Cornell School Research Articles

Heave and Heaving Pressure in Freezing Soils: A Unifying Theory

A unifying theory is presented for the process of heave in freezing soils. Out of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) school of D.M. Anderson came the concept of the segregation potential. Out of the Cornell school of R.D. Miller came the model for the heave rate. Here ideas from both schools are put on a fundamental thermodynamic footing, leading to the definition of a new heave index. Both schools use the temperature gradient in the frozen fringe as the driving force for heave. We argue and demonstrate that this choice leads to erratic results. The driving force should be the temperature gradient over the complete layer of soil that is at sub‐zero (°C) temperature, that is, the combined frozen zone plus the frozen fringe. The value of the heave index is completely dominated by the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function of both the unfrozen soil below the frozen fringe and the soil layer at sub‐zero temperature.

Handbook of leadership theory and practice: an HBS centennial colloquium on advancing leadership

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I: The Impact of Leadership: Performance and Meaning 1. Advancing Leadership Theory & Practice Rakesh Khurana & Nitin Nohria 2. When Does Leadership Matter? A Contingent Opportunities View of CEO Leadership? Noam Wasserman (Harvard University), Nitin Nohria, and Bharat Anand (Harvard Business School) 3. Revisiting the Meaning of Leadership Joel Podolny (Yale School of Management), Rakesh Khurana (Harvard Business School), and Marya Hill-Popper (Cornell School of Industrial and Labor Relations) 4. What Is This Thing Called Leadership? Richard Hackman (Harvard University) Section II: The Theory of Leadership: Personal Attributes, Functions and Relationships Chapters that take stock of different disciplinary perspectives on leadership and articulate an agenda for future research 5. Leadership through an Organization Behavior Lens: A Look at the Last Half-Century of Research Mary Ann Glynn and Rich DeJordy (Boston College) 6. Psychological Perspectives on Leadership Jennifer A. Chatman and Jessica A. Kennedy (University of California, Berkeley) 7. A Clinical Approach to the Dynamics of Leadership and Executive Transformation, Manfred Kets de Vries and Elisabet Engellau (INSEAD) 8. Classical Sociological Approaches to the Study of Leadership, Mauro F. Guillen (Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania) 9. Economists' Perspective on Leadership Patrick Bolton (Columbia), Markus K. Brunnermeier (Columbia), and Laura Veldkamp (NYU) 10. An Economic Perspective on Leadership Mark. A. Zupan (University of Rochester) 11. Leadership and History, Walter A. Friedman (Harvard Business School) 12. Power and Leadership Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (Harvard Kennedy School of Government) Section III. The Variability of Leadership: What's Core and Contingent Chapters exploring similarities and differences in leadership across task, culture, and identity 13. Leadership and Cultural Context: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination Based on Project GLOBE, Javidan, Mansour (Thunderbird Business School), Peter W. Dorfman (New Mexico State University), Jon Paul Howell (New Mexico State University), and Paul J. Hanges (University of Maryland) 14. Women and Leadership: Defining the Challenges, Robin J. Ely (Harvard Business School) and Deborah L. Rhode (Stanford Law School) 15. A Contingency Theory of Leadership, Jay Lorsch (Harvard Business School) Section IV: The Practice of Leadership: Agency and Constraint Chapters on the multiple facets of leadership practice 16. What is Leadership? The CEO's Role in Large, Complex Organizations, Michael E Porter (Harvard University) and Nitin Nohria (Harvard Business School) 17. What Makes Teams of Leaders Leadable? Ruth Wagerman and Richard Hackman (Harvard University) 18. Decision Making as Leadership Foundation, Michael Useem (Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania) 19. Leading Change: Leadership, Organization, and Social Movements, Marshall Ganz (Harvard Kennedy School of Government) 20. Leadership in a Globalizing World, Rosabeth Moss Kanter (Harvard Business School) 21. Unlocking the Slices of Genius in Your Organization: Leading for Innovation Linda A. Hill (Harvard Business School), Maurizio Travaglini (Architects of Group Genius), Greg Brandeau (Pixar Animation Studios), and Emily Stecker (Harvard Business School) Section V: The Development of Leaders: Knowing, Doing, and Being Chapters on the development of leaders 22. Identity-Based Leader Development, Herminia Ibarra (INSEAD), Scott Snook (Harvard Business School), and Laura Guillen Ramo (INSEAD) 23. The Experience Conundrum, Morgan W. McCall, Jr. (University of Southern California) 24. Leadership Development Interventions: Ensuring a Return on the Investment Jay A Conger (Claremont McKenna College) 25. Pursuing Authentic Leadership Development, Bruce J. Avolio (Gallup Leadership Institute) 26. Adult Development and Organizational Leadership Robert Kegan and Lisa Lahley (Harvard Education School)

