Cooking Oil Research Articles

Pemanfaatan Minyak Jelantah Dalam Pembuatan Lilin Aromaterapi Sebagai Salah Satu Ide Usaha di Desa Tanah Seribu Binjai

Used cooking oil is used oil that can be obtained from household activities. Utilizing used cooking oil as a basic ingredient for making aromatherapy candles which can be used as a business opportunity. Scented candles are candles that contain aromatic ingredients that can be used for refreshing, relaxing and treating headaches. This research uses a demonstration method delivered with practice on how to make aromatherapy in the form of candles. The aim of this training activity is so that people can practice it independently and can open up business opportunities that have large sales value. This activity was carried out in Tanah Seribu Village, South Binjai District, Binjai City, North Sumatra, on Sunday 20 August 2023 offline. A total of ±15 people, the participants were women from Tanah Seribu Village, Binjai. This community service is carried out as a form of student concern for the community and adds to student experiences that are not available on campus

Effect of heating time on changes in physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of red palm oil

Crude Palm Oil (CPO) contains approximately 50% saturated fatty acids and approximately 40% unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acid content is known to be effective in lowering blood cholesterol levels. Palm oil also contains -carotene which is very beneficial for health. Palm oil processing is defined by three stages, namely degumming, bleaching and deodorization. The bleaching process is carried out at 90–105oC using 1-2% bleaching earth and deodorization at 240-270oC. The high concentration of bleaching earth and deodorization temperature causes carotene to be degraded leading to low carotene content in the final product. The effort to maintain the carotene content is to process CPO into red palm oil (RPO). The content of carotene and fatty acids contained therein will be damaged in the presence of high heat, ascertain this, a study was conducted on the effect of heating time on the chemical properties of red palm oil. The study was conducted using a completely randomized block design with prolonged heating treatment (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours) at 180oC and repeated 3 times and then the fatty acid content, peroxide value, iodine number and functional groups formed in bulk red palm oil purchased online were observed. The results showed that increasing the heating time can decrease the iodine number but increase the acid number and peroxide value. Heating at 180oC for 10 hours produced iodine, acid and peroxide value of 57.72, 9.56 and 12.55, respectively. The results of the analysis using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) showed the presence of free fatty acids at wave number 722 cm-1 and peroxide numbers at wave number 2.854 cm-1. The test results using gas chromatography showed that linoleic acid decreased by about 3.23% during heating for up to 10 hours, while saturated fatty acids increased by about 0.32%. Key words: Cooking oil, Free fatty acid, Iodine number, Peroxide number, polymerization

Preparation of Liquid Soap Utilising Used Cooking Oil with Aloe Vera as an Antibacterial Agent

Waste cooking oil has been repurposed in the preparation of liquid hand soap, enriched with Aloe vera extract as an antibacterial agent. To ensure the safety and efficacy of the product in bacterial inhibition, comprehensive testing of physical quality and antibacterial activity has been undertaken on the produced liquid soap. The test results affirm that the soap product complies with the Indonesian National Standard for free alkali content, acidity level (pH), foam height, foam stability, and water content. Notably, the soap exhibits a free alkali content of 0.01873%, a pH of 10, a foam height of 65 mm, and a foam stability value of 84.61%. The water content in the soap is measured at 40%. These results collectively position the soap within the criteria for high-quality soap. In the antibacterial effectiveness test against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, the addition of Aloe vera has markedly expanded the inhibitory zone, demonstrating a significant enhancement in antibacterial activity. In light of the above, this study aims to address environmental pollution and health risks associated with improper disposal of waste cooking oil. Moreover, the addition of antibacterial Aloe vera presents an economically valuable solution by repurposing waste cooking oil into a useful product.

