Russian Cooperation Research Articles

The development of the Eastern Polygon is a priority of the Russian economy in the context of a turn to the East

The article shows the importance of the Eastern Landfill modernization project for the development of Russian regions and the country's economy. The chronology of the implementation of the Eastern Landfill modernization project and its prospects are given, taking into account existing plans for the development of freight capacity, as well as the forecast of demand for domestic, export-import and transit cargo transportation. The influence of the curtailment of Russia's cooperation with Europe and the turn to the East on the change in the dynamics and structure of Russian rail freight transportation is analyzed. It is shown that the project of modernization of the Eastern Polygon in the context of the observed fragmentation of the global economy will enhance Russia's role in the promising Asia-Pacific region and strengthen long-term cooperation with its strategic partner, China.

Agricultural Vertical Cooperatives: the State and Directions of State Support

Agricultural vertical cooperatives created by small agricultural producers play an essential role in the market integration of small farms, ensuring employment and income of the rural population, and the stability of the agro-food market. The study of the problems of rural cooperation belongs to the relevant areas of economic research in the agro-industrial complex. The article analyzes the level and trends in the development of agricultural vertical cooperatives in Russia, including the dynamics of the number of certain types of cooperatives in 2019-2024, the social composition and equipment of fixed assets of cooperatives, their role in the production of a number of food resources. The conclusion is made about the slow development of cooperation and the significant differentiation of the cooperative movement across the subjects of the Russian Federation. The main reasons for the current situation and directions for improving cooperative policy in rural areas are considered.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ALASH MOVEMENT’S SOCIO-POLITICAL ACTIVITIES DURING THE CIVIL WAR

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to expand the amount of available information on the history of socio-political movements during the Civil War in the Russian Empire. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to reveal the essence of the Alash movement in Kazakhstan, its socio-political activities, and the consequences of the Civil War. The method of critical analysis was chosen as the primary approach, which facilitated the effective processing of archival and scientific sources of information, based on which further research was conducted. The following methods of scientific cognition were also used: historical and genetic, historical and system, diachronic analysis, heuristic, synthesis, deduction, and comparison. This study examines the establishment and activities of Alash Autonomy, analyzing archival facts and papers by Kazakh and foreign researchers. It cites eyewitness accounts, explores the political structure, evaluates leaders' actions, and explains intelligence work's consequences. It justifies changes in allies, details Alash-Soviet Russia cooperation, and describes outcomes. The materials of this research paper are of practical value for historical science due to the presented assessment of data on the Alash movement, analysis of scientific literature, observation and discussion presented in this study.

Environmental Protection as an Area of Russia's Cooperation With Central Asian Countries

Environmental Protection as an Area of Russia's Cooperation With Central Asian Countries

Cross-Border Cooperation Against the Odds?

What impact did changes in the geopolitical environment have on grassroots cross-border cooperation within the Barents Euro-Arctic Region in the years before Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022? Drawing on interviews, surveys and document studies from two evaluations made in 2007 and 2020 of the Norwegian Barents Secretariat’s grant programme, conducted by the authors of the present article, we analyse the development over time of cross-border cooperation in Russia’s northwestern and Norway’s northernmost regions. The context in which the programme was conducted in 2020 differed significantly from that in 2007. The period was one of increasingly strained relations between Russia and the West. In particular, the 2014 events in Ukraine resulted in a new geopolitical environment that posed a challenge to the ideals of cross-border trust and people-to-people cooperation. Moreover, internal political developments in Russia led to more centralized power structures and control, also regarding civil society. Although we had expected these developments to have had a negative impact on the programme’s goal achievement, we find that the programme was closer to achieving several of its objectives in 2020 than in 2007. Competence transfer went both ways, both sides benefitted more equally and despite the geopolitical complications, the number of groups involved on both sides of the border did not decrease. The article identifies the main challenges between partners, and how they were overcome.

Energy cooperation of Russia and China in the Arctic: state and prospects

ABSTRACT In the twenty-first century the Arctic region remains strategically important for many states located both inside and outside the Arctic. The transformation of the Arctic into an outpost of the world economy is dictated by the rapid and irreversible changes in the natural, socio-economic and political environment, among which two interrelated features stand out: climate change and globalization. The article focuses on analyzing the features of energy interaction between Russia and the People's Republic of China in the Russian Arctic. Over the past two years, the development of the Arctic, including the Russian Arctic zone, has been strongly influenced by the exacerbation of the Ukrainian crisis. The termination of Russia’s cooperation with member countries and the majority of observer states of the Arctic Council towards the implementation of industrial projects in the Russian Arctic has strengthened the so-called ‘orientation to the east’ in Russian Arctic policy. The current macroeconomic situation creates the preconditions for the development of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region, primarily with China. The publication analyzes the current stage of Russian-Chinese relations and examines the prospects for interstate energy cooperation in the Arctic.

