Cooking Oil Research Articles

Biogenic (Lantana camara L) synthesis of ZnO as a catalyst for the production of biodiesel from nonedible waste cooking oil: Materials characterization; studies of kinetics and thermodynamics of biodiesel production and optimization using RSM

We report catalytic conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel using nano-ZnO (photo catalyst) derived from Lantana camara L.. Characterization of catalyst using Energy Dispersive Spectrum (EDX) analysis shows strong signals of 1.5 keV and 0.7 keV for Zinc and Oxygen, respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) result shows uniform catalyst particle size distribution with crystallite d-spacing of 0.1054 nm. Catalyst BET surface area measurement found to be 41.5 m2 g−1 and the thermal stability of the material was evaluated using Kissinger-Akahira-Sonuse (KAS) model. The catalyst used for conversion of WCO shows high biodiesel yield (86 %) under the optimized reaction conditions i.e., methanol/oil molar ratio (10.5:1), catalyst loading (2.25 wt%), 65 °C and reaction time of 115 min which is in well agreement with calculated optimized response surface methodology (RSM). The produced biodiesel was analyzed using FTIR, 1H NMR and TGA/DSC. The WCO to biodiesel conversion follows pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9954). The kinetics of decomposition of biodiesel was evaluated using the non-isothermal Kissinger model-free method. The catalyst was tested up to six consecutive cycles without significance loss of percentage of yield.

Pemurnian Minyak Jelantah Menggunakan Adsorben Natural Dari Pelepah Sawit dengan Perbedaan Ukuran Mesh dan Massa

Indonesia is the second largest producer of palm oil in the world today after Malaysia. Since 2003, the amount of palm oil production in Indonesia has reached approximately 9.9 million tons per year. According to (BPS 2021), the area of oil palm land in North Sumatra reached 442 072.76 hectares. This research will purify used cooking oil using natural adsorbents by utilizing palm frond waste. Palm fronds are chopped into powder, then sifted with sizes of 50, 70 and 100 mesh after which they are weighed with weights of 1.5, 3 and 4.5 grams. Oil palm frond adsorbents with mass variations of 4.5 grams have the greatest adsorption power in reducing used cooking oil and the best adsorption kinetics based on the correlation coefficient is the pseudo second order equation.

Perbedaan Massa dan RPM Terhadap Adsorben Karbon Pelepah Sawit pada Pemurnian Minyak Jelantah

The statistics center in 2021 stated that North Sumatra is the second largest palm oil-producing province in Indonesia with a plantation area of 1,373.30 Ha. The use of cooking oil in Indonesia in 2021 was 18.4 million tons and increased by 6% from the previous year. This research utilizes palm fronds for the manufacture of adsorbents in cooking oil refining. The method used is carbonization with the help of pyrolysis. The carbon is chopped into powder and divided by variations of 1.5, 3, and 4.5 grams. Each gram is stirred using a shaker with speed variations of 50, 70, and 100 rpm. Turbidity is tested using a turbidimeter once every 20 minutes for 180 minutes. The results of the analysis showed that the best adsorbent weight in reducing used cooking oil was 4.5 grams with a turbidity level of 15.5 NTU and stirring of 100 rpm.

Reduction of Acid Value of Waste Cooking Oil through Optimized Esterification via Central Composite Design

Reduction of Acid Value of Waste Cooking Oil through Optimized Esterification via Central Composite Design

Characteristics of carbon black recycled from lightly pyrolyzed tire rubber and its impact on the high-temperature performance of asphalt

