Russian Cooperation Research Articles

H. Baldwin’s Memorandum for the US Government “On Military Cooperation of Russia in the Pacific War” (1942) as a Historical Source

Issues related to US attempts to engage the USSR in a direct clash with Japan during the Second World War are examined. The relevance of the study is due to the fierce ongoing debate regarding a number of aspects of the history of the war years. Particular attention is paid to the study of a document sent by the Soviet intelligence agencies to I. V. Stalin in 1942. The novelty of the study is seen, first of all, in the fact that the document under study was declassified only at the present time and has not been published before. Meanwhile, the document testifies to the strategies proposed to the US government by a number of very influential and informed representatives of the American elite, aimed at drawing the Soviet Union into the war with Japan. It is shown in this document that the role of the USSR in the Pacific theater of operations is rightly defined as very significant. Of particular interest is the list of recommendations cited in the article by H. Baldwin, the author of the document studied, recommendations designed to ensure the involvement of the USSR in the war with Japan. The conclusion is formulated that the studied “Memorandum” confirms the readiness of the Allies to do a lot to achieve the desired. At the same time, it demonstrates the temporary nature of a community of interests and is by no means an allied attitude towards our country.

The model of international trade by the type of mutual attraction of the EAEU, SCO and BRICS countries

The article is devoted to the study of factors affecting the financial and economic cooperation of countries with an emerging market within the framework of three blocs, namely the EAEU, BRICS and SCO, by building a model based on the type of mutual attraction. The countries belonging to the former USSR is considered separately. The time period of the study has been established, which begins in the crisis year 2014 for Russia and continues to the present. The subject of the analysis is the financial and economic relations arising in the process of cooperation of countries with an emerging market that are members of such associations as the EAEU, SCO and BRICS. The author examines the factors affecting the financial and economic cooperation of countries with an emerging market: the depth and scale of foreign trade turnover, gross domestic product per capita, the index of trade openness, the rate of growth of the currency of the importing and exporting countries, the distance between countries, the involvement of a country with an emerging market in such associations as the EAEU, BRICS, SCO. The research is based on general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, comparison), presentation of tabular and graphical interpretation of statistical information, time series, econometric modeling using the EViews software product. The novelty of the article lies in determining, using econometric methods, the factors affecting the financial and economic cooperation of countries with an emerging market within the framework of three blocks, namely the EAEU, BRICS and SCO, by building a model based on the type of mutual attraction. The peculiarity of the presented model is the presence of lag exchange rates. The inclusion of the lag of the relative change in the exchange rate of the exporter led to the fact that the data for 2014 were excluded from the sample. It is advisable to take into account the results obtained in Russia's cooperation both on a bilateral basis and in a multilateral format within the framework of the EAEU, BRICS and SCO.

Economic aspects of the military and technological cooperation between Russia and Turkey as they are today

Subject. The article discusses the active cooperation of Russia and Turkey on some strategic matters, including the military-technological cooperation. Objectives. The article represents my own comprehensive research into the economic potential of the military-technological cooperation between Russia and Turkey as they are today. I evaluate the future, risks and threats as the USA puts more pressure and foreign customers pursue to localize the production of military products inside, getting more involved into the joint research and designing process. Methods. I applied methods of logic, statistical analysis. Results. We see the dramatic reconfiguration and revitalization of the armament markets, intensification of integration processes in the world economy and never-ending prolongation of sanctions against Russia and its strategic partners. Turkey signed the C-400 supply contracts and continues its military-technological cooperation with Russia, notwithstanding the pressure of the U.S. administration, which is evidence of the high demand in Turkey for the Russian military technologies. Conclusions and Relevance. Sanctions were imposed on many Russian defense enterprises. The USA continuously put on pressure countries that cooperate with Russia on military and technological matters. There should be a more close cooperation with partners, including search for proper options for settlement of accounts in national currencies. Russia and Turkey are implementing some major projects, including in the defense sector, which will continue to be meaningful for bilateral trade and economic relations.

