Cooking Oil Research Articles

Zno Loaded Singgora Roof Tiles as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

This study aimed to utilize the waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel using a novel waste Singgora roof tiles wet impregnated with zinc oxide (ZnO) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The motivation behind this choice stems from the non-recyclable nature of Singgora roof tiles and their potential applicability in biodiesel synthesis. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray diffractometer (EDX). A two-step transesterification method was employed to reduce the concentration of free fatty acids (FFA) in the WCO. The process started by treating the WCO with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to diminish the levels of free fatty acid (FFA), followed by the utilization of the Singgora roof tiles catalyst in the subsequent step. A maximum yield of 96.96% biodiesel was obtained under the optimal conditions, which included a methanol-to- oil ratio of 12:1, a catalyst concentration of 1 wt.%, a reaction temperature of 65 °C, and a 2-hour reaction time. The quality of the biodiesel produced was analyzed according to biodiesel standards specified in the ASTM D6751, EN 14214, and AOCS, and were within the ranges. The study demonstrates the potential of using Singgora roof tiles as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production, offering a promising approach to repurposing non-recyclable materials and advancing sustainable biodiesel production methods.

Optimizing biodiesel production from waste with computational chemistry, machine learning and policy insights: a review

AbstractThe excessive reliance on fossil fuels has resulted in an energy crisis, environmental pollution, and health problems, calling for alternative fuels such as biodiesel. Here, we review computational chemistry and machine learning for optimizing biodiesel production from waste. This article presents computational and machine learning techniques, biodiesel characteristics, transesterification, waste materials, and policies encouraging biodiesel production from waste. Computational techniques are applied to catalyst design and deactivation, reaction and reactor optimization, stability assessment, waste feedstock analysis, process scale-up, reaction mechanims, and molecular dynamics simulation. Waste feedstock comprise cooking oil, animal fat, vegetable oil, algae, fish waste, municipal solid waste and sewage sludge. Waste cooking oil represents about 10% of global biodiesel production, and restaurants alone produce over 1,000,000 m3 of waste vegetable oil annual. Microalgae produces 250 times more oil per acre than soybeans and 7–31 times more oil than palm oil. Transesterification of food waste lipids can produce biodiesel with a 100% yield. Sewage sludge represents a significant biomass waste that can contribute to renewable energy production.

Performance and emissions assessment under full load operation of an unmodified diesel engine running on biodiesel-based waste cooking oil synthesized using JPW solid catalyst

The current study builds upon the prior research (Mulkan et al., 2023) [1], which successfully created an innovative solid catalyst from discarded jackfruit peel waste (JPW) to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). Expanding on this initial research, our study's primary objective is to assess the performance and emissions attributes of a diesel engine when utilizing blends of WCO biodiesel and conventional diesel fuel under full load conditions, covering engine speeds from 1200 to 2400 rpm. The results show that as engine speed increases, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases by an average of 16.67%–22.69%, while brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increases by 16.67%. Engine torque initially decreases and drops significantly at higher speeds, while brake power (BP) proportionally rises. Notably, substantial reductions in CO emissions (ranging from 6.11% to 48.63%) were observed at all engine speeds compared to pure diesel. However, CO2 and NO emissions generally increased, although some fuel samples demonstrated reductions. Hydrocarbon emissions decreased with higher engine speeds, while smoke opacity increased, with slight reductions observed for specific fuel samples at 1800–2400 rpm. In conclusion, blending WCO biodiesel synthesized using the JPW catalyst with pure diesel results in improved engine performance and reduced exhaust emissions.

