Corpus Length Research Articles

Sex estimation via the measurement of the seventh cervical vertebrae on Computerized Tomography images.

Background: Sex estimation from skeletal remains is crucial for estimating an individuals biological profile. Although the pelvis and skull are most commonly used for sex estimation, other skeletal elements, e.g., the vertebrae, have reportedly demonstrated acceptable accuracy rates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using seventh cervical vertebra measurements on computed tomography images for sex estimation. Material and methods: Cervical computed tomography images of 300 female and 300 male patients (= 20 aged 60 = years) were evaluated. Sex estimation modeling was performed with eight measurements of the seventh cervical vertebrae, and indices and corpus volume obtained from the measurements. Corpus length and width, foramen vertebra length and width, corpus height, spinous process angle, and spinous process height and length of each seventh cervical vertebra were measured. Foramen vertebral index, spinous process index, and corpus volume were used as indices. The Independent Sample T test was used to compare the means of two independent groups showing normal distribution, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for data that were not normally distributed. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed using the Forward Wald approach in modeling the categorical dependent variable with independent variables. Results: According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, sex estimation from measurements was 87.7% accurate, whereas index and volume were up to 85.3% accurate. Conclusions: In conclusion, the seventh cervical vertebra is dimorphic with a high accuracy rate for the Turkish population and can be used for sex estimation.

Assessment of phenotypic diversity and morphometry of indigenous chickens in Kabwe District, Zambia

This study characterized Zambian indigenous chickens' phenotypes and morphometric traits in Kabwe District, Zambia, to create a base for breeding program development. To achieve this, 206 hens and 228 cocks we sampled in Kabwe district. Each sampled chicken was phenotyped for 4 qualitative traits: ear lobe color, shank color, comb type, and eye color. Individual linear body measurements were recorded from each chicken using a tailor's tape in centimeters, which included body length (BL), chest circumference (CC), corpus length (CL), keel length (KL), shank circumference (SC), shank length (SL), thigh circumference (TC), and thigh length (TL). The findings showed that the predominant phenotypes were single comb type (98.91%), orange eyes (80.44%), white shanks (33.70%), and red-white earlobe color (50%). The average body weight was 1698.24 g, which showed a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) with all linear body measurements. For both sexes, body weight correlated positively with all linear measurements, except in males where body length showed a nonsignificant negative correlation. A stepwise regression analysis indicated that chest circumference, keel length, body length, shank circumference, thigh circumference, and corpus length (CL) are significant predictors of body weight (R² = 76.90%, P < 0.05). Additionally, the CHAID data mining algorithm identified keel length as the primary predictor of body weight, with corpus length and thigh length also contributing, achieving an R² of 61.20%. These findings provide valuable insights for instituting chicken breeding programs aimed at enhancing productivity and selection decisions.

Textflows: an open science NLP evaluation approach

AbstractWeb-based platforms offer suitable experimental environments enabling the construction and reuse of natural language processing (NLP) pipelines. However, systematic evaluation of NLP tools in an open science web-based setting is still a challenge, as suitable experimental environments for the construction and reuse of NLP pipelines are still rare. This paper presents TextFlows, an open-source web-based platform, which enables user-friendly construction, sharing, execution, and reuse of NLP pipelines. It demonstrates that TextFlows can be easily used for systematic evaluation of new NLP components by integrating seven publicly available open-source part of speech (POS) taggers from popular NLP libraries, and evaluating them on six annotated corpora. The integration of new tools into TextFlows supports tools reuse, while the use of precomposed algorithm comparison and evaluation workflows supports experiment reproducibility and testing of future algorithms in the same experimental environment. Finally, to showcase the variety of evaluation possibilities offered in the TextFlows platform, the influence of various factors, such as the training corpus length and the use of pre-trained models, have been tested.