Effects of composition on the explosive properties of potassium chlorate and oils

Abstract Potassium chlorate has long been utilized as an excellent oxidizing agent in pyrotechnics and explosives. As mixtures of potassium chlorate and any type of combustible material can be explosive, there is a potential risk of misuse in homemade explosives. Unlike commercial explosives, homemade chlorate and oil mixtures do not have a constant composition, which limits their understanding. This study reports the effects of two types of oil (motor oil and cooking oil) and their ratios (ranging from 2.5% to 40.0% (w/w)) on the explosive properties of such mixtures. The impact sensitivity was highest at a motor oil ratio of 5%. The friction sensitivity increased with an increasing oil ratio, reaching a maximum at an oil ratio of around 22.5%, and was close to those of primary explosives. The motor oil mixtures exhibited higher sensitivity than the cooking oil mixtures at oil ratios of 25% or less. A 10% oil mixture, which was close to the ratio of oxygen balance equal to zero, detonated in weak confinement, such as a paper cylinder. The highest detonation velocities in a polypropylene tube were around 2300 and 2550 m/s at a 10% ratio of motor oil and cooking oil, respectively. The velocities of the metal case wall, measured by photonic Doppler velocimetry, reached about 1100 m/s near the end of acceleration. These results show that homemade chlorate and oil mixtures are capable of detonation and quite sensitive over a wide range of oil ratios, with sufficient power to cause damage in the vicinity.

Waste cooking oil as a sustainable solution for UV-aged asphalt binder: Rheological, chemical and molecular structure

Recycling of UV-aged asphalt has been a hot research issue. In this paper, waste cooking oil, plasticizer, toughener, and petroleum resin were used as raw materials for asphalt rejuvenator. This paper explores the effect of regeneration conditions on the regeneration effect of UV-aged asphalt binders through high-temperature rheology and chemical compositions. The paper also attempts to reveal the regeneration mechanism of asphalt binder regeneration using waste cooking oil. Dynamic shear rheology (DSR) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy assess high-temperature rheological properties and chemical compositions. The Pearson correlation coefficient relates the rheological parameters to the chemical microstructure. And the functional relationship between carbonyl-corrected peak area and aging factor Ai of recycled asphalt and high temperature rheological parameters were established. Molecular simulation investigates WCO-recycled asphalt binder micro-morphology and adsorption mechanisms. The results showed that significant changes in the carbonyl and sulfoxide peak areas affected the high-temperature rheological properties. Regeneration conditions significantly affect asphalt regeneration effectiveness. WCO reduces CO and SO groups, crucial in asphalt viscoelastic behavior. Molecular interaction analysis reveals WCO's regenerative mechanism. This work emphasizes integrating molecular structure, chemical composition, and macroscopic properties in asphalt binder research, providing insights for sustainable pavement practices.

Impact of Waste Cooking Oils Addition on Thermophilic Dry Co-Digestion of Wheat Straw and Horse Manure for Renewable Energy Production in Two Stages.

Anaerobic co-digestion of waste wheat straw and horse manure in two steps was revealed as a promising option for renewable energy production in the form of hydrogen and methane. Addition of waste cooking oils, disposal of which could cause damage to health or the environment, as a third substrate for digestion, is suggested as an approach not only to help handle the increasing volume of food waste worldwide but also to improve process performance. In the present study, waste cooking oil, in a concentration of 5%, appeared to be a positive modulator of anaerobic digestion with the production of hydrogen and did not lead to inhibition of the hydrolysis phase. The overall efficiency of the two-stage anaerobic digestion of the mixture, which contains mainly lignocellulose waste, is positively dependent on thermochemical pretreatment with the alkali reagent (Ca(OH)2), but elevated temperature (55 °C) and cooking oil addition revealed the opportunity to omit the pre-treatment step. Nevertheless, the overall energy production was lower due to the methane production step. However, the addition of waste cooking oils to the process in which lig-nocellulose is not pretreated (V3) led to an increase in the methane production and energy yield compared to V1. The anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic waste is a complex process and comprises successive degradation pathways and syntrophic microbial associations' activities, so the division in two reactors ensured suitable conditions for the microorganisms residing in each of them. In this study, along with the production of hydrogen and methane and the separation of the hydrolysis and methanogenesis stages, utilization of agriculture- and kitchen-generated wastes was realized in the context of waste-to-energy sustainable production methods.