Socialization and Training of Aromatic Candle Processing from Used Cooking Oil for Urban Residents

This article highlights a community initiative aimed at promoting sustainable household liquid waste management in Kediri City, Indonesia. The problem identified was the insufficient attention given to liquid waste, particularly used cooking oil, which often leads to environmental pollution and infrastructure damage. The objective of the activity was to raise awareness among residents about the proper disposal and recycling of used cooking oil. The proposed approach involved conducting workshops, training sessions, and awareness campaigns to educate community members about the environmental impacts of improper disposal and the benefits of recycling used cooking oil into aromatic candles. Major findings revealed that through collaborative efforts with local officials and community organizations, the initiative successfully engaged community members and fostered a sense of responsibility towards waste management. The training programs empowered participants with practical skills to convert used cooking oil into aromatic candles, promoting the repurposing of waste while creating a pleasant atmosphere. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of community participation and public awareness in ensuring sustainable liquid waste management. The initiative showcased the feasibility of recycling used cooking oil and highlighted the potential for broader adoption of similar practices in other regions. Overall, the activity underscored the significance of individual actions in collectively addressing environmental challenges and encouraged the adoption of responsible waste management practices at the household level.

Optimization of the activity of Mo7-Zn3/CaO catalyst in the transesterification of waste cooking oil into sustainable biodiesel via response surface methodology

An enriched basic site CaO-supported bimetallic Molybdenum-Zinc (Mo7-Zn3) catalyst was successfully synthesized via wet-impregnation and evaluated for the transesterification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel. The physicochemical characterization of the Mo7-Zn3/CaO catalyst demonstrated good dispersion of CaMoO4 and ZnO oxides on CaO support, with a mesoporous structure allowing for better mass transfer between reactants. The Mo7-Zn3/CaO catalyst exhibited high transesterification activity (95 ± 0.3 % FAME conversion), owing to the large density of strong Brønsted basic sites (conjugated O2–) generated from simultaneous interaction among Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mo6+ metal species. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Box Behnken Design (BBD) were used to optimize the reaction and indeed, the utmost FAME conversion of 95 % is achieved using 3.37 wt% catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio within 2.27 h at 62.7 °C reaction temperature. The model reliability in predicting the FAME yield using the established catalyst under varying operational conditions was excitedly validated with a reasonable accuracy error of 0.5 %. The catalyst exhibited good stability, maintaining a high FAME conversion (95–85 %) during 5 reusable cycles without significant loss in catalytic activity. A closer look for a detailed approach and a heterogeneous mechanism for the reaction using Mo7-Zn3/CaO catalyst was proposed. The physical and chemical properties of the produced biodiesel were carefully compared with the standard for biodiesel, and were found to majorly comply with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel properties. An investigation into the economic competitiveness and industrial applicability of biodiesel production using Mo7-Zn3/CaO from WCO reveals significant potential for sustainable and efficient biodiesel synthesis.

Evaluation of trace metals and quality of selected brands of vegetable cooking oils available on the Ghanaian market

BackgroundVegetable cooking oils are important ingredients for the cooking of food in every Ghanaian kitchen. The scarcity of studies on potentially toxic metals, and physicochemical properties in vegetable cooking oils globally necessitated this investigation. This study aims to contribute to consumer awareness by assessing the quality and safety of vegetable cooking oils in the Ghanaian market. MethodsVegetable cooking oils were obtained from Ayigya market, a popular and busy open-air market located in Kumasi, Ghana. Physicochemical parameters such as refractive index, acid, iodine, saponification, and peroxide values and trace metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cr, As, Ca, and Fe were analyzed using standard analytical methods and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. ResultsThe findings showed an acid value ranging from 0.817 to 1.699 mgKOH/g, iodine value, from 60.680 to 122.300 gI2/100 g, peroxide value from 10.890 to 34.730 meq/kg, saponification value from, 189.060 to 202.310 mgKOH/g, and refractive indice ranged from 1.463 to 1.471, respectively. Concentrations of potentially toxic metals such as Ni, Cr, As, Pb, and Cd in all cooking oils were below detection limits. Concentrations of Fe, Zn, and Ca were found within the range of 1.690 to 2.480 mg.L−1, 0.014 to 0.048 mg.L−1, and 0.118 to 1.328 mg.L−1 respectively. ImplicationsWhile no trace metal contamination was detected, physicochemical parameters hinted at potential rancidity concerns. Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis identified poor storage and handling conditions as primary key factors to cooking oil spoilage. ConclusionsThe study recommends that regulatory bodies perform routine examinations to guarantee that commercially accessible vegetable oils satisfy the required quality and safety criteria. Furthermore, consumers should be educated on the importance of proper cooking oil storage and disposal.

Sorption-catalysis-enhanced effects of crab shell derived CaO-based biochar addition on the pyrolysis of waste cooking oil fried sludge

Abstract In order to promote the yield and calorific value of combustible gas products in the pyrolysis, a CaO-based biochar (CSC) derived from waste crab shell was used as a low-cost sorption-enhanced catalyst to enhance oil-fried sludge (OS) pyrolysis. The effects of CSC addition and pyrolysis temperature on OS pyrolysis characteristics were analyzed in detail. The results indicated that adding CSC significantly enhanced OS pyrolysis and produced more combustible gas products with CO2 removal. At 700 °C, adding CSC promoted the combustible gas yields and greatly reduced CO2 by 96.9 %. And the corresponding LHV of pyrolysis gas products increased by 26.8 % and reached up to 33.7 MJ/N m3. Additionally, TG-FTIR analysis revealed that adding CSC reduced the formation temperature of CH4. Importantly, although there was only 35.5 wt% of Ca in CSC, CSC exhibited almost the same sorption-catalysis-enhanced effects compared to pure CaO. These findings suggest that biochar derived from crab shell has the potential to replace CaO for enhancing sludge pyrolysis into value-added fuel products.

Proximate and Physicochemical Analysis of Castor, Neem, and Waste Cooking Oils, and their Waste Seed-Cakes Post Oil Extraction as Potential Raw Materials for Biodiesel Production

In this study, proximate and physicochemical analysis of castor oil (CO), neem oil (NO), and waste cooking oil (WCO) is being investigated. The castor and neem seed oil were extracted using soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as solvent with yields of 40.43% and 41.10% respectively. The results of the study indicated low moisture contents of 2.95% and 2.58% for castor and neem seed-cake/shell composite biomasses respectively. The castor seed-cake/shell composite biomass contained volatile matter (54.83%), ash content (7.85%), and fixed carbon (34.37%), while the neem seed-cake/shell composite biomass contained volatile matter (52.45%), ash content (12.74%), and fixed carbon (31.25%) respectively. The order of the proximate parameters in percentage for both castor and neem seed cake/shell composite biomasses is: Volatile Matter > Fixed Carbon > Ash Content > Moisture. Acid value is highest in the NO sample (14.95 mg KOH/g) than in the other two samples (CO (3.96 mg KOH/g) and WCO (3.93 mg KOH/g)). The NO sample had highest saponification value (198.17 mg KOH/g) and a low density (0.938 g/cm3) than the CO (181.48 mg KOH/g, 0.984 g/cm3) and WCO (184.29 mg KOH/g, 0.961 g/cm3) samples. The WCO (122.14 gI2/100g) sample had higher amount of unsaturated fatty acid compounds than NO (82.49 gI2/100g) and CO (80.39 gI2/100g) samples based on the iodine values obtained. The low moisture contents and significant amount of carbon contents in the two composite biomasses indicates that activated or carbonized carbon can be prepared using these composite biomass samples.

Engine behavior analysis on a conventional diesel engine combustion mode powered by low viscous cedarwood oil/waste cooking oil biodiesel/diesel fuel mixture – An experimental study

Binary biofuel is the best alternative source that completely replaces petroleum-based fuel. In this study, we have experimented with the waste cooking oil and cedarwood oil as biofuel in a DI CI engine for various proportions and related its combustion, emission, and performance characteristics to those of base diesel. This study aims to eliminate the utilization of fossil fuel in a diesel engine by introducing green binary fuel (low viscous fuel resulting from the blending of cedarwood oil with WCO biodiesel) successfully. The objective of the study is to convert cedarwood – WCO into green binary fuel and investigate its performance, emission, and combustion properties. The transesterification process is utilized for the enhancement of WCO as biodiesel. It occasioned a reduction in brake thermal efficiency as the addition of waste cooking oil in the blend increased. At the same time, the maximum value of BTE of 27.8% was attained for B10C90 (10% transesterified waste cooking oil and 90% cedarwood oil in volume), whereas it was 28.1% for diesel at maximum load conditions. The BSEC was 15.4 MJ/kW-hr for B10C90 and 12.8 MJ/kWhr for diesel. The emission characteristics, CO, HC, NOx, CO2, and smoke for B10C90 were 17.93 g/kWhr, 0.55 g/kWhr., 20.09 g/kWhr, 2210.9 g/kWhr, and 25.55%. Combustion features such as NHRR, burn duration, MPRR, combustion efficiency, Ignition delay, and coefficient of variance for B10C90 were 53.74 bar, 29.38 CAD, 4.71 bar/CAD, 99.7%, 7.01 CAD, and 4.73% respectively. It showed that B10C90 had comparable performance (BTE) and combustion values to mineral diesel with better emission characteristics.

