Conversion Mechanism Research Articles

Construction of Ordered and Fast Lithium Ion Channels in Gel Electrolytes for Li-SPAN Batteries.

As one of the most promising battery systems, the lithium sulfur battery is expected to be widely used in fields of high energy density demands. Owing to the unique solid-solid conversion mechanism, there is no shuttle effect for the Li-SPAN (sulfurized polyacrylonitrile) battery. However, the compatibility between Li anode and carbonate electrolyte has not been resolved, which prevents the SPAN from practical applications. Herein, an organic-inorganic gel carbonate electrolyte is proposed to stabilize interphases and structures of both the anode and cathode, where polyimide (PI) is used for electrolyte gelation, which can assist in the uniform distribution of inorganic components at the electrolyte interface. Furthermore, ZnS nanodots loaded on two-dimensional MoS2 flakes provide abundant Li-ion diffusion paths, improve the transfer kinetic of Li ions, and induce uniform nucleation and deposition of Li. This gel electrolyte ensures Li symmetric cells a long-term cycle life of more than 900 h under the condition of deep lithium plating/stripping at 5 mAh cm-1. Li∥Cu cells exhibit a prolonged lifespan of 800 h with a CE of 98.3%. Furthermore, the Li-SPAN battery shows stability of more than 850 cycles, with the capacity retention of 85.1%. This work provides an approach for high-energy Li-SPAN batteries with carbonate-based electrolytes.

Dispossession and beyond: Politics of rural land conversion in China's tourism villages

Across the peripheries of global South cities, projects to convert rural land for development purposes have brought dramatic impact on rural communities and environments. Many of these initiatives involve aggregating land, mobilizing investments, and resettling populations, with direct implications for villagers’ land rights and livelihoods. In existing studies, rural land conversions have often been examined through frameworks of “land grabbing” and “dispossession”. This paper argues for the need to go beyond these frameworks in conceptualizing the varied pathways and outcomes of rural land takings. It presents a comparative case study of two villages in China, whose land has been redeployed for tourism development. In one village, state-led expropriation led to the loss of land rights and the resettlement of villagers in new housing complexes. In another, villagers held onto land ownership and their property but saw intra-community inequalities amplified as residents were differentially incorporated into the tourism economy. By demonstrating how the nuanced mechanisms of land conversion could facilitate variegated livelihood and distributive outcomes between and within communities, this paper problematizes universalist conceptualizations of dispossession and calls for theorizing both “with” and “beyond” dispossession to account for the multifaceted dynamics of land development in global South contexts.

The Emerging Strategy of Symmetry Breaking for Enhancing Energy Conversion and Storage Performance.

Symmetry breaking has emerged as a novel strategy to enhance energy conversion and storage performance, which refers to changes in the atomic configurations within a material reducing its internal symmetry. According to the location of the symmetry breaking, it can be classified into spontaneous symmetry breaking within the material, local symmetry breaking on the surface of the material, and symmetry breaking caused by external fields outside the material. However, there are currently few summaries in this field, so it is necessary to summarize how symmetry breaking improves energy conversion and storage performance. In this review, the fundamentals of symmetry breaking are first introduced, which allows for a deeper understanding of its meaning. Then the applications of symmetry breaking in energy conversion and storage are systematically summarized, providing various mechanisms in energy conversion and storage, as well as how to improve energy conversion performance and storage efficiency. Last but not least, the current applications of symmetry breaking are summarized and provide an outlook on its future development. It is hoped that this review can provide new insights into the applications of symmetry breaking and promote its further development.

Catalytic hydrothermal reaction of biomass and its application in blast furnace injection: Physicochemical, conversion mechanism, combustion behavior

This study employs a combination of experimental research and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to evaluate the optimal conditions for catalytic hydrothermal carbonization suitable for blast furnace injection. Through FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ICP analysis, and combustion kinetics analysis, the physical and chemical properties of the hydrochar were determined. Subsequently, these properties along with kinetic parameters were applied to an improved CFD model to compare the flow patterns and combustion performance of hydrochar with PCI coal in blast furnaces. The results indicate that the optimal HTC conditions are identified at 300 °C with FeCl3 catalysis, yielding hydrochar (HTC-300-FeCl3) characterized by a calorific value of 32.10 MJ/kg, 98 % K element removal, and enhanced carbonaceous structure ordering. This is attributed to the addition of FeCl3 effectively enhances the generation of hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase and promotes deoxygenation and hydrogenation reactions in the solid phase, improving the quality of hydrochars. In addition, CFD model shows that the HTC-300 FeCl3 exhibits a higher burnout (86.2 %) and average gas temperature (2383.1 K) compared to PCI coal, indicating its greater potential as a PCI coal substitute in BF injection.

A low-temperature process for lithium extraction from lithium-bearing mineral: Conversion behavior and mechanisms

Lithium extraction from lithium-bearing clay mineral (LiBC) has received significant attention due to the increasing demand of lithium for the advanced renewable energy industry. However, the low contents of valuable elements and stable physiochemical properties of LiBC result in high energy consumption and low efficiency in extracting lithium from LiBC. This study demonstrates a low-temperature strategy using (NH4)2SO4 as an additive to effectively extract lithium from LiBC. In details, the thermodynamic analysis verifies that Li, Al, and Fe can be converted to sulfates at 250–450 °C during thermal treatment, indicating the possibility for extraction of Li under low-temperature conditions. Subsequently, the leaching behavior of lithium under different roasting temperatures and water leaching conditions was investigated. The results show that 83.43 % of Li can be extracted under optimized conditions. The mechanism study was carried out through a number of characterization techniques including 3D microscope, TG-DSC, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. It reveals that formation of liquidus phase of molten salt is the key to achieve low-temperature roasting and transfer and reactions at the interface of molten salt and LiBC can be significantly enhanced that can easily breakdown the interlayer structures. Consequently, it offers distinct advantages, since the roasting temperature can be significantly decreased with minor impurity ions being leached into the solutions. This research therefore provides an efficient and environmentally friendly method for lithium extraction from minerals.

Dynamically Regulating Polysulfide Degradation via Organic Sulfur Electrolyte Additives in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

AbstractLithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries offer promