 115 times more potent than cortisol. Fluocinolone acetonide and flumethasone were more than 1000 times as active as the primary standard.