COMBINED ORTHODONTIC - SURGICAL TREATMENT OF SEVERE SKELETAL CLASS III MALOCLUSSION

Severe skeletal Class III caused by mandibular prognathism often requires a combined orthodontic and surgical treatment to ensure a stable therapeutic outcome. This case presents the therapeutic approach for a male patient who had a 1/2 / Class III malocclusion, an anterior open bite of 3 mm, anterior crossbite and a concave profile before initiating orthodontic treatment. The initial lateral cephalogram indicated mandibular prognathism (SNB 83°), a skeletal Class III (ANB -1°) with a tendency towards an open bite (B 31°), proclination of the upper incisors (I/SpP 59°), and retroclination of the lower incisors (i/ MP 92°). Additionally, an increased mandibular corpus length of 4 mm was observed. The second lateral cephalogram, taken immediately before surgical intervention indicated a skeletal Class III (ANB -3°), an increased mandibular corpus by 5.85 mm, and corrected inclinations of the upper and lower incisors. Presurgical treatment with fixed appliances lasted 36 months, followed by bimaxillary surgery. Postsurgical orthodontic treatment lasted 8 months, during which the patient wore vertical intermaxillary elastics to establish a stable occlusion. At the end of the treatment, Class I occlusion was achieved with proper overbite and overjet, and a harmonious facial profile. The post-surgical lateral cephalogram showed correction from Class III to Class I skeletal relationship, proper inclination of the upper and lower incisors, and corrected mandibular corpus length. Combined orthodontic - surgical treatment can effectively correct severe skeletal discrepancies caused by mandibular overdevelopment.

Macroanatomy, Histomorphometry, and Androgen Receptor Expression in the Epididymis of Kacang Goats Aged 4, 8, and 12 Months

The epididymis is a crucial component of the goat's reproductive structure. The epididymis is responsible for the transportation, concentration, and maturation of sperm. This study aimed to examine the differences in the structure of macro and microanatomy, tissue composition, and the existence of androgen receptors in the epididymis of Kacang goats aged 4, 8, and 12 months. The assessment of macroscopic organ growth was done immediately after sampling, whereas microscopic measurements were carried out following histological preparations using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical (IHC) procedures. The results on the macroscopic anatomy of the epididymis indicated a significant association between age with the width of the caput dexter and sinister and the circumference of the right cauda. However, no significant relationship was found between age with the corpus length and the left cauda's circumference. Significant variations were observed in the diameter and concentration of the agglutinated spermatozoa in the lumen during histomorphometry of the epididymis in three age groups of Kacang goats. There were no statistically significant variations in the expression of androgen receptors among the three age groups. This study showed that the correlation coefficient test reveals a positive relationship between age and the caput width and corpus length dimensions, indicating that these measurements tend to grow as age increases. On the other hand, the diameter of the agglutinated spermatozoa in the epididymal lumen exhibits significant variations between the ages of 4 months, with the ages of 8 months and 12 months, suggesting that the sperm becomes fully matured by the age of 8 months.

Cephalometric analysis of Indian races: A systematic review.

This study is intended to review the cephalometric data pertaining to the diverse Indian populace through a systematic literature survey. To conduct a systematic review of literature, an electronic search was done on Medline, Embase, and Central databases. The available data were categorized based on the existing five geographic locations of the country (north, south, east, west, and central India) and analyzed. The following inclusion criteria were considered: (1) studies depicting the cephalometric data of any ethnic group identified as belonging to India, (2) studies originating from the Indian subcontinent, (3) studies which included data of subjects' gender separately, (4) studies which compared the cephalometric data of the Indian population with the that of the Caucasians using Burstone and Legan analysis alone, and (5) articles in English language only. The following exclusion criteria were considered: (1) studies conducted on participants with developmental craniofacial anomalies, post traumatic facial deformities or with a history of previous orthognathic surgery, (2) studies which used analysis other than Burstone and Legan for obtaining the data, (3) editorials, commentaries, case reports, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and articles not available in English language. Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria. The Indian population showed greater cranial base dimensions than the Caucasians. In the horizontal dimension, the Indian population exhibited a more convex profile with prognathic maxilla, mandible, and chin along with more protrusive upper and lower incisors. However, in the vertical dimension, they exhibited a decreased middle third facial height as well as a decreased ramal and corpus length of the mandible when compared with the Caucasians. The posterior maxillary height and the posterior facial divergence were relatively less in the Indian population when compared with the Caucasians. Sexual dimorphism was noted among the Indian population with regard to a few vertical skeletal parameters which were significantly greater in males than in females. It was observed that the data pertaining to the cephalometric norms on Indian populace in comparison with the Caucasian race are scanty. Compared to the other geographic locations of India, very less literature is available pertaining to the cephalometric data of the Eastern Indian population. It was observed that very less data are available pertaining to the cephalometric norms for the Indian population considering the ethnic, racial, and geographic diversity. The low sample size, studies being restricted to a specific race, or the lack of comparative studies largely impacts the reliability of the available cephalometric data on the Indian population. Considering the fact that the prevalence of dentofacial deformities in India is high, there is a huge ambit for corrective jaw surgery. Hence, it is essential to compile cephalometric data for the Indian populace to establish ethnic and racial-based cephalometric norms.