Cooperation of Russia and Armenia in the sphere of information: impact of diaspora and public organizations

Cooperation of Russia and Armenia in the sphere of information: impact of diaspora and public organizations

Направления изменений международного технологического обмена в современных условиях

The subject of the study is the transformation of the lines of international technological exchange in the context of multiple restrictions from the countries with high technological potential. The purpose of the work is to identify possible ways for further technological cooperation of Russia with countries that are subject to sanctions restrictions in this area. The article rationale is determined by the need for Russia to find new niches and areas of technological exchange with foreign countries. The research methodology includes the use of general scientific methods, namely statistical one, evaluation of empirical data, specification and abstraction, expert assessments, classification, structuring and systematization of objects. The research methodology includes the use of general scientific methods, namely statistical, evaluation of empirical data, concretization and abstraction, expert assessments, classification, structuring and objects arrangement. The article concludes that ensuring the innovative component of the economic growth of the countries around the world through a combination of their own resources and commercial and non-commercial technology exchange is a long-term trend. In the context of growing geopolitical tensions, developed countries have become increasingly active in imposing restrictions on the transfer of technology and high-tech goods. The establishment of new spatial and geographical areas of international technological cooperation has become an inevitable consequence of this situation. An important response for the countries targeted by the sanctions restrictions is the shaping of new vectors of cooperation, including targeting exports and imports of technologies to/from friendly countries, developing non-commercial forms of technological exchange, including scientific contacts, training specialists, and holding business forums. An important response for countries targeted by sanctions restrictions is the formation of new vectors of cooperation, including targeting the export and import of technology to friendly countries, developing non-commercial forms of technological exchange, including scientific contacts, training specialists, and holding business forums. Ensuring the technological sovereignty of Russia and other sanctioned countries is possible by improving the scientific infrastructure and encouraging domestic and foreign investments.

Prospects for Expanding Russia's Cooperation With ASEAN Countries in the New Geopolitical Reality: A Case Study of Myanmar

Prospects for Expanding Russia's Cooperation With ASEAN Countries in the New Geopolitical Reality: A Case Study of Myanmar

Representative Offices of the Federal Subjects as an Institute for Interregional Cooperation (Experience of the Republic of Tatarstan)

Introduction. The issues of interregional cooperation of Russian regions are of particular relevance in the face of drastic changes in the foreign economic relations. Reasons of interregional cooperation induce Russian regions to open representative offices in federal subjects. The purpose of the article is to consider the Republic of Tatarstan experience of using remote representative offices and improving their performance in order to suggest a generalized model for organizing the activities of representative offices taking into account the modern trends in the development of interregional cooperation. Materials and Methods. The study includes analysis of up-to-date publications on the research topic, documents of state origin and is based on evaluation of the long-term experience of development the system of representative offices of the Republic of Tatarstan. The institutional and structural-functional methods of political science were used to determine the place of remote representative offices in the regional government authorities, the conditions of their activities, and the implemented functionality. General scientific methods of comparative analysis and classification were also used to develop a basic concept and work organization model of representative offices, to assess trends in the performance indicators of their activities, to work out development proposals for representative offices of federation subjects. Results. The current trends in the development of interregional cooperation in Russia together with questions of using the representative offices of federal subjects are considered taking into account corresponding experience of the Republic of Tatarstan. Ways to organize the work of federal subjects’ representative offices and to estimate their efficiency were studied. Approaches to improve activities of the representative offices and to expand their operations to new sites are suggested. Discussion and Conclusion. The study has showed the importance of the representative offices of the subjects of the Russian Federation for interregional cooperation. The authors describe a general model for organizing the work of regional representative offices and identify the ways to increase their contribution into interregional cooperation. The results of the study may be useful for experts in regional development policy and government officials.