Partially Hydrogenated Waste Cooking Oil as a Fuel in the Diesel Engine

Partially Hydrogenated Waste Cooking Oil as a Fuel in the Diesel Engine

Molecular identification and lipolytic potential of filamentous fungi isolated from residual cooking oil.

Filamentous fungi, microorganisms that develop and are located in different habitats, are considered important producers of enzymes and metabolites with potential for the biotechnology industry. The objective of this work was to isolate and identify filamentous fungi that grow in used oil. Two fungal species were characterised through their morphology and molecular identification. The DNA of each extracted strain was amplified by PCR using primers ITS1 and ITS4, obtaining sequences that were later in GenBank (NCBI). A white coloured strain (HB) with a cottony, white, hyaline morphology and irregular borders was observed; so too, a brown colony (HC) with a sandy surface, a well-defined border of beige colour in early growth until it became a dark brown colour. The identity result by homology of the sequences in the BLASTn database was 100% and 99.55%, indicating that they correspond to Cladosporiumtenuissimum and Fomitopsismeliae, respectively. Finally, the results in lipolytic activity show greater potential for Fomitopsismeliae with 0.61 U/l in residual oil. Thus, it is important to highlight the potential of this type of waste to favour the prospection of microorganisms for a sustainable alternative for future studies of biological conversion.

Pelatihan Pengelolaan Limbah Minyak Jelantah menjadi Lilin Hias sebaga Upaya Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Keterampilan Masyarakat Desa Labuhan Sumbawa

The high consumption of cooking oil in daily life and food preparation both at the household level and in the food industry has resulted in an increasing amount of used cooking oil waste being produced. When the public is educated about the dangers of used cooking oil, there will be an increase in knowledge and awareness not to use used cooking oil again. However, this actually results in negative behavior in the community in managing used cooking oil waste which actually has a bad impact on the environment. This behavior includes used cooking waste from households that is thrown into the trash or thrown directly into the gutter. This can pollute the environment and if it is thrown into the dishwashing sink it will also clog the pipes. This behavior can be minimized by training in managing used cooking oil waste into decorative candles with economic value. This activity is carried out using counseling, demonstration and training methods. The result of this service activity is an increase in community skills in managing used cooking oil waste. So it is hoped that education and training like this can continue to be carried out

Effect of Alumina and Bio‐Based Calcium Oxide Nanoadditives on Reduction of Emissions and Performance Improvement in a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled with B20 Blend of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

This experimental study investigates the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a common rail direct injection diesel engine running on used cooking biodiesel prepared through transesterification. The nanoparticles calcium oxide (CaO) and alumina (Al2O3) are mixed with the B20 blend using an ultrasonicator to create a homogeneous mixture. The following five fuel series are used in the study: a B20 blend with three different nanoparticle ppms are blended to form Al2O3CaO 90 ppm, Al2O3 + CaO 60 ppm, and Al2O3 + CaO 30 ppm. The enhanced surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles enhances the degree of mixing and chemical reactivity during combustion. Also, the characteristics of diesel engines result in reduced specific fuel consumption. The test fuel B20 + 90 ppm (90 ppm nanoparticles dispersion) results 9% and 11% increase in brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel and B20, respectively. The presence of nanoparticles in biodiesel has initiated the combustion slightly earlier due to its improved ignition qualities that permit catalytic combustion and a shorter ignition delay. In comparison to diesel and B20, the Al2O3CaO90 ppm fuel blend lowers NOx emissions by 18% and 21%, carbon monoxide emissions by 40% and 43%, hydrocarbon emissions by 35% and 40%, and smoke emissions by 24% and 29%, respectively.