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is commonly used as an excellent reaction medium for the mild pyrolysis of ground tire rubber (GTR). Carbon black is a byproduct of rubber pyrolysis with varying properties depending on the pyrolysis process. To promote the utilization of pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) in asphalt modification, this study aims to characterize the low-temperature pyrolysis carbon black (LTCB) produced through the co-pyrolysis of GTR and WCO, and assess its impact on the high-temperature performance of asphalt. LTCB260 was separated by toluene extraction from the waste rubber-oil mixtures (WRO) containing the highest concentration of soluble substances. The identification of LTCB260 was conducted by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the pure carbon black content in LTCB260 is 57.35 %, which is lower than CBp and N330. Bound rubber and inorganic salt crystals were observed to be randomly distributed on the surface of LTCB260. High-temperature performance tests conducted on asphalt indicated that the high-temperature deformation resistance of the LTCB260-modified asphalt was comparable to that of the other two carbon black-modified asphalts when using the same mass of carbon black. This suggests that despite being coated with impurities on its surface, the carbon black released from lightly pyrolyzed ground tire rubber still positively influences the high-temperature rheological properties of asphalt. However, when the carbon black content in WRO is significantly lower than that of the light component, the beneficial effect of carbon black on the high-temperature performance of asphalt may not be evident.

Dimensional stability and mechanical strength of thermally modified giant bamboo [Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer] using steam and oil

Various thermal modification (TM) treatments using different media have been commercialized, including the commonly practiced TM via steam and hot oil using vegetable or mineral oils. To expand the range of oil treatment mediums, this study explored the use of spent cooking oil (used oil from food frying in restaurants), which was centrally collected by a certified hauler and treater of this waste liquid. The effects on the dimensional stability and mechanical strength of giant bamboo [Dendrocalamus asper (Schult.) Backer] poles subjected to 175°C and 200°C for 30 min and 60 min in steam and oil, respectively were determined. The data were analyzed using a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with TM treatments, temperature, duration, and presence of nodes as factors.Results revealed significantly improved dimensional stability in modified bamboo as indicated by reduced moisture content, dimensional shrinkage/swelling, and water loss/absorption at higher temperatures. While treatment duration moderately affected dimensional stability, oil-treated samples exhibited greater enhancement.In terms of mechanical strength, bamboo treated at 175°C exhibited enhanced flexural (modulus of rupture or MOR, and modulus of elasticity or MOE) and compressive strength (CS). However, treatments at 200°C led to marked reductions in these properties. Node presence generally weakened bamboo, except for CS. Oil-treated samples demonstrated superior mechanical strength, although there was a slight reduction in MOR with extended exposure.In conclusion, steam and oil-based TM improve the dimensional stability and mechanical strength of giant bamboo at 175°C. For optimal properties, a 30-min treatment is recommended. This research underscores the viability of spent cooking oil in enhancing bamboo's physico-mechanical attributes, contributing to sustainable applications.

Experimental investigations of CI engine performance using ternary blends of n-butanol/biodiesel/diesel and n-octanol/biodiesel/diesel

This study explored the ternary blends of biodiesel-diesel-n-butanol and biodiesel-diesel-n-octanol on common rail direct injec-tion (CRDI) diesel engines. The compositions of fuels, which varied from 0% to 100%, were altered by up to 5%. On the basis of their properties, these blends were chosen, with various concentrations of alcohol at 5% and 10%, 5% diesel, and the remainder being biodiesel. Two ternary fuel blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and butanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5B5 and BD85D5B10, and subsequently, another two ternary similar blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel (90–85%), diesel (5%), and octanol (5–10%), namely BD90D5O5 and BD85D5O10, were used to conduct the experiments. The experiments were done with varying injection pressure from 17° to 29° crank angle (CA) before top dead centre (bTDC). The optimum con-dition for the blends is achieved at 26°CA bTDC for 80% loading. So, the engine trials were conducted on 26°CA bTDC to attain the results. The BD90D5O10 blend achieved the lowest brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) reading of 0.308 kg/kWh while operating at full load. The maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was 31.46% for BD90D5B5. The maximum heat release rate (HRR) achieved with BD85D5O5 fuel blend was 58.54 J/°CA. The quantity of carbon monoxide that BD85D5B10 created was the lowest (25.86 g/kWh). BD85D5B10 had a minimal unburned hydrocarbon emission of 0.157 g/kWh while operating at full load. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were emitted in the maximum quantity by BD85D5O10, which was equal to 6.01 g/kWh. This study establishes the viability of blends of biodiesel and alcohol as an alternative for petro-diesel in the future to meet the growing global energy demand.

Co-Hydrotreatment of Pyrolytic Lignin and Waste Cooking Oil to Produce Hydrocarbons

Co-Hydrotreatment of Pyrolytic Lignin and Waste Cooking Oil to Produce Hydrocarbons

Identification of Adulterated Cooking Oil by Raman Spectroscopy

Identification of Adulterated Cooking Oil by Raman Spectroscopy

Optimization of biofuel production from biomass using montmorillonite catalyst by development of predictive models

Fossil fuel depletion and their environmental problems lead to new research for production of alternative fuels. Biofuels are promising nontoxic and biodegradable energies obtained from renewable sources. Experimental studies of biofuel production and optimizing the properties are very time-consuming, cost-intensive, and difficult. Thus, recently there have been major interests in application of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to develop models for predicting biofuel production process and optimization. This study proposed novel ML approach based on Support Vector Machines (SVM), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Adaboost on SVM base (Adaboost + SVM) algorithms optimized the production of biofuel from waste cooking oil through transesterification process and under montmorillonite (MMT) catalyst. The input variables for the models were chosen to be the temperature of the reaction (ranging from 100 to 200 °C), treatment time (ranging from 3 to 9 h), catalyst loading (ranging from 2 to 6 wt%), and methanol to oil molar ratio (ranging from 8 to 16). Meanwhile, the output of the models was selected to be the yield of biofuel production. The obtained results of three models were evaluated and compared and it was confirmed that the Adaboost + SVM model with highest regression coefficient (R2) of 0.971, was more accurate and could predict the biofuel production more properly. Additionally, the SVM model exhibited the highest maximum error with an MAE of 6.504 and an RMSE of 7.462. On the other hand, the Adaboost + SVM model showed the lowest error, with an MAE of 3.151 and an RMSE of 4.484. The MLP model had an MAE of 4.423 and an RMSE of 6.008, which falls between the other two models in terms of error. The optimization results obtained by the Adaboost + SVM model demonstrated that the optimal conditions giving the highest biofuel production of 96.79 % were found to be: reaction time of 8.62 h, catalyst loading of 4.88 wt%, methanol/oil molar ratio of 11.2, and reaction temperature of 152 °C.

Comparative study of a two-step enzymatic process and conventional chemical methods for biodiesel production: Economic and environmental perspectives

The urgent need to address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions underscores the significance of biodiesel as a key liquid biofuel. Compared to chemical biodiesel production, enzymatic technology offers a more sustainable alternative. This article presents a comparative study between a two-step enzymatic biodiesel production technology, already successfully industrialized, and conventional chemical technologies utilizing soybean oil (SBO) and waste cooking oil (WCO) as feedstock, respectively. The economic analysis demonstrates significant cost savings with the enzymatic process resulting in reductions of 16.33% and 36.54% for SBO and WCO, respectively. Enzymatic technology also exhibits substantial reductions in energy consumption, with a decrease of 86.8% and 60.2% for SBO and WCO, respectively. LCA findings indicate that enzymatic technology diminishes environmental impacts and GHG emissions are less than 78.86% and 63.05% for SBO and WCO, respectively. This study provides crucial insights for decision-makers, marking a significant paradigm shift in biodiesel production.

A Simulation Study on a Premixed-charge Compression Ignition Mode-based Engine Using a Blend of Biodiesel/Diesel Fuel under a Split Injection Strategy

Environmental pollution from transportation means and natural resource degradation are the top concern globally. According to statistics, NOx and PM emissions from vehicles account for 70% of total emissions in urban areas. Therefore, finding solutions to reduce NOx and PM emissions is necessary. Changing the engine's internal combustion method is considered promising and influential among the known solutions. One of the research directions is a combustion engine using the Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) method combined with biofuels to improve the mixture formation and combustion process, reducing NOx and PM emissions. Therefore, this study presents the mechanism of the formation of PM and NOx emissions in the traditional combustion and the low-temperature combustion process of internal combustion engines. Besides, the theoretical basis of flame spread during combustion is also introduced. The key feature of this research is that it has modeled the combustion process in diesel engines under the PCCI modes. This was accomplished using blends of waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel and diesel fuel, as well as the ANSYS Fluent software. The results showed that PCCI combustion using B20 fuel can significantly reduce NOx and PM emissions, although HC and CO emissions tend to increase, and thermal efficiency tends to decrease. In further studies, different modes of the PCCI combustion process should be thoroughly examined so that this process can be implemented in practice to reduce pollutant emissions.