Legal Models of Agricultural Credit Cooperation in Russia and China

Legal Models of Agricultural Credit Cooperation in Russia and China

СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ МОТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ КООПЕРАЦИИ

The emergence of new models of socially oriented cooperatives in the agrarian sector of the economy is a necessary condition for the realization of successful economic policy of the state, implemented in conditions of institutional tension. The cooperative movement in Russia has a unique multifaceted and at the same time complex character of functioning. With the powerful development of agricultural holdings, which act as the main drivers of agricultural production and export, small farmers face signifi cant problems in building a successful cooperative system. The purpose of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, is to develop a comprehensive approach to the study of social motives for the development of agricultural cooperation in the modern market environment in the context of its special role in the development of the agricultural industry, rural communities and rural areas. In the framework of this study, the factors constraining the development of cooperative associations were identifi ed, the model of values of new-type cooperatives was proposed, including the key role of leadership as the main driving force for the powerful development of agricultural cooperation. The factors of cooperative trust formation are identifi ed in order to increase motivation and encouragement to join these associations. The conclusions formulate the most signifi cant parameters of the new model of cooperative knowledge management, contributing to the sustainable development of the Russian cooperation in modern conditions, acceptable for its realization with the following parameters.

Состояние, проблемы и перспективы российско-китайского взаимодействия в области торговли сельскохозяйственной продукцией

Abstract. At present, China and Russia have a high level of political mutual trust and a stable foundation for economic cooperation. Against the background of remarkable progress in the docking between “The Belt and Road Initiative” and the Eurasian economic union, Sino-Russian agricultural trade has grown rapidly. The aim of the research. Based on the analysis of the current situation and constraints of agricultural trade between China and Russia, the opportunities for the future development of agricultural trade between the two countries are predicted. Scientific novelty lies in dividing the trade in agricultural products between Russia and China in the first 20 years of the 21st century into three stages, summarizing the characteristics of each stage, and analyzing the reasons for restricting the trade in agricultural products between Russia and China from the perspective of the Chinese side. Research methods. Qualitative analysis of the current situation of agricultural trade between China and Russia using agricultural product data from 2001 to 2020. Monographic, abstract-logical methods and the method of comparative analysis were used in the study. Results. The author provides an outlook for the future development of agricultural product trade between China and Russia, including the key to Sino Russian cooperation in aquatic products lies in the potential development of Russian aquatic products, the expansion of Sino-Russian oil and vegetable oil trade can alleviate the risk of supply shortage in China, and the steady development of Sino Russian fruit and vegetable product trade cooperation.

THE COUNTRIES OF SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE AND THE CONFLICT IN UKRAINE

The article examines two parameters of the subject stated: policies of the state governments of South-Eastern Europe in view of the new developments in Ukraine, widespread attitudes, and the configuration of political forces in these countries which may provide a chance to pro-Russian circles. An analysis is based on both national and international opinion polls and the results of the last elections. As is shown, the traditionally strong Russophile sentiments in many countries of the region have reverberated again and affected the perception of the conflict. However, the potential of the pro-Russian forces is insufficient for a fundamental change in policies although the ruling circles cannot completely ignore it. The article concludes that the status and prospects of Russian cooperation with the countries of the region will remain unfavorable until the end of military operation in Ukraine, although the EU and the US are unlikely to succeed in achieving complete abandonment of Russian energy sources in a short time.

История становления и развития кооперативного законодательства в России и зарубежных странах

This article discusses one of the most important issues of the formation and development of cooperative legislation in Russia and foreign countries. The subject of scientific research is the legislation of Russia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Tajikistan. The presented article highlights the main stages of legal regulation of cooperation. Special attention is paid to the formation and development of agricultural cooperation in Russia and foreign countries (the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Tajikistan). In conclusion, it is concluded that the current cooperative legislation is based on the “sectoral” principle, the activities of each type of cooperation are regulated by its “own” federal law, which generally complicates law enforcement.

The Rebirth of Empires: Contest and Cooperation of Russia and Türkiye in the Black Sea Region(Political and Historical Analysis)

Introduction. Modern Russia and Türkiye are dynamically developing geopolitical centers actively participating in the formation of a new model of international relations. The purpose of the research is to determine how historical models and patterns of interaction of the two states have influenced on current cooperation and their possible clash in the near future and compare their main resource opportunities for obtaining the status of a power in the new world order. Materials and Methods. The study is carried out within the framework of the paradigms of classical geopolitics using system, geopolitical, civilizational and historical approaches. The authors consider the historical experience of Russian-Turkish relations in the form of the interaction of imperial systems. Results. It’s seen that although Russia and Türkiye can be seen as historical antagonists, their imperial nature is based on Eurasian spatial projects that influence their contemporary foreign policy. Despite the12 Russian-Turkish wars, the powers have never posed an existential threat to each other and have had unprecedented periods of political rapprochement, while at the same time they have faced the existential challenges from the united West. Now, having a significant space for cooperation in the economic and geopolitical sphere, Russia and Türkiye clash in three key regions: the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa, the Black Sea region, the South Caucasus and Central Asia. The central issue of interaction is the problem of the functioning of the Black Sea straits. The issue was updated after the start of the Special Military Operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, when Ankara, on the basis of the Montreux Convention, blocked the straits for all warships that benefits Russia. Discussion and Conclusion. The sovereign revival of Russia and Türkiye is a reason for an extremely unstable climate of bilateral relations, within which a positive agenda is currently being formed due to the personal factor of the two presidents: painful issues to be postponed for future. This state of affairs requires a qualitative scientific examination of the historical and political experience of the interaction of the two powers and modeling of future bilateral relations.