Identification of hyoid bone morphometry in terms of gender in the Turkish population

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate differences in the morphology of the hyoid bone between genders. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed patient records from the Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology. The study included 51 male and female patients, aged 19 to 29, who underwent neck CT scans between January 1, 2015, and January 1, 2016. Measurements taken included the length (BL) and width (BH) of the hyoid bone corpus, length of the greater horns (CL), lower end width of the greater horns (CWI), upper end width of the greater horns (CWS), lower end length of the greater horns (CHI), upper end length of the greater horns (CHS), and the distance between the right and left upper edges of the greater horns (WCS). Results: The values for CL, CWI, CHI, BL, BH, and WCS were significantly higher in males compared to females (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found between genders for CWS and CHS (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights that could contribute to the fields of anatomy, forensic medicine, and anthropology.

Correlation between spinopelvic alignment and uterine dimensions in primary dysmenorrhea: A case-control study

Background. The high prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea (PD) among young females has prompted interest in exploring its multifactorial causes. One area of investigation is the relationship between musculoskeletal posture and gynecological health. Purpose. To examine the potential correlation between spinopelvic alignment and uterine dimensions in females with and without PD. Methods. This case-control observational study included 40 females with regular menstrual cycles, divided into two groups: 20 with PD (study group) and 20 without PD (control group). Spinopelvic alignment parameters, including thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, and pelvic torsion, were assessed using a 4D formetric device. Uterine dimensions, including corpus length and width, as well as cervix length and width, were measured by ultrasonography. Results. No significant correlations were found between the spinopelvic alignment and uterine dimensions in the study group with PD (p > 0.05). However, in the control group without PD, there were significant moderate negative correlations between uterine corpus width and thoracic kyphotic angle (p < 0.05), as well as between cervix length and pelvic tilt (p < 0.05). Conclusion. In females with PD, there are no significant correlations between spinopelvic alignment and uterine dimensions. In contrast, in females without dysmenorrhea, there are significant correlations between uterine corpus width and thoracic kyphotic angle, and between cervix length and pelvic tilt.

A MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF THE TONGUE OF AN ADULT QUWA LOCAL DOMESTIC DUCK (Anas platyrhynchos domestica)

A Biometric study was conducted on the tongue of twenty-five (25) adult domestic duck of both sex collected from the Sokoto metropolitan poultry and fish modern market, over a period of seven days. A pair of scissors, a scalpel and a blade was used to incise, excise, separate or debride various parts of the oral cavity to expose the organ for morphological observations. Results showed that the tongue is characterized by an elongated triangular format. At a point, approximately 2/3 the length of the lingual corpus there is a distinct depression, separating the caudal one-third of the lingual corpus from its rostral two-third. On the dorsal surface of the apex and body of the tongue, a median groove was present. A unique feature observed on the tongue in domestic Duck is the presence of many fine overlapping needle- shaped processes at both lateral sides of the caudal lingual-apex. A single row of large conical papillae is observed symmetrically in the marginal region between the body and root of the tongue. Biometrically the mean dimensions were discussed clearly. Based on the findings, there is need to conduct a research in detail to study the histological features and differentiation at specific ages of ducks, in order to relate this features with their special adaptive mode of feeding.