Focus on Authors

Focus on Authors

Psychosocial Capacity Building in New York: Building Resiliency with Construction Workers Assigned to Ground Zero after 9/11

Construction workers who worked on “Ground Zero” after 9/11 in New York City were exposed to stressful and traumatic conditions. Clinicians, trade union leaders and the Cornell School of Industrial and Labor Relations designed a psychosocial capacity-building project which helped workers to recognize, understand and respond to their reactions through a series of interventions that included peer training, psychosocial workshops, brochures, and outreach and referral services. The project emphasized the use of mutual aid and social support through group interventions facilitated by clinicians and offered by trade unions. The article describes the planning and implementation of the project as well as the results of qualitative evaluations of the effectiveness of the project.

The Woof and the Warp of Architecture: The Figure-Ground in Urban Design

To borrow a metaphor used by Georg W.F. Hegel in the Philosophy of History to describe historical processes, architecture should be understood as a series of complex threads wherein one recognizes the physical forms as the warp, and the temporal, socio-political, natural, and aural contexts as the woof. Fabric is asserted as a concept broader than the immediate spatial and physical situation in which individual buildings are located; and, the threads of the fabric are all of those elements that aid in making the built environment both a designed and lived experience. In order to discuss this proposed understanding of fabric, this paper will look at how drawings informed the process and theory of urban design in the mid- to late-twentieth century. The discussion will focus on the origins of the Nolli plan and its 'rediscovery' by the Cornell School and their use of the figure-ground as a primary tool in the formulation of an urban design theory. The trajectory of the figure-ground can reinvigorate contemporary urban design praxis once more by reasserting drawing as more than mere illustration but as a means to conceptualize design methodologies that support a holistic notion of fabric.

The Woof and the Warp of Architecture: The Figure-Ground in Urban Design

To borrow a metaphor used by Georg W.F. Hegel in the Philosophy of History to describe historical processes, architecture should be understood as a series of complex threads wherein one recognizes the physical forms as the warp, and the temporal, socio-political, natural, and aural contexts as the woof. Fabric is asserted as a concept broader than the immediate spatial and physical situation in which individual buildings are located; and, the threads of the fabric are all of those elements that aid in making the built environment both a designed and lived experience. In order to discuss this proposed understanding of fabric, this paper will look at how drawings informed the process and theory of urban design in the mid- to late-twentieth century. The discussion will focus on the origins of the Nolli plan and its 'rediscovery' by the Cornell School and their use of the figure-ground as a primary tool in the formulation of an urban design theory. The trajectory of the figure-ground can reinvigorate contemporary urban design praxis once more by reasserting drawing as more than mere illustration but as a means to conceptualize design methodologies that support a holistic notion of fabric.

Places in Time: The Inns and Outhouses of Rhetoric1

I smell a bad word. —Roman Mailloux, four years old There's only one question: Are we the good guys or the bad guys? —Retired Brigadier General, U. S. Marines, at author's 35th anniversary high sch...

New Unity for Labor?