Optimization of biodiesel production in a high throughput branched microreactor

Biodiesel as a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel can be considered an alternative to fossil fuel in industries, and one of the promising approaches to developing biodiesel yield is its production in microreactors. However, the produced quantity from microreactors is limited which necessitates higher throughput microreactors to be produced, maintaining the high yield of biodiesel. Therefore, this study investigated the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as the catalyst using a novel branched microreactor, used for higher throughput applications. Thus, a novel four-micro serpentine-based microreactor was designed and fabricated with no external tubing. Biodiesel is produced in the fabricated microreactor and the Box-Behnken Design method (BBD) in Minitab software was used to design the experiments with different operating conditions: methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1–12:1), catalyst concentration (0.5–1.5 wt%), and reaction temperature (55–65 °C) to optimize the biodiesel volume yield in the designed microreactor. The optimum biodiesel yield using GC–MS analysis was found to be 82.8 % at a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, 1.5 wt% catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature of 59.4 °C while maintaining the reactants’ inlet flow rate of 20 µL/s. Production of up to 35 mL biodiesel was collected in 30 min only. In addition, the microreactor achieved up to 97 % conversion at inlet flow rates of 8.5 µL/s.

Feasibility Study on Biodegradable Black Paper-Based Film Solidified Using Cooked Tung Oil

New biodegradable paper-based films are a hot research topic in the development of green agriculture. In this study, a black paper-based film coated with cooked tung oil with excellent mechanical properties, a hydrophobic surface, high heat transfer and strong weather resistance was prepared by spraying high-pigment carbon black solution on the surface of base paper. The results showed that the surface-solidified oil film had a rough structure produced via the brush coating process using cooked tung oil. The base film of the black paper had a given hydrophobic structure, and the contact angle reached 98.9°. Cooked tung oil permeates into the inside of the paper base, and after curing, it forms a multi-dimensional network film structure. The maximum tensile stress of the black paper base film is about 123% higher than that of the original paper base film. The coloring of carbon black gives the black paper base film a heat conduction effect, and the average heat transfer rate reaches 15.12 °C/s. Cooked tung oil is combined with the paper-based fiber high-toughness layer to form a stable system. The existence of a cured film improves the basic mechanics and hydrophobicity, and the resistance to ultraviolet radiation and hot air is greatly improved. This study provides a feasible scheme for the application of a black paper base film coated with cooked tung oil.

FeCl3-Induced Oxidation of POME for Efficient Treatment: An Experimental Study

POME is a biomass waste product from cooking oil in the food industry which requires well treatment before discharge to the main stream. It becomes problematic cause POME contains a lot of organic compounds, suspended solids, lipids, and others which is hazard. Proper treatment is necessary in order to avoid adverse effects on the aquatic and fresh water quality. As that concerned, FeCl3 was introduced to initiate the oxidation reaction and indirectly to degrade the organic compounds in the POME. Throughout the experiment, 0.005 M of FeCl3 solution was mixed into each untreated POME. Besides POME, Glucose and lignin has been used for comparative study. Since POME is biomass waste, UV-Vis Spectroscopy instrumentation is the best to characterize the degradation behavior of organic compounds contained in POME, as well as in glucose and lignin. Based on Lamda, λ Max, the absorbance value as the indicator to measure the degradation level. The experiment done in room temperature (±25 °C) and catalyst optimization was done by Cyclic Voltammetry, CV with potential window from -0.1 to 1.5 V and for UV-Vis spectroscopy, the wavelength(nm) range between 200-600 nm was set throughout the analysis.

The Income Distribution and Household Food Security of Beef Cattle Farmers in The Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This research aimed to calculate income and its distribution as well as the food security rate and to analyze factors affecting food security rate of independent and profit-sharing farmers of beef cattle fattening in Special Region of Yogyakarta. An explanatory was used as the method for the research in Gunungkidul, Sleman, Bantul, and Kulonprogo Regencies by quota sampling on 120 independent and 120 profit-sharing farmers. Data were analyzed through income formulation, R/C Ratio, Gini Ratio, cross-classification of food expenditure share and energy consumption (Table of Jonsson and Toole), and ordered logistic model. The research results indicate that the incomes of independent and profit-sharing farmers were IDR1,079,033.00 and IDR1,023,324.00, lower than the Minimum Wage of Special Region of Yogyakarta which amounted to IDR1,337,645.25. The business was still accountable because the R/C ratio had a value larger than one. The values of the Gini Ratio of independent and sharing farmers were 0.310 and 0.219 which categorized as the low-scale unequal income distribution. Food security rates of independent and profit-sharing farmers were 22.5% and 13.33% of food secure, 15.83% and 18.33% of food vulnerable, 40.0% and 38.34% of less-secure food, and 21.67% and 30.0% of food insecure. The determining variables were the price of rice (p<0.01), price of vegetable (p<0.05), price of beef (p<0.01), price of cooking oil (p<0.05), and the price of instant noodle (p<0.01), household income (p>0.05), education dummy (p<0.05), cattle group dummy (p>0.05), the number of family member (p<0.01), and the housewife education (p>0.05).