A novel technique for the measurement of cervical length in non-pregnant women.

Cervical elongation is considered a risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse treatment failure in uterine preservation surgery. Consensus has not been reached regarding what is considered a normal cervical length, or how to measure it. Our primary aim was to test a new technique for measuring cervical length. We enrolled women undergoing hysterectomy, with or without pelvic organ prolapse (for all indications except cervical tumours/history of cervical operations). Their cervical lengths were measured both by ultrasound and anatomical measurement. The external length of the cervix was measured using Doppler location of the uterine artery near the cervical-uterine junction as the proximal point and compared to the ultrasound measurement of the cervical canal. The uterine specimen was used to record anatomical cervical measurements as well as uterine corpus length. Baseline characteristics such as age, body mass index and pelvic organ prolapse quantification were also collected. Twenty women were eligible for evaluation. We found the average anatomical cervical canal length was (ccAN) 33.95 mm (range ± 9.23) and by external measurement (ceAN) 36.80 mm (range ± 7.54). We found a significant, high-powered correlation between our ultrasound and anatomical measurements in both techniques, as well as between the two ultrasound techniques. We also found a negative correlation between cervical length and women's age (rp = -0.443, P = 0.05). Transvaginal ultrasound measurement of cervical length using the location of the uterine artery was found to have a strong correlation to the anatomical cervical length and can be used for the measurement of normal cervical length.

The effect of the size of pedicle screw on the long-term radiological and clinical results of short-segment posterior instrumentation in the management of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures.

It was aimed at evaluating the effect of the size of the pedicle screw placed on the fractured vertebra on the long-term radiological and clinical results of short-segment posterior instrumentation applied in the surgical treatment of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures. This retrospective study included 36 patients who underwent short-segment posterior instrumentation surgery for a single-level thoracolumbar (T11-L2) fracture between January 2015 and March 2021. The patients included in the study were divided into 2 groups according to the size of the pedicle screw placed in the fractured vertebra (group A: intermediate screw 4.5 mm, ≤35 mm+less than 50% of the vertebral corpus length, m/f: 13/4, n: 17, age: 36.5; group B: intermediate screw 5.5 mm, ≥40 mm+more than 70% of the vertebral corpus length, m/f: 11/8, n: 19, age: 42.6). All patients were periodically evaluated clinically and radiologically. Vertebral compression angle (VCA), anterior and posterior vertebral body height (ABH-PBH), intraoperative parameters (instrumentation time and intraoperative fluoroscopy number), and complications were compared between the 2 groups. Both groups were comparable with respect to age, sex, level of injury, AO classification, mechanism of injury, and American Spinal Cord Injury Association impairment scale. Restoration of VCA and vertebral corpus heights was achieved sufficiently in both groups after operation (P < .0001). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of early postoperative VCA, VCA measured at final follow-up, or loss of correction in VCA. At the last follow-up, PBH was statistically significantly better preserved in group B (P=.0424). There was no difference between the 2 groups in terms of operation time and the number of intraoperative fluoroscopies. Implant failure was observed in 1 patient in group A. This study has revealed that using a long, thick pedicle screw placed in the fractured vertebra can better preserve the PBH at the final follow-up. No correlation was found between the size of the intermediate screw and the preservation of the correction in the postoperative vertebral heights and VCA during the follow-up. Level III, Therapeutic Study.