Cooperation between Russia and Italy within the framework of EU programs in scientific sphere in the first quarter of the XXI century

This article discusses the key vectors of humanitarian cooperation between Russia and the European Union in the area of science in the first quarter of the XXI century. Italy as the EU member-state with high scientific capacity manifests as a direct subject for the analysis of peculiarities of this cooperation. The selected chronology is substantiated by the fact that most intensive cooperation between Russia and EU in humanitarian sphere falls on that period. Determination of the key vectors of cooperation between Russia and Italy in the XXI century allows tracing the dynamics of Russia-EU relations in the indicated field at the current stage. The scientific novelty is defined by the absence of research dedicated to international cooperation of Russia and Italy. The following conclusions are formulated: 1) since 2012 there is observed a certain decline in the intensity of scientific and technical cooperation between Russia and EU due to political contradictions that aggravated after 2014; 2) at the same time, the foundation formed in the previous decades allowed transferring the scientific and technical cooperation from the political level into the practical, namely to the sphere of direct interaction between the Russian scholars from the EU member-states (including Italian); 3) a crucial role was played by the nonprofit sector and large enterprises that are interested in the advancement of innovations; 4) therefore, namely the contacts between universities, research centers, innovation organizations, and scholars may become the foundation for the development of comprehensive cooperation between Russia and the European Union. The obtained experience demonstrates that many crucial steps in this direction have already been taken.

The United States, Russia, and Syria’s chemical weapons: a tale of cooperation and its unravelling

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the drivers of US–Russian cooperation in the disarmament of Syria’s declared chemical weapons (CW) in 2013–14, emphasizing the primary importance of credible coercion vis-à-vis the Syrian government. It identifies additional significant drivers—including the resonance of institutional memory of cooperation through the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs; continued interest alignment for Russia through consensus on a hybrid disarmament framework; and constructive relationships among senior officials on both sides—while also showing the relevance of Russian sensitivities to status, the prospects of a new round of Syria peace talks planned at the time (“Geneva II”), and expectations of positive “spillover” from narrow cooperation on Syrian CW into other areas of US–Russian relations. The article further traces and explains the unravelling of internal consensus within the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) on the Syrian CW file between 2014 and the present day, analyzing growing frictions over the Fact-Finding Mission, the Joint Investigative Mechanism, and the Investigation and Identification Team. Disagreements within the OPCW over these issues became increasingly viewed as inextricably linked to the broader geopolitical Russia–West confrontation. Finally, the article probes the resultant implications for prospects of universalizing the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention and making progress toward a weapons-of-mass-destruction-free zone in the Middle East.

Становление трансграничного сотрудничества России: дальневосточный аспект

The article highlights the dynamics of the development of cross-border format of cooperation in Russia and the connection of its Far East to intensive relations with neighboring countries of the Asia-Pacific region. The transformation of the constitutional foundations of the Russian state at the end of the XX century made possible the interaction of actors of political relations at two levels: with foreign and domestic partners. The author of the article reconstructs the dynamics of the formation of the reference points of the metamorphosis of the system of public administration and political relations of different actors of cross-border cooperation in Russia. There are four stages of the uneven process of institutionalization, corresponding to the four periods of political and socio-spatial development of the Far Eastern border society. The domestic model has not yet received the final stable form, but it has acquired its unique characteristics.

The opportunities of new cooperative models application in Russian agricultural economy

Agricultural cooperation in Russia is considered today as the most important condition for the successful functioning of the agricultural sector of the economy, as well as the development of rural areas and communities. However, as the results of theoretical and empirical analysis of domestic cooperative practices development demonstrate, cooperative activities, despite significant efforts by the State to support cooperation, are still low in efficiency. At the same time, one of the reasons for the current situation in the activities of agricultural consumer cooperatives is that their organizational model (traditional cooperatives) is unable to realize its potential in a new (rapidly changing) economic environment (both global and national). In this connection, the article 1) reveals the peculiarities of the conditions in which domestic cooperatives operate, as well as the problems they face in implementing strictly traditional principles in their organizational structure; 2) justifies the need to transform both the model of cooperatives and the formal and informal institutions that determine the development of cooperation in rural space; 3) highlights the main directions of traditional cooperative principles modification to bring cooperative structures to the new level of efficiency and competitiveness. The main result of the research is the conceptual definition of three alternative models of business-type cooperatives with different strategies, as well as different degrees of individualization property rights, control, and management. The common features of the proposed varieties of contemporary entrepreneurial cooperatives include the restriction of membership, the application of up-to-date financial instruments to enhance additional investment opportunities, the involvement of a wide range of participants in cooperative activities (as members, specialists, managers), and the implementation of various motivational tools for rapid expansion of cooperative activities. In conclusion, the author presents the algorithm of organizational and institutional changes, which are necessary for the successful introduction of the entrepreneurial model of agricultural cooperatives into domestic economic practice.