Sino–Russian Cooperation in Arctic Maritime Development: Expectations and Contradictions

Russia accords high priority to developing its Northern Sea Route while acknowledging substantial investment needs. China has shown increasing interest in Arctic shipping and has finance and technology. Infrastructure cooperation has been highlighted in the context of the warming relationship between the two countries. Russian scholars express considerable concern regarding China’s long-term goals in the Arctic and reluctance to allow China’s influence, but expectations of investment remain high. Chinese scholars have been optimistic about prospects for cooperation, although not satisfied with the conditions Russia seems willing to offer. This background may help to explain the almost total lack of Sino–Russian cooperation in maritime infrastructure.

The Changing Contours of Russia-India Defense Engagement

The article examines the evolution of Russian defense industrial and economic policies during the military conflict in Ukraine, and the potential impact of these changes on Russian-Indian cooperation. The conflict has led to major reassessment of the defense industrial policies around the world, which is anticipated to affect Asia as well. In Russia, the conflict has prompted a long-term trend towards greater militarization of the economy. In this new context, there is a growing prospect for joint RussianIndian initiatives aimed at promoting defense industrialization projects in India, enhancing self-reliance, and bolstering India's economic mobilization potential. The most promising area of cooperation between Russia and India may not be limited to the sales of small numbers of selected high-tech weapons. Rather, it may involve creating a new industrial base to help India achieve defense self-sufficiency and be ready for economic mobilization. India's current favorable position in global politics may enable it to obtain Russian cooperation in this field on very favorable conditions. However, such a path may invite growing opposition from the US and the EU towards the IndianRussian cooperation. It is worth noting that such pressure has been present constantly, especially since 2014, but has been ineffective so far.

The sanctions regimes of Germany and Great Britain in the field of international scientific cooperation with the participation of Russia: the political and legal nature and consequences

The article undertakes a political and legal analysis of the complications in the scientific and technical cooperation of Russia with Germany and Great Britain. Particular attention is paid to the identification of the subjects of the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions regimes, as well as the substantive characteristics of the varieties of unilateral restrictive measures in the field of scientific cooperation. The authors dwell in detail on the disclosure of the correlation of legal and asiological aspects of the introduction of sanctions restrictions. It was important to compare the sanctions regimes of Germany and Great Britain in terms of the dynamics, subject composition and content of unilateral restrictive measures. The study proves that the invasion of foreign policy interests by Germany and Great Britain into bilateral international scientific cooperation means the decline of the former era of scientific diplomacy. The main conclusion of the work is the provision that the suspension of cooperation with Russia in the scientific field does not result from violations by our country of its legal obligations in the field of bilateral international scientific cooperation. The gap in cooperation at the institutional level is supplemented by the assumption of informal scientific communication. But overly politicized demands for the continuation of this cooperation violate the right to freedom of scientific research. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in the framework of the subject area of research of scientific sanctions in a comparative way and in the context of modern theoretical developments, the content of the anti-Russian sanctions regimes of Germany and Great Britain, which are among Russia's main partners in the field of international scientific and technical cooperation, was revealed.

Russian-Turkish relations: Economic and financial outlook

Subject. This article discusses the financial and economic prospects of Russian-Turkish relations. Objectives. The article aims to determine the level of significance of Russian-Turkish relations in the context of their financial and economic perspective. Methods. For the study, I used a systems approach based on the methods of statistical, neural network, and cluster analyses. Results. The article defines the levels of importance of certain financial and economic indicators for ensuring the growth of the Russian economy and Russian-Turkish relations as the potential of gross national savings of Turkey, mediated by a high level of GDP at purchasing power parity in Russia. Conclusions and Relevance. The described level of significance of Russian-Turkish relations, as well as the links between the Russian current account balance and the Turkish volume of exports and imports of goods (services) identified as a financial and economic prospect, will help the Government intensify Russia's cooperation with Turkey. The provisions of the study can help expand the competences of the Government to choose a way to maintain the stability of international economic relations.