Pyrolysis of waste cooking oil to high-quality bio-oil: An acid-base coordination ZSM-5@CaO-SBA-15 micro-mesoporous composites catalyst

An acid-base coordination SM-5 @CaO-SBA-15 composite with micro-mesoporous structure was prepared for the first time by using zeolite ZSM-5 as the acid source and alkaline-earth metal as base source. The composite has been investigated for its structure, acidity-basicity and catalytic activity on the pyrolysis valorization of waste cooking oil (WCO) to high-quality bio-oil. The characterization results show that the structure and property of the composite are of the incorporation of secondary building unit characteristic of zeolite ZSM-5 into the mesoporous walls of the composite which gives rise to the thicker mesoporous walls and more strong acid-base sites. Under the optimal conditions, the bio-oil yield and total acid value can reach 65.8% and 12.40 mg KOH/g, respectively. Furthermore, the new catalyst is of better catalytic stability. This strategy could be used as a new general method for the preparation of catalysts for the reaction system with multifold large molecules.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Lilin Hias Untuk Meminimalisir Limbah Minyak Jelantah Bagi Masyarakat Desa Labuhan Sumbawa

The high consumption of cooking oil can result in the use of cooking oil being carried out repeatedly even though the use of cooking oil can only be used within certain limits. Used cooking oil has not been widely used by the community in several areas, including the community in Labuhan Village, Sumbawa. The community in Labuhan Village, Sumbawa, has many MSMEs related to cooking oil, including sellers of fried foods, crackers, skin crackers and food stalls, who need to use used cooking oil to minimize used cooking oil waste and increase their income from managing used cooking oil. So the aim of this service activity is to provide knowledge and improve skills as well as encourage the commitment of the Labuhan Sumbawa Village community in managing used cooking oil waste. This form of community service program takes the form of improving skills in the community through training activities. This community service activity is an expert activity with the stages of counseling, demonstration and training. The result of this service activity is an increase in participants' knowledge and skills in managing used cooking oil waste and there is a commitment to managing used cooking oil waste in protecting the environment and family health.

Optimization, production, and environmental sustainability of clean energy fuel utilizing reused cooking oil employing CaO catalysts

The low free fatty acid content waste cooking oil, was collected from the MANIT canteen, and employed during this study. The transesterification process parameters were enhanced, and the biodiesel yield was optimized using response surface methodology, artificial neural networks, and genetic algorithms. Three key process variables were considered including reaction time (minutes), reaction temperature (°C), and the methanol to oil concentration ratio (mol/mol), with the addition of 1 gm of catalyst and a magnetic stir speed of 500 rpm. The optimal reaction conditions were determined to be an optimal methanol to oil ratio of 8.45 (mol/mol), a reaction time of 97 min, and a reaction temperature of 56 °C, resulting in a biodiesel yield of 92.26 % when using response surface methodology. Notably, the study findings indicate that the genetic algorithm, coupled with the backpropagation neural network model, exhibits strong predictability, achieving an optimal biodiesel production efficiency of 94.21 %. Furthermore, the quality of the biodiesel produced was examined and compared against the standardized ASTM biodiesel specifications. The results suggest that the thermophysical properties of the biodiesel closely aligns with that of conventional diesel fuel which can be used as blended fuel in diesel engine.