БАРЬЕРЫ НА ПУТИ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА РОССИИ И ОПЕК+

The article examines the possibilities and barriers to organizing cooperation between the Russian oil complex and other hydrocarbon exporting countries participating in the OPEC + international deal to stabilize oil prices in the long term. The authors identify possible problems that impede effective cooperation and the implementation of mutual agreements between the countries participating in the OPEC + deal. The paper analyzes price quotations for oil and their fluctuations from production volumes by the leading hydrocarbon exporting countries, compares the positive and negative effects of the collapse of the OPEC + deal, and examines the prospects for Russia's maintaining its positions in the global fuel market in the long term. The analytical base is represented by current Russian and foreign resources (data from the Ministry of Energy of Russia, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the International Energy Agency EIA), estimates and forecasts of industry experts (PJSC Gazprom Neft), statistical and analytical agencies (Vedomosti, Banks.ru, etc. .). Having considered the likely scenarios for the development of the Russian economy and the oil market, the authors come to the conclusion that it is advisable to continue investments in long-term projects, in research and development work, regardless of further cooperation of Russia in the framework of the OPEC + deal, in order to maintain the country's competitiveness in the world markets. This will make it possible to reduce the cost of production due to new technologies and solutions, even with artificial limitation of hydrocarbon production.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ КООПЕРАЦИИ В РОССИИ

The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the development of agricultural cooperation in Russia, based on the analysis of the activities of cooperatives, the role of the cooperative structure in ensuring the food security of the country is substantiated, recommendations are given for improving the formation and organization of the activities of agricultural cooperatives, measures for state support of the cooperative movement in the countryside.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ТРАДИЦИОННОЙ МОДЕЛИ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО КООПЕРАТИВА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ

This article presents scientific-analytical material relating to the obstacles and possibilities the using of agricultural cooperatives traditional model in current (Russian) conditions. It was revealed the main problems (such as free riding, horizon, portfolio, principal-agent, influence costs problems) that arise in organizations with poorly specified property rights and lead to ineffective functioning of agricultural cooperatives in Russia as a whole and in the Kurgan region in particular. On the basis of theoretical and empirical analysis, and also the statements of cooperative activities participants, some possibilities for overcoming the current situation are specified. The transformation of traditional cooperative organization model into the model of a new (entrepreneurial) type is considered as the main condition for successful development of agricultural cooperation. This new model is characterized by weakening of cooperative principles and introduction of modern financial instruments in agricultural cooperatives’ activities to attract investment and, as a result, to provide the dynamic development of cooperative organizations in present socio-economic and institutional environment.

Military-technical cooperation of Russia with the countries of Latin America. Potential for development and risk factors

The article contains the basic principles, trends and problems of military-technical cooperation (MTC) of Russia with the countries of Latin America. By the beginning of the 21st century, Latin America had become a rather promising, large-scale market for the import of military products, attractive to major world-class arms manufacturers, including Russia. This was largely facilitated by the complex of factors prevailing at the regional level, both in geopolitical, national-political, and financial-economic and industrial-technological spheres. As a result, in many countries of the region decisions were taken in the field of military construction aimed at the transition to the modernization of used weapons and military equipment, which are usually represented by outdated models of the 1950-1970s. The article reveals the potentially most significant areas of the Russian military-technical cooperation in the region, the risks and problems that hinder this cooperation, and the favorable prerequisites for building it up in the future.

Развитие российско-корейских отношений в области образования

The paper is concerned with the cooperation of Russia and The Republic of Korea in education area, particularly education on Korean language and culture. It presents the analysis of the treaty and legal basis of bilateral cooperation in education. The author identified the factors contributing to promotion of the Korean language in Russia. Special attention has been given to cooperation agreements between Russian Federation and The Republic of Korea in culture and education.