From the “Editor’s Introduction”: Within today’s AFL-CIO, a different set of frustrations with the bureaucratic structure and leadership is simmering. The relative lack of new organizing and the continuous toll of jurisdictional rivalries have produced a call for radical restructuring, or “New Unity Partnership” (NUP). As articulated by the leaders of some of the most powerful and dynamic of federation affiliates, including the Service Employees International Union’s president Andrew L. Stern, the promise (or threat, depending on one’s point of view) of the NUP deserves full scrutiny. To that end, we are pleased to present a forum organized by Ruth Milkman and Kim Voss of the University of California’s Institute for Labor and Employment, focused on the core concepts of the NUP proposal. The edited discussion features four labor policy experts: Stephen Lerner, director of the SEIU’s Building Services Division and a leading NUP draftsman; Kate Bronfenbrenner of the Cornell School of Industrial and Labor Relations; Dan Clawson, a sociologist at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst; and Jane Slaughter, of Labor Notes.

The Cornell school of rhetoric: Idiom and institution

The revival of rhetorical studies in early twentieth‐century higher education was based largely in emerging departments of public speaking, speech, and speech & drama. The founding generation of the discipline that now identifies itself as speech communication ‐ and increasingly as communication ‐ established regional and national associations, such as those now called the Eastern Communication Association and the National Communication Association, and they created departments and graduate programs across the country. At Cornell University, a group of young scholars founded a department and developed what came to be known as the Cornell School of Rhetoric, a geographically dispersed and intellectually diverse group of rhetorical scholars. The institutional base of the Cornell School of Rhetoric was the Cornell University Department of Speech and Drama, which flourished until the middle 1960s, when the university abolished the Speech half of the department and closed its graduate program in rhetoric and public address.

Best Practices in Hotel Operations

A wide-ranging study conducted by researchers based at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration identified a diverse group of hotel companies that have implemented outstanding practices to improve operations. Some of the hotels and management companies selected as best-practice champions improved specific departments' operations, while others took a hotel-wide approach to improving operations. Several operators have sought out distressed properties with an eye to renovating the physical plant and upgrading operations. Another group of operators has implemented some form of quality-assurance system. The two specific functional areas that received the most attention were maintenance (including housekeeping) and the front desk, especially check-in and check-out. Respondents in this study reported an increase in guest and employee satisfaction, along with considerable profit improvements. Significantly, in several cases the hotels shared with employees the savings from revised work practices, particularly those that prescribe standard times for each activity.

The Brand-Personality Scale

A study of a convenience sample of 247 students at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration measured the extent to which respondents differentiated among the personalities of nine restaurants in three segments (quick service, casual dining, and upscale). The study was based on Jennifer L. Aaker's brand-personality scale, which posits five overall personality dimensions comprising 42 traits. The overall dimensions are competence, sincerity, excitement, sophistication, and ruggedness. Respondents rated each of the nine restaurants on Aaker's 42 traits. On balance, the students did not perceive large differences among the restaurants' overall personalities, although certain restaurants were seen as distinctive on individual dimensions. For instance, McDonald's was seen as being more competent and exciting than either Burger King or Wendy's. Chili's was rated as the most rugged of the three casual-dining restaurants, while TGI Friday's was considered to be more exciting than Chili's or Applebee's. Ironically, the students reported the least personality differentiation among the upscale restaurants (all local establishments), even though the chef's or owner's personality usually informs such restaurants. Overall, upscale restaurants were perceived to be more sophisticated than the casual-dining or QSR outlets, while the casual-dining restaurants were seen as more sincere.

Community Service and the Hospitality Curriculum

Students in a required human-relations course at Cornell's School of Hotel Administration were assigned the responsibility of "volunteering" in a local humanservices agency. The students chose their assignments, which included visiting with residents in nursing homes, tutoring at-risk children, and serving in soup kitchens. The students gained information about the effects of cutbacks in government programs for the disadvantaged and insights into their own motivations and the effects of interpersonal interaction. Ironically, although students agreed that volunteerism is important, none continued their volunteer assignments in subsequent semesters.