Waste cooking oil and molasses for the sustainable production of extracellular lipase by Saitozyma flava.

Organic waste valorization is one of the principal goals of the circular economy. Bioprocesses offer a promising approach to achieve this goal by employing microorganisms to convert organic feedstocks into high value products through their metabolic activities. In this study, a fermentation process for yeast cultivation and extracellular lipase production was developed by utilizing food waste. Lipases are versatile enzymes that can be applied in a wide range of industrial fields, from detergent, leather, and biodiesel production to food and beverage manufacturing. Among several oleaginous yeast species screened, Saitozyma flava was found to exhibit the highest secreted lipase activity on pNP-butyrate, pNP-caproate, and pNP-caprylate. The production medium was composed of molasses, a by-product of the sugar industry, which provided nutrients for yeast biomass formation. At the same time, waste cooking oil was employed to induce and enhance extracellular lipase production. After 48h of process, 20g/L of yeast biomass and 150mU/mgdw of lipase activity were achieved, with a productivity of 3mU/mgdw/h. The purified lipase from S. flava showed optimal performances at temperature 28°C and pH 8.0, exhibiting a specific activity of 62U/mg when using p-NPC as substrate.

Green roads ahead: a critical examination of bio-bitumen for sustainable infrastructure

Non-renewable nature and continuously increased consumptions of bitumen is a serious challenge for the development of infrastructure, especially for the constructions and maintenances of asphalt pavements. To cope with this situation, some sustainable strategies are needed. Extensive efforts have been made to improve the resilience, sustainability and circularity of asphalt pavements. Among them, the utilisation of bio-based materials is one of the most promising measures. This paper systemically reviewed the state-of-the-art knowledge in the development of bio-bitumen. Wood-based oils, waste cooking oils and manure-based bio-bitumen were selected as the review objectives. It was revealed that all bio-based oils currently being used are more suitable for serving as additives like softeners, rejuvenators, or modifiers rather than as alternative of binders. One of the most promising utilisations of bio-oils is as rejuvenators, potentially antioxidants as well. Incorporating polymers with bio-oils is another feasible practice to improve the performance of bio-bitumen. Causation should be taken when producing bio-based bitumen since compatibility might have some kind of influence on the performance and this issue should be addressed carefully.

Physicochemical Characterization and Butanol Impact on Canola and Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesels: A Comparative Analysis with Binary Biodiesel Blends

In this study, the physicochemical properties of canola and waste cooking oil biodiesels, as well as various binary biodiesel blends, were investigated according to TS EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 standards. Critical parameters such as density, kinematic viscosity, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), calorific value, flash point, copper strip corrosion, water content, and ester yield were evaluated. The findings highlighted the notable density of C100 and W100 biodiesels, with the addition of butanol reducing density. While viscosity values adhered to standards, the addition of butanol was observed to decrease viscosity. CFPP values indicated compliance with standards only for C100 and C75W25. Flash points of C100 and W100 biodiesels met standards, but the addition of butanol to binary biodiesel blends lowered flash points. Copper strip corrosion values were determined to comply with standards for all fuels. Calorific values demonstrated the prominence of C100 and W100 biodiesels, with the addition of butanol observed to decrease calorific values in binary biodiesels. While water content favored canola biodiesel over waste cooking oil biodiesel, the addition of butanol to binary biodiesels increased water content. Regarding ester yield, C100 biodiesel exhibited the highest yield, and the addition of butanol to binary biodiesels increased ester yield. In conclusion, this study thoroughly analyzed the physicochemical properties of biodiesel and blend fuels, revealing the impact of butanol addition on these properties.