Genetic and environmental impact on mandibular growth in mono- and dizygotic twins during adolescence: A retrospective cohort study

This study aimed to discover the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the mandibular development of untreated monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The sample, taken from the Forsyth Moorrees Twin Study, included 52 untreated monozygotic twins (36 male, 16 female) and 46 untreated dizygotic twins (23 male, 23 female). At the ages of 12 and 17, lateral cephalograms were collected and traced to assess total mandibular length, mandibular ramus length, mandibular corpus length, gonial angle, SNB, and bony chin prominence. The genetic and environmental components of variation were assessed using multilevel mixed-effects structural equation modelling. At 12 years of age, high additive genetic influences were observed for total mandibular length (74%), gonial angle (76%), SNB (41%), and bony chin prominence (64%), whereas strong dominant genetic components were observed for corpus length (72%), and mandibular ramus length was under unique environment influence (54%). At 17 years of age, only total mandibular length (45%), ramus length (53%), gonial angle (76%), and bony chin prominence (68%) were under strong additive genetic control, while the remainder were under strong dominant genetic control. Although monozygotic and dizygotic twins share at least a portion of their DNA, additive, dominant, or environmental components were discovered during adolescence. Nonetheless, by the age of 17, the majority of the mandibular traits are under either additive or dominant genetic impact.

Growth changes in the craniofacial complex in class II skeletal patterns and cervical vertebral maturation: A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Longitudinal studies, though accurate in data obtainment, warrant the use of metallic implant inserts and serial lateral cephalograms to evaluate growth changes in the craniofacial complex. In contrast, cross-sectional data could garner such information without the invasive insertion of metallic implants. The purpose of this study was to acquire knowledge about the normal maxillary, mandibular, and vertical facial dimensional growth changes that occurred from 11 to 18 years in 80 untreated skeletal class II malocclusion subjects. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated a sample of 80 untreated skeletal class II malocclusion subjects (38 males, 42 females) in the circumpubertal growth period in the age range of 11 to 18 years. Each subject’s lateral cephalogram was analyzed for the cervical stage, and the maxillary, mandibular, and vertical facial dimensional measurements were recorded at each cervical stage and at intervals between these stages. The Shapiro–Wilk test showed that the data were normally distributed. Hence, independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were done. Results: Increased increments of maxillary and mandibular growth changes and changes in the anterior and posterior facial height dimensions were noted in males during the interval from CS2 to CS3 and in females from CS3 to CS4. In both the genders, an increase mandibular corpus length and a reduction in the mandibular plane angle were observed in the interval from CS4 to CS5. Conclusion: Normal growth changes observed in subjects with class II skeletal patterns gleaned from the mandibular, maxillary, and vertical facial dimensions would help one to delineate and differentiate these changes from the orthodontic and orthopedic treatment effects.

Testicular biometry and certain aspects of epididymal semen of abattoir derived Murrah bull testes

The aim of this study to assess the biometric parameters of abattoir derived testicles of Murrah buffalo bull. Thirty-six pair of Murrah buffalo bull testicles were collected immediately after slaughter from different abattoir, packed in ice chest (4oC) and transferred to DFS Laboratory, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, UP, India. The tests were processed within six hours of collection. Various biometric parameters testes (testicular length, circumference, diameter, volume, and weight) epididymis (weight, length and width of caput and corpus as well as length and circumference of cauda) was measured. The epididymal semen was harvested and measured; Volume (0.43±0.02 to 0.52±0.05 ml), concentration (1708±105.2 to 1958±126.8 million/ml) and total sperm output (804.2±30.73 to 931.7±103.2 million) was estimated. All biometric parameters were significantly higher in left testicles than those of right contemporaries. Present findings suggest that aforementioned biometric parameters can be used to judge the normality of testis, furthermore, epididymal semen can be harvested from meritorious Murrah buffalo bulls with sudden or unexpected death.

Does distraction osteogenesis improve the airway volume and quality of life of obstructive sleep apnoea patients secondary to temporomandibular joint ankylosis?