The Cornell school of rhetoric

The Cornell school of rhetoric

Hoyt H. Hudson: Spokesman for the Cornell school of rhetoric

During the formative years of the Speech profession, Hoyt H. Hudson sought—along with other Cornellians—to make rhetoric the centerpiece of the discipline. He urged that invention be returned to its central place in rhetoric and that rhetoric be a part of a liberal; rather than a scientific or technical, education. In so doing, Hudson emerged as chief spokesman for the Cornell tradition.

A Glimpse of the Gold

A team of American chefs dominated the 1980 Culinary Olympics, * bringing home 21 gold medals and a silver medal. Gerry T. Regan, a member of the Cornell School of Hotel Administration faculty, attended the competition, where he took the accompanying full-color photographs and —in his own words —"spent seven days eating, drinking, and relishing the delights of this worldwide smorgasbord." Here are a few of his observations on that week in October.

Why Mergers Will Continue

This article by Martin E. Kantor views mergers and acquisitions from the investment banker's approach in counseling company executives on the securities market. The February issue of this magazine presented three articles on mergers and acquisitions in the hospitality industry by senior partners of Laventhol Krekstein Horwath & Horwath dealing with organizational and ac counting concepts. The series was developed from addresses given at the Seminar on Mergers and Acquisitions in the Hospitality Industry, held in November 1969 under the joint spon sorship of Cornell's School of Hotel Administra tion and Laventhol Krekstein Horwath & Hor wath. — Ed.

Probing L-dopa

Brookhaven National Laboratory Parkinsonism patient before and after administration of L-dopa. In a confidential application for funds to the National Institutes of Health, a group of doctors proposes a study by 20 different institutions across the couLntry of the mysteriouLs drug L-dopa, which is apparently effective against Parkinson's disease. money is almost certain to be granted. Some 600 victims of the disease would be treated in the centers. In addition, the drug will be tested against other ailments, and related druLgs will be tried. AbouLt one million persons in the United States suffer from parkinsonism, with 50,000 new cases diagnosed each year. No one knows the catuse. No one knows exactly why the drug L-dopa (short for Levodihydoxyphenylalanine) works against it. But the chairman of the group that has applied for the Federal funds, Dr. Marvin D. Yahr, has fouLnd it has helped three-quarters of the 100 palsy victims he has treated. Dr. Yahr is a professor of neurology at the Coltumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Yahr says the problem with Ldopa so far is that it brings on side effects, including high blood pressure and a lack of appetite that upsets the metabolic system. Nausea, agitation, loss of strength and deliriulm are seen in some patients. One of the jobs of the 20 centers will be to work oLt dosage amounts and schedules for individuLal patients, while keeping track of blood pressure and other reactions. disease is named for James Parkinson, an English sturgeon who died in 1824. obvious symptoms include tremor and muscuLlar rigidity and the loss of reflexes. The disease affects both sexes and all races. There is no evidence to indicate a hereditary factor, although some authorities claim that there is a familial occurrence, says Dr. Yahr. apparent cause is a lack of the body chemical dopamine. But administration of plain dopamine is not effective. For some reason it does not cross the walls of the blood vessels to enter the cells of the brain. But the variant, L-dopamine, somehow can penetrate, and then is broken down in the brain cells to yield the lacking substance. Other members of Dr. Yahr's committee are: Drs. George C. Cotzias of the Brookhaven National Laboratory's Medical Research Center at Upton, N.Y., Benjamin Boshes of Northwestern University's Medical Center in Chicago, Charles Markham of the University of California in Los Angeles, Fletcher McDowell of Cornell School of Medicine in New York City, and Richard Remington of the University of Mfichigan in Ann Arbor.O

Observations On the International Travel Market

Albert E. Koehl is chairman of the board of Koehl, Landis & Landan, Inc., a New York firm which has specialized in hotel advertising and travel promotion for over 30 years. Mr. Koehl was instrumental in the development of the U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce's 1961 report, "The Future of Tourism in the Pacific and Far East." A member of the International Executive Corps Service, he worked as adviser to Panama's Insti tuto de Tourismo in early 1966 and to the Mo roccan Government in June. Mr. Koehl is a grad uate of Cornell's School of Hotel and Restaurant Administration.