Comparison of natural corn cob and carbon corn cob in the purification of used cooking oil with shaker operation

The research aims to determine the adsorption ability and modeling of adsorption kinetics to purify used cooking oil using natural and carbonized corn cob adsorbent, which is economical, efficient, and sustainable due to its low price, renewability, and simplicity. Samples of used cooking oil were taken as much as 100 ml with an adsorbent mass of 3 g and particle size of 50 mesh and stirred using a shaker. Based on the results, it was found that the effect of carbonization was able to reduce the turbidity of used cooking oil, whereas for the use of natural corn cob adsorbent, at 20 minutes, turbidity of 59.0 NTU was obtained and 45.2 NTU was obtained after the adsorption process for 5 hours, while for the use of corn cob carbon adsorbent, a turbidity of 62.8 NTU was obtained for the same adsorbent size and 39.8 NTU was obtained after the adsorption process for 5 hours. Chemical interaction trends were also obtained, as shown in the second-order pseudo graph with coefficient of determination (R2) values close to 1 using natural corn cob and corn cob carbon adsorbents, namely 0.9965 and 0.9959.

Purification of used cooking oil using natural corn cob and carbon corn cob as adsorbent with batch operation

Adsorption is one of the processes used to purify used cooking oil by using adsorbents from natural and carbonized corn cob as part of sustainability. The adsorption process is chosen because it is more economical, efficient, relatively affordable cost, and can be regenerated. This study was conducted in batches to observe changes in the quality of used cooking oil at certain time intervals and to determine the modeling of adsorption kinetics on natural corn cob and carbonized corn cob adsorbents. The sample of this study is 100 ml of used cooking oil with adsorbents in the form of natural corn cob and carbonized corn cob with a mass of 3 grams and a particle size of 70 mesh. This study’s best adsorption result is corn cob carbon adsorbent. This can be seen from the final turbidity value of 37.3 NTU compared to the natural corn cob adsorbent of 37.6 NTU. This study found that the adsorption process that occurs has chemical interactions as evidenced by second-order pseudo-modeling, which has a correlation coefficient close to one.

A study on the physicochemical characteristics of popular cooking oils in Cambodia

Cooking oils tend to deteriorate in quality through oxidation reactions and microbial degradation, causing nutritional loss, consumer unacceptability, health risks such as cancer and inflammation. This study aims to assess the quality of five popular cooking oils sold in Cambodia, including two sunflower oils, two soybean oils, and a refined palm olein cooking oil. All the samples were collected from supermarkets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV), and anisidine value (AnV) of the cooking oils ranged from 1.93 to 5.68 meq O2/kg oil, 0.11 to 0.26 mg KOH/g, and 28.71 to 62.49, respectively. The iodine value (IV) of soybean oil, sunflower oil, and refined palm olein oil is 121.53 to 125.91 g I2/100g, 127.39 to 128.89 g I2/100g, and 68.61 g I2/100g, respectively. The colour of the oils was presented as L, a, and b*, which ranged from 32.64 to 34.42, -1.48 to -0.34, and 1.50 to 5.25, respectively. The PV and AV of the cooking oils are within the acceptable range of the FAO’s Codex Alimentarius Standards which is 10 meq O2/kg and 0.6 mg KOH/g, respectively. According to the research findings, the popular cooking oils sold in Cambodia are in good quality for consumption.

Analysis of Variances in Flame Length of Time For Maggot BSF Oil with Several Types of Oil

Three problems are being faced simultaneously by Earth today: water (wastewater), energy, and food. However, considering the finite amount of land and the depletion of fossil fuels, this expansion is incompatible with the replenishment of natural resources in terms of both quantity and quality. Furthermore, another sustainable energy source that has gained international attention is biodiesel. However, research on the relative flash durations of Maggot BSFL oil has not been conducted. Consequently, this article will compare the flame times of many other types of oil with Maggot BSFL oil. This study uses a variety of oils as experimental subjects, including BSF maggot oil, used cooking oil, Pertamina Dex, and a combination of Pertamina Dex and BSF maggot oil. Analysis of the variations in flame time for each type of oil is done using statistical analysis. According to this analysis, the mixture of Maggot BSF oil and Pertamina Dex had the maximum flame, lasting between 16.31 and 16.44 minutes. Additionally, this study offers data on the notable variations in flame length for each type of oil, including used cooking oil, Pertamina Dex, Maggot BSF oil, and a combination of both. When creating biodiesel from Maggot BSF oil, the experiment's findings can serve as a starting point. in order for biodiesel made from Maggot BSF oil to provide Indonesia with a fresh option for the development of sustainable energy.