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis leads to mandibular micrognathia that severely collapses the upper airway causing obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), resulting in deterioration and compromise in the quality of life (QoL) of patients. In this study, we aimed to calculate airway volume changes, apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI), and improvement in quality of life before and after distraction osteogenesis (DO). Fourteen Patients with OSA secondary to TMJ ankylosis at a mean (SD) age of 17.5 (5.43) years were enrolled in this prospective study. Multivector mandibular distractors were used in all patients following the standard Ilizarov distraction protocol with a mean (SD) anteroposterior distraction of 16.21 (4.37) mm and a consolidation period of 116.92 (14.35) days. The patients were followed up for six months. A polysomnography test (PSG) was done to quantify AHI and a low-dose computed tomographic scan was done to calculate airway volume using Dolphin medical imaging software pre and post-DO. The QoL of the patients was calculated using the OSA-18 questionnaire. Results analysis depicted that the mean (SD) preoperative AHI was 51.44 (37.99)/h which was improved to 9.57 (9.74)/h (p=0.001) after DO. Airway volume was calculated on Dolphin software before and after DO showed a significant improvement in airway volume by 121.12% (98.30)%. Similarly, the OSA-18 questionnaire showed significant improvement in QoL from severe to normal. This study suggested that DO increases the corpus length of the mandible, leading to an increment in airway volume, which improves the QoL.

COMBINED ORTHODONTIC AND SURGICAL TREATMEN IN PATIENT WITH MANDIBULAR PROGNATHISM

The aim of this case was to present a combined orthodontic-surgical treatment for a 30-year-old patient. The initial clinical examination revealed a Class III malocclusion, concave profile, 4.5mm overjet, and 2mm overbite. The treatment plan included orthodontic preparation with fixed appliances, surgical correction of skeletal discrepancies, and post-surgical orthodontic treatment. Lateral cephalograms were taken before the orthodontic therapy, just before the surgical intervention, and after the treatment, following the removal of fixed appliances. On the initial lateral cephalogram SNB angle was 88°, ANB -5°, SpP/MP 28°, total Bjork’s polygon angle 405°, I/SpP 71°, i/MP 111° and mandibular corpus length was increased by +11mm. On the final post-surgical lateral cephalogram, after the intervention and appliance removal the SNB angle was 81°, ANB 3°, SpP/MP 25°, total Bjork’s polygon angle 398°, I/SpP 64°, i/MP 96° and man- dibular corpus length was increased by +3mm. The pre-surgical orthodontic treatment lasted 12 months, followed by bimaxillary surgery. The post-surgical orthodontic treatment lasted 12 months. After appliance removal, a retentive phase with night-time wear of retainers was implemented. The result was stable Class I occlusion, satisfactory profile appearance, 2.5mm overbite, and 2mm overjet.

Cephalometric analysis performance discrepancy between orthodontists and an artificial intelligence model using lateral cephalometric radiographs.

The purpose of the present clinical study was to compare the Ricketts and Steiner cephalometric analysis obtained by two experienced orthodontists and artificial intelligence (AI)-based software program and measure the orthodontist variability. A total of 50 lateral cephalometric radiographs from 50 patients were obtained. Two groups were created depending on the operator performing the cephalometric analysis: orthodontists (Orthod group) and an AI software program (AI group). In the Orthod group, two independent experienced orthodontists performed the measurements by performing a manual identification of the cephalometric landmarks and a software program (NemoCeph; Nemotec) to calculate the measurements. In the AI group, an AI software program (CephX; ORCA Dental AI) was selected for both the automatic landmark identification and cephalometric measurements. The Ricketts and Steiner cephalometric analyses were assessed in both groups including a total of 24 measurements. The Shapiro-Wilk test showed that the data was normally distributed. The t-test was used to analyze the data (α = 0.05). The t-test analysis showed significant measurement discrepancies between the Orthod and AI group in seven of the 24 cephalometric parameters tested, namely the corpus length (p = 0.003), mandibular arc (p < 0.001), lower face height (p = 0.005), overjet (p = 0.019), and overbite (p = 0.022) in the Ricketts cephalometric analysis and occlusal to SN (p = 0.002) and GoGn-SN (p < 0.001) in the Steiner cephalometric analysis. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between both orthodontists of the Orthod group for each cephalometric measurement was calculated. Significant discrepancies were found in seven of the 24 cephalometric measurements tested between the orthodontists and the AI-based program assessed. The intra-operator reliability analysis showed reproducible measurements between both orthodontists, except for the corpus length measurement. The artificial intelligence software program tested has the potential to automatically obtain cephalometric analysis using lateral cephalometric radiographs; however, additional studies are needed to further evaluate the accuracy of this AI-based system.