The effect of Coconut Fruits as a Success Factor in Production of Virgin Coconut Oil by Oil-induced Fermentation

The production of virgin coconut oil by the community is carried out using various techniques. One of them is fermenting using pure coconut oil as an inducement oil. However, production failures often occur. This study aims to examine the condition of coconut fruit as one of the success factors in production. There were 3 types of test samples, namely old coconuts (A), old coconuts containing kentos (B) and half-ripe coconuts (C). Production is carried out using the fermentation method and virgin coconut oil is used as the cooking oil. The three types of samples were treated the same, namely the volume of coconut milk, the volume of castor oil, the condition of room temperature and the length of time fermentation. The test was carried out 5 times for each sample. The success of the fermentation is indicated by the separation of the oil from the water and blondo. The results showed that of the 5 times of production, the highest production success occurred in sample A, which was 87%, while sample B was 40% and sample C was 20%. It was concluded that production using coconut milk from old coconuts (sample A), had a higher production success rate compared to coconut milk from B and samples C.

A synthesis strategy of 3D carbon nanosheet anode with adsorption/intercalation-filling hybrid mechanism for high-performance sodium/potassium-ion batteries

Hard carbons are significant in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). However, the structural defects of hard carbons lead to poor rate performance and cycling stability, which need further improvement. The waste cooking oil was used as the precursor to synthesize 3D carbon nanosheets (NWCOC) with amino nitrogen functional groups, multi-layered pores, and expanded interlayer spacing. The excellent electrochemical properties of NWCOC were investigated and it was demonstrated that NWCOC can significantly improve the adsorption of Na+/K+ on hard carbons, substantially enhancing the embedding/de-embedding of Na+/K+, reducing the diffusion distance of ions and electrons, and improving their adaptability to volume changes. In situ XRD and Raman characterization reveal that the Na storage mechanism of NWCOC is mainly based on adsorption/intercalation-filling. Combined with density functional theory, it is shown that the porous structures doped with nitrogen have a greater propensity for ion adsorption, resulting in increased ion capture and storage. As expected, NWCOC650 exhibits high capacities of 489.4 and 388.3 mAh/g in SIBs and PIBs. NWCOC650 displays superior performance in the Na3V2(PO4)3/NWCOC650 full cell, achieving a capacity of 107.84 mAh/g. This work presents a new perspective on the synthesis and mechanisms of high-performance anodes for SIBs and PIBs.

A comparative study on biodiesel production from edible and non-edible biomasses

Biodiesel is a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional diesel fuel. It can be produced from various sources, primarily through homogeneously alkali-catalyzed transesterification. However, with the increasing demand for edible oils and the ongoing concerns about using edible resources for fuel, non-edible oils have become more attractive for biodiesel production. Non-edible oils, such as those derived from waste oils, offer a more sustainable and environmentally friendly source for biodiesel production. The current study compares biodiesel samples’ properties derived from an uncooked sunflower oil sample provided by a local bio-industry and four waste cooking oil samples collected from a local restaurant and fast food shop. The findings indicated that most biodiesel properties from edible and non-edible biomass feedstocks were found to be similar and met the specifications outlined in the EN 14,214 standard. Nevertheless, the oxidation stability and the viscosity were found to be outside the specified limits in most of the samples. Additionally, GC–MS analysis exhibited a similar composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), with a high proportion of unsaturated FAMEs in all biodiesel samples.

Functionalization and Deconvolution of Tubular Ceramic Support Membrane Prepare from High Silica Spent Bleaching Earth by Centrifugal Casting

Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) is a solid waste produced from the palm cooking oil refining industry. The commercial ceramic membranes are quite pricey, therefore SBE solid waste is possible to be an alternative for reduction of membrane material cost due to high silica content. This work demonstrates the fabrication of ceramic tubular support membrane with varied SBE addition and investigates the functionalization group of its membranes. The ceramic support membrane was prepared from regeneration SBE with varied loading composition 15 and 35 wt%. The regeneration SBE using n-Hexane as solvent. Membranes were casted into tubular configuration using centrifugal casting technique at 3000 rpm. The tubular ceramic SBE membranes were dried and followed by calcined at 900°C with heating rate 2°C/min using programable furnace for 2 h. Both of raw SBE material and membranes were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The SBE material after regenerated exhibits has high Si-OH and Si-O-Si peaks over raw material. Interestingly, the fabrication ceramic support membrane with tubular configuration is successfully preparation by centrifugal casting. Ceramic SBE membrane exhibits functionalization and deconvolution the present of siloxane, Al-OH-Al, Ti-O-Ti, and Al-O bands for both of 15 and 35wt% SBE loading. It concluded this tubular ceramic support membrane from SBE has appropriated chemical functionalize properties to applicates as membrane separation.