Synthesis of MIL-68 (Al) Catalyst and Optimization of Green Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Synthesis of MIL-68 (Al) Catalyst and Optimization of Green Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Thermostable CaCO3-Immobilized Bacillus subtilis Lipase for Sustainable Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Due to the increasing demand for green processes in renewable energy production, the extracellular Bacillus subtilis B-1-4 lipase was used as a biocatalyst for producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Response surface methodology was employed for the optimization of enzyme production. Lipase activity was modeled with a quadratic function of four factors that primarily influence the culture medium. Thanks to this model, an optimal lipase activity of 1.7 ± 0.082 U/mL was achieved with the best culture medium composition: 16 g/L of tryptone, 15 g/L of yeast extract, 15 g/L of NaCl, and a 0.15 initial optical density at 600 nm (OD600 nm). The maximal lipase activity was measured at 45 °C and pH 8, using para-nitrophenyl palmitate as a substrate. The enzyme maintained above 94% and 99% of its initial activity at temperatures ranging from 40 to 50 °C and at pH 8, respectively. Moreover, it exhibited a higher residual activity than other Bacillus lipases in the presence of organic solvents. Residual activities of 86.7% and 90.2% were measured in the presence of isopropanol and ethanol, respectively. The lipase was immobilized by adsorption onto CaCO3 powder. FT-IR and SEM were used to characterize the surface-modified support. After immobilization, a lipase activity of 7.1 U/mg of CaCO3 was obtained. Under the optimized conditions, the highest biodiesel yield of 71% was obtained through the transesterification of waste cooking oil using the CaCO3-immobilized Bacillus subtilis lipase. This research reveals a method for the utilization of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production using an efficient immobilized thermostable lipase, providing environmental and economic security.

The perception of food vendors on the associated effects of used cooking oil in Lagos State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Used cooking oils (UCOs) represent the residual oil and fat used for deep-frying foods. This study determined the perception and practices of food vendors on the reuse and disposal of UCOs. The study aims to provide information on UCO management and its potential environmental impacts. The descriptive cross-sectional study utilized a mixed-method approach. A three-stage sampling technique was applied to select 291 commercial food vendors selling deep-fried foods. The data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire, and three focus group discussions. The results showed that 61.0% of the respondents positively perceived the environmental effects of reusing and disposing UCO, and 99.0% repeatedly use the same cooking oil for deep-frying till depletion. The respondents’ perception on cooking oil reuse and disposal were influenced by wealth, ethnicity, education, and years of experience. Most respondents demonstrated a positive awareness on the environmental impact of UCO, though a significant gap remained between their knowledge and practice.

Co-hydrotreatment of Bio-oil and Waste Cooking Oil to Produce Transportation Fuels

Co-hydrotreatment of Bio-oil and Waste Cooking Oil to Produce Transportation Fuels

The Significant Role of Organizational Size on the Level of Non-Financial Performance Among Livestock and Poulrty Agribusiness Firms in Northern Mindanao, Philippines

This study assessed the level of Non-Financial Performance among livestock and poultry agribusiness firms in Northern Mindanao, Philippines and ascertained the significant role of organizational size. The study employed complete enumeration and used the responses of 307 farm workers in the provinces of Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, Misamis Occidental and Camiguin Island. Descriptive-correlational research design was employed to accomplish the research objectives. Pre-tested questionnaire with Cronbach alpha of 0.979 was used to gather the data through personal interview. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the organizational size measured in terms of the number of employees and the level of non-financial performance among agribusiness firms. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) plus a post hoc test was performed using the Tukey test to assess the significance in the difference of the level of non-financial performance with respect to organizational size. Results revealed that the level of non-financial performance is high. Non-financial performance of livestock and poultry agribusiness firms significantly differs when grouped according to organizational size. It is recommended that multigroup comparison can also be made between micro, small, medium and large firms and between other agribusiness sub-sectors (cereal crop, fruit crop and vegetable crop production and processing; cooking oil production, sugar, starch and coffee production and processing).