Exploring Prompts in Few-Shot Cross-Linguistic Topic Classification Scenarios

In recent years, large-scale pretrained language models have become widely used in natural language processing tasks. On this basis, prompt learning has achieved excellent performance in specific few-shot classification scenarios. The core idea of prompt learning is to convert a downstream task into a masked language modelling task. However, different prompt templates can greatly affect the results, and finding an appropriate template is difficult and time-consuming. To this end, this study proposes a novel hybrid prompt approach, which combines discrete prompts and continuous prompts, to motivate the model to learn more semantic knowledge from a small number of training samples. By comparing the performance difference between discrete prompts and continuous prompts, we find that hybrid prompts achieve the best results, reaching a 73.82% F1 value in the test set. In addition, we analyze the effect of different virtual token lengths in continuous prompts and hybrid prompts in a few-shot cross-language topic classification scenario. The results demonstrate that there is a threshold for the length of virtual tokens, and too many virtual tokens decrease the performance of the model. It is better not to exceed the average length of the training set corpus. Finally, this paper designs a method based on vector similarity to explore the real meanings represented by virtual tokens. The experimental results show that the prompt automatically learnt from the virtual token has a certain correlation with the input text.

Comparison of Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Measurements of Different Populations

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare three-dimensional cephalometric measurements of the skeleton and dentoalveolar region between Turkish individuals and individuals from other populations. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective study using cone beam computed tomography images (CBCT). Individuals have no missing teeth, are between the ages of 18 and 30, have a balanced profile, and have an Angle Class I relationship. The CBCT images were obtained in DICOM format and analyzed in DOLPHIN 11.8 software. 61 parameters were measured on the CBCT images, and 14 parameters were contrasted with individuals from other populations. Results: Mandibular values were more protrusive in Korean and Chinese populations than in Turkish and Cypriot individuals. Similarly, upper facial height (N- ANS distance) was found to be much higher. It was found that the length of the mandibular corpus was shorter and the angle of convexity was higher in Turks and Cypriots than in Koreans and Chinese populations. Conclusion: Ethnic facial and skeletal characteristics play a fundamental role in the outcome and course of orthodontic treatment. Gender differences also play an important role when facial sizes and proportions are compared in different societies.

Early Fetal Corpus Callosum: Demonstrating Normal Growth and Detecting Pathologies in Early Pregnancy.

A malformed corpus callosum carries a risk for abnormal neurodevelopment. The advent of high-frequency transducers offers the opportunity to assess corpus callosum development in early pregnancy. The aim of the study was to construct a reference chart of the fetal corpus callosum length on ultrasound between 13 and 19 weeks of gestation and to prospectively examine growth patterns in pathologic cases. We performed a prospective cross-sectional study between 2020 and 2022 in well-dated, low-risk, singleton pregnancies between 13 and 19 weeks of gestation. A standardized image was obtained in the midsagittal plane. Imaging criteria were used as a confirmation of the early corpus callosum. Measurements were taken by 4 trained sonographers. Intra- and interobserver variability was assessed. Corpus callosum length in centiles were calculated for each gestational week. One hundred eighty-seven fetuses were included in the study. All cases met inclusion criteria. At 13 weeks of gestation, the margins of the early corpus callosum were sufficiently clear to be measured in 80% (20/25) of fetuses. A cubic polynomial regression model best described the correlation between corpus length and gestational age. The correlation coefficient (r 2) was 0.929 (P < .001). Intra- and interobserver variability had high interclass correlation coefficients (>0.99). Presented is the earliest published case of agenesis of corpus callosum and a case of dysgenetic corpus callosum in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Provided is a nomogram of the early fetal corpus callosum. Applying imaging criteria helped to identify a case of complete agenesis of the corpus callosum as early as 14 weeks.