Utilization of waste cooking oil as a substitute for plasticizers in the production of carrageenan/cornstarch bioplastic

In the current investigation, to develop a carrageenan/cornstarch bioplastic production technique suitable for commercial-scale production, an alternative method to the commonly used solvent-casting technique was implemented through a hot-melt extrusion process. Moreover, to enhance the water resistance of the bioplastic and reduce production costs, waste cooking oil (WCO) was used as a substitute for glycerol plasticizer. Various weight ratios of WCO to glycerol (w/w) were used in formulations. All the material ingredients were compounded using a double-screw extruder at 115°C. Subsequently, the resulting extrudate was then cut into resin pellets, followed by hot compression to produce bioplastic film samples. The film samples underwent testing for mechanical properties, water resistance, biodegradability, chemical structure and morphology. The overall results showed that the addition of WCO improved the tensile properties and water resistance and accelerated biodegradation. These findings were attributed to the presence of ester groups in the polymer structure, the intrinsic hydrophobic nature of WCO and the formation of voids within the film structure, as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Based on the findings, the utilization of WCO in carrageenan/cornstarch-based bioplastic production offers potential advantages for commercial applications.

Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Hasil TBS Pada Kebun Inti 2 PT Pinago Utama Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

This study aims to determine the role of work motivation on the results of TBS PT Pinago Utama Musi Banyuasin district of South Sumatra province. Secondly to know the constraints and problems on the results of TBS employees in PT Pinago Utama Musi Banyuasin district of South Sumatra province. This research was conducted at PT Pinago Utama Kebun Inti 2 regency of Musi Banyuasin, South Sumatera Province which lasted for 1 (one) month from 1 December 2023 until January 10, 2024. The research method used is descriptive method. Research respondents were 66 people harvesting employees, 10 people harvesting mandates, 6 person division assistants calculated using Slovin formula. For a total of 82 people selected based on the technique by taking a selective person or object of research and have specific characteristics (purposive sampling). The instruments used are job satisfaction, work morale, reward, sanction, education, salary, and FFB result. Data analysis using cobb douglass regression analysis technique. The results of this study found that: first there was no significant effect of job satisfaction on FFB results. Second there is a significant influence of morale on the FFB result. The three significant effects of rewarding FFB outcomes. The four significant effects of sanctions on FFB outcomes. the five significant educational influences on TBS outcomes. The six significant effects of salary on FFB outcomes. Thus, job satisfaction is insignificant due to heavy workloads using BJR's system (average weighted weight) with fixed tonnage basis, but morale, reward, sanction, education, significant salary as firms pay attention to awarding in the form of rice and cooking oil and the appropriate salary UMR Musi Banyusian area.

Adsorption study of isotherms, kinetics modelling, and thermodynamics of immobilized Candida rugosa lipase on metal oxide for esterification of waste cooking oil

The problem regarding improper disposal of waste cooking oil (WCO) can be solved via biotransformation of WCO to value added product using lipases as a biocatalyst. Thus, immobilization method was proposed for the recyclability of the biocatalyst. However, a comprehensive discussion on adsorption study is limited for lipase immobilization. In this study, Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) was immobilized on modified metal oxide (Mg2+/Al2O3) and the support was improved by addition of activating agent (L-lysine/Mg2+/Al2O3). Subsequently, the biocatalysts were used for esterification of WCO in the presence of methanol. Maximum adsorption capacity for the support was improved after addition of L-lysine resulting in 0.262 mg protein/g of support. The equilibrium adsorption data for both systems were fitted to the Redlich Peterson isotherm model while the kinetics study was most fitted with Elovich model, and the adsorption process were influenced by intraparticle and film diffusion mechanisms. Thermodynamic analysis explained that the adsorption process of CRL/L-lysine/Mg2+/Al2O3 was more spontaneous and stronger as compared to CRL/Mg2+/Al2O3. Furthermore, CRL/L-Lysine/Mg2+/Al2O3 exhibited its potential in esterification of WCO by converting 62.95% of free fatty acid (FFA), while CRL/Mg2+/Al2O3 converted lower FFA (53.62%). This study offers a fundamental understanding on designing an effective immobilization system by addition of activating agent to develop a good biocatalyst for biotransformation of WCO.