A Green Nanocatalyst for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Conversion from Waste Cooking Oil

This study used a novel combination of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanocomposite (CaO/CNCs) for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The filter paper was used as a raw cellulose source to produce the CNCs from the acid hydrolysis of cellulose with sulfuric acid. The as-synthesized CaO/CNC nanocomposite is recyclable and environmentally friendly and was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The optimum process parameters investigated are a 20:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 3-weight percent catalyst concentration, 60 °C temperature, and 90 min of reaction time. Under the optimum conditions, a biodiesel yield of 84% was obtained. The CaO/CNC nanocomposite achieved five times reusability, indicating its effectiveness and reusability in the transesterification reaction. The synthesized biodiesel chemical composition was examined using FTIR, GCMS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, and its properties, including specific gravity, color, flash point, cloud point, pour point, viscosity, sulfur content, sediments, water content, total acid number, cetane number, and corrosion test, were ascertained using ASTM standard practices. The outcomes were determined to fulfill global biodiesel standards (ASTM 951, 6751). Five successive transesterification processes were used to test the regeneration of the catalyst; the first three showed no distinct change, while the fifth cycle showed a reduction of up to 79%. The innovative composite CaO/CNC and used cooking oil are stable, affordable, and extremely successful for long-term biodiesel generation.

Enhancing supply chain resilience facing partial and complete disruptions: The application in the cooking oil industry

Nowadays, food supply chains are more vulnerable to disruptions due to competition, uncertain environments, and global catastrophes such as the recent pandemic. Due to the importance of addressing disruption risks, this study develops a hybrid mechanism to enhance resilience in a multi-product supply chain. The proposed mechanism improves supplier resilience in a Cooking Oil Supply Chain (COSC) network design. First, we identify elements that affect supplier resilience and present a mechanism based on the Analytical Network Process (ANP) to evaluate resilience. In addition, several strategies are determined to enhance network resilience. Moreover, a stochastic mathematical formulation is proposed to utilize suppliers’ scores and a combination of identified strategies to strengthen supply chain resilience. The developed stochastic model encompasses three objectives and considers possible partial and complete disruptions of the supply chain network. Furthermore, we develop a robust counterpart formulation to handle the disruption uncertainty of the COSC and utilize the Normalized Normal Constraint (NNC) method to generate Pareto optimal solutions. Lastly, we put the implemented mechanism into practice in a real-world case to demonstrate its effectiveness in enhancing supply chain resilience. Likewise, we unveil that the implementation of suitable resilience strategies within the supply chain can lead to substantial improvements in performance metrics. For example, the results obtained illustrate that by embracing resilience strategies, the proposed mechanism has the potential to reduce the overall cost of the supply chain by as much as 56%.

Modal Sosial Masyarakat dalam Mengatasi Limbah Minyak Jelantah melalui Program Tersenyum

Oil waste is still a problem in the community. The focus of this study is on how the Tersenyum program can overcome used cooking oil waste, with the aim of explaining the application of the used cooking oil waste management model in the Tersenyum program . The theory used is Putnam's theory of social capital, which discusses the importance of social relations and trust in society. Putnam defined social capital as the properties of social organizations, such as beliefs, norms, and networks, that can increase the efficiency of collective work. The method used is a case study with data collection techniques in the form of literature studies, observations, and interviews. This aims to obtain specific and detailed data on the social capital of the community in used cooking oil waste management through the Tersenyum program . The results of this study are social capital that has succeeded in encouraging the results of this Tersenyum program , as shown in the network aspect (Bonding Social Capital, Bridging Social Capital, and Linking Social Capital), where this Tersenyum program can be socialized and applied in the community. In the normative aspect, the success of this program is based on the establishment of applicable shared values and rules. Finally, on the aspect of trust, where the positive response of the community encourages the success of the program Tersenyum program the assimilation of the Tersenyum program as an act of charity, people have faith that this is a good program.