НАУЧНО-ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКАЯ ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ НА ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ

Russia's integration into common research areas (spaces) within Europe and Eurasia is an effective tool for improving its research potential and achieving long-term economic growth. The methodological support for such processes, including issues of international legal regulation, is lacking. Given current geopolitics, especially vital for Russia is its cooperation in research, technology and innovation (RTI) with the countries of the former Soviet Union. The article focuses on newly adopted policies and mechanisms of the Russian RTI cooperation within CIS, EAEU and the Union State of Russia and Belarus. The authors identify modern approaches, principles, current state and trends of the RTI cooperation discussed. Among them are: forming an international RTI agenda and similar priority cooperation areas for the long term perspective; developing relevant institutional support; participating in international organizations’ activity; developing world-class joint research infrastructure; resolving human resources issues; determining volumes and sources of funding. The choice of common priority areas - energy, medicine, ICT and nanotechnology - corresponds to the strategic objectives of the participating countries and global challenges. Further strengthening of RTI cooperation in the post-Soviet area will have a synergistic effect. Taking into account the identified differences, the authors formulate recommendations on the improvement of international legal regulation of RTI cooperation in the region.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ПРИСУТСТВИЯ РОССИИ НА ГЛОБАЛЬНОМ РЫНКЕ ВООРУЖЕНИЯ И В ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ РЕГИОНАХ В РАМКАХ ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВА

The article provides an overview of Russia's military-technical cooperation, the specifics of state regulation in the context of the world arms and military equipment market. Emphasis has been made on some regions (CIS, Africa, Latin America) where activities are intensified. The effectiveness of the existing system of military-technical cooperation of Russia and particular aspects of its functioning are evaluated.

On technology for modeling and forecasting the interrelated development of regional fuel and energy complexes of Russia and Mongolia

The paper considers the main ideas of proposed computational technology for scenario modeling and forecasting the development of the national fuel and energy complexes of Russia and Mongolia, regarding to the intercountry trade in fuel and energy resources. The proposing technology exploits the ideas of multi-agent systems (MASs) and agent-based simulation models (ABSMs) as they can act as unifying means for different types of decision-making methods by distributed objects. Methodological principles and architecture for ABSM of the national fuel and energy complexes of Russia and Mongolia were proposed. The implementation issues of the model in the Adskit software tool is discussed. The problem of laying routes of extended energy objects is also considered. Based on the principles of geometric optics the author’s solution algorithm in the form of a special case of the variational problem was proposed to deal with this problem. The application of MAS and ABSM paradigms for forecasting and evaluating the state of the fuel and energy sector in Russia and Mongolia allows one to organize a step-by-step research of the energy system with the gradual development of the model: increasing the types of objects and agents; improving decision-making algorithms, including those based on mathematical models; creating complex scenarios. The technology forms methodological basis for supporting decision-making process of evaluation the prospective variants of bilateral energy cooperation of Russia and Mongolia and related project effectiveness.

Позиции лидеров ФРГ и Франции на пути к европейскому единству (1949–1958 гг.)

Russian cooperation with the EU countries is currently an important factor in preserving peace on the European continent and affects the entire system of international relations. The need to study the historical experience of European integration is confirmed by the fact that in the conditions of the modern world, European states inevitably become active participants in the integration processes, both global and regional. The article is devoted to the analysis of various foreign policy concepts on European integration in the period 1949–1958. The positions of European leaders, as well as the complex and controversial process of rapprochement between Germany and France in the post-war period, has become a kind of historical prologue that helps today to form a more complete picture of the initial stage of the creation of the EU. The rejection of bloc thinking by «federalists» who tried to overcome the already accomplished division of Europe and supporters of this section by contrasting the West and the East, including the USA, defined strategic concepts in understanding of the integration process by many politicians of that time, including the leaders of Germany and France. The contradictions between them never disappeared completely, but manifested themselves in one form or another at the turning points of European integration.