Resort Managers' Round Table

During the Resort Management Workshop conducted by Cornell's School of Hotel Administration on January 25-28, 1965, a "cracker barrel" evening session was held. Mr. Harold E. Severance, owner-manager of Severance Lodge (Centre Lovell, Maine) presided. The major problems considered during this session are reported in part below.— Editor

The Problem of Perception

THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION I. THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION AND CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY FROM its beginning experimental psychology has perseveringly attempted, with an increasingly rigorous precision, to amass all the facts which might throw light on the psychological phenomenon involved in the process of perception. The wealth of material thus gathered, and still being added to by new observations, naturally stimulated endeavors to find for it a rational explanation which would be adequate. A detailed history of opinions, or a step-by-step analysis of these attempted explanations is beside the point here.1 A brief exposition, systematical rather than historical, will suffice to bring out certain essential aspects of the problem which are the principal issues in a still open discussion. Associationism, at least in its most recent manifestations, is in agreement with the psychology of form in accepting these postulates: a) Sensation, in its simplest form, is a pure abstraction; as such, therefore, it is rarely encountered in our cognitive life; 2 b) The normal human cognitive operation is therefore a complex operation, commonly designated by the name " perception "; c) Concerning the object of perception, the perceiving subject identifies the thing before him, recognizes in it a table, an 1 Instead of mentioning again the classical works familiar to all psychologists, we shall be content here to refer to expositions that are more accessible: E. Pialat, "Une conception nouvelle de la vie psychique: 'La Gestalttheorie,'" Revue NeoScolaatique de Philosophie, XXXI, (1989), 48-74; T.V. Moore, "Gestalt Psychology and Scholastic Philosophy," The New Scholasticism, Vll (1988), 298-825; VIII (1984), 46-80; P. Guillaume, La Psychologie de la forme, (Paris: Flammarion), 1987. • Cf. E. B. Titchener, Manuel de Psychologie (Paris: Alcan, 1922), pp. 854-856, 874; G. Dumas, Nouveau TraiU de Psychologic (Paris: Alcan, 1986), p. 1. 266 THE PROBLETh{ OF PERCEPTION .267 orange, etc. This identification, however, consists not in the apprehension of the individual concrete substance, but in the substitution of a verbal symbol for a sensory synthesis composed of sensations and images, or a configuration, a structure, a form (Gestalt). Consequently, consideration is restricted to what is called the perception of number, of space, of movement, of forms, of positions, etc.3 In short, despite notable divergences , contemporary psychologists continue on the whole to offer us a rigorously phenomenalist and sensationalist explanation of perception. Keeping in view this preoccupation with. the phenomenalist and sensationalist which unites the two explanations and has a strong influence on the ends of investigators, we shall endeavor to define the contrasts which define the two attitudes. Since each side has recourse to different descriptive concepts, the statement of the problem of perception must be twofold and the procedures employed in resolving the problem itself must reflect opposite methods. Since for associationism, the first complex experience can be reduced to simple elements-into psychic atoms-it fittingly applies the procedures of analysis which have been so successful in chemistry and physics. Perception is broken down into sensations and images, and an attempt made to discover the dynamic principles which initiate and direct the organization of the parts in reconstructing the whole according to an order of growing complexity. Once it is admitted that the establishment of an existential link among the elements of perception results from the exercise of the functions of attention and association, an effort is made to set forth the laws which condition the influence of these functions. Finally, when the content of perception has been translated into terms of signification, on the plane of consciousness, a reconstruction of the history of consciousness from its original flowering until its burial in the obscure depths of the subconscious can be undertaken. A brief description borrowed from one of the 8 Cf. Boring, Langfeld, Weld, et alii, Psychology: a Factual Textbook (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1935), pp. 207-273. ~68 NOEL MAILLOUX protagonists of the movement, the head of the Cornell School, will help to render this abstract schema more understandable: Our description of the psychology of perception is now complete. It has embraced four principal points. First, according to the general laws of attention and the special laws of the connection of sensations, the sensations have been joined, united...