Short supply food chains in rural development

The article presents the results of study of the possibilities and prerequisites for the development of rural territories based on the restructuring of the agri-food system at the local level. The inclusion of peasant farm enterprises, private subsidiary farms, agricultural consumer cooperatives and agricultural cooperative markets into short supply food chains has been observed. The study was conducted on the basis of Rosstat data across the subjects of the Russian Federation. The polling survey was carried out in Vologda, Leningrad and Novgorod regions. The methods of correlation and socio-economic analysis were used. Groups of regions with a high share (60-70%; 71-80%; > 80%) of peasant farms and private subsidiary farms in food production as territories with prerequisites for the formation of short supply food chains were identified. The tendencies of decreasing the number of agricultural consumer cooperatives and their localization in a limited number of regions have been established. In ten regions of Russia 52.6% of agricultural consumer cooperatives are concentrated and 49.2% of peasant farms as their members are located. Cooperatives in Russia as a whole cover only 5.2% of all peasant farms. Operating agricultural consumer cooperatives provide their services only to 4% of private subsidiary farms. Based on the correlation of Spearman's ranks, a moderate tightness of the direct relationship between the number of agricultural consumer cooperatives and the number of peasant farms - members of the agricultural consumer cooperatives (correlation coefficient is 0.56) and a weak relationship between the number of agricultural consumer cooperatives and the number of private subsidiary farms served by them (0.08) has been established. It is concluded that agricultural consumer cooperatives can have a significant impact on the formation of short supply food chains only in certain regions with a developed cooperative network. The results of the questionnaire of agricultural consumer cooperatives have revealed a number of interrelated problems concerning the sale of products, the need for the development of agricultural cooperative markets and other retail markets. It was proposed to manage markets and food chains in general on the basis of a corporate social responsibility model using rural web networks (Rural web).Conflict of interest: the authors stated that there was no conflict of interest.

Economic Policy in Indonesia and Prospects of Russian-Indonesian Trade and Economic Cooperation

The article is devoted to the analysis of the current economic situation in Indonesia and the prospects for RussianIndonesian economic cooperation. The author covers the economic development of Indonesia since 1998 Asian economic crisis, the domestic economic agenda and the policy of new President D. Widodo, as well as the history and potential for the further development of trade and economic relations between Russia and Indonesia. The relevance of the research is determined by the increasing role of Indonesia in international politics in the 21st century. Indonesia is the fourth largest country in terms of population, after China, India and the United States. Its economy is 16th in the world and first in ASEAN. It is a member of G20. It is expected that Indonesia will enter the top five largest world economies by 2030. For Russia, the development of relations with the rapidly developing Asian countries is an important element in of its foreign policy strategy of diversifying trading partners and entering the promising markets of developing countries. The main purpose of the article is to analyze current challenges faced by the Indonesian government in implementing new economic policy, to identify promising areas of bilateral cooperation of Russia and Indonesia in the context of anti-Russian sanctions. The article points out the potential of these relations and the mutual benefits for the Russian and Indonesian economy. The author used mainly the historical method, which allows tracing the history of the development of the economic situation in Indonesia and the evolution of Russian-Indonesian relations. While analyzing Indonesia’s domestic economic policy, the key research method has been a comparative analysis, which contributed to summarizing the achievements of Indonesian politics. In conclusion, the author identifies promising areas for further development of Russian-Indonesian trade and economic relations taken into account modern Indonesian economic policy’s need agenda.

А Comparative Analysis of Russian and Chinese Energy Supply Legislation

The interaction and cooperation of Russia and China in this area requires the identification and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of legal regulation of relations in the field of energy supply. The legal construction of an energy supply contract is regulated by the Civil Code of Russia and the Law of China ‘On Contracts’ for the contractual regulation of relations in the supply of electrical and (or) thermal energy to consumers through an attached network. The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the development of contractual relations in energy supply by using the Russian doctrine and the regulatory documents of Russia and China as materials. The subject of study is the doctrine (theoretical studies) of Russian legal specialists in the field of energy supply contracts; current legislation and regulations of Russia and China regulating relations in the studied area. The results of this study can be used to improve Russian legal acts regulating the relations in the field of energy supply. The study contains practical recommendations for the participants in civil legal relations, courts and other law enforcement agencies (for example, energy commissions, anti-monopoly authorities) in dealing with cases related to energy supply.

The «New Angrarstroy» as a project of non-primary-based integration of Russian and Chinese economies: opportunities and challenges

In the context of non-primary-based cooperation of Russia and China the innovation Project «New Angarstroy»: Baikal-Amur metallurgical super-combine, is being considered. It was developed as a key part of the new stage of industrialization in Russia, including of large scale Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur railway reconstruction. The project serves as an alternative to further increasing the exploitation of forest resources in the Baikal region, creating here new environmentally harmful cellulose and chemical plants and tourist hotels on Baikal. The project assumes the development of the largest metallurgy production of national and international scale, which will includes high-quality ferrous metallurgy of the full cycle and titanium-magnesium industry. The development of the Baikal ecological territory is assumed within the framework of the Lake-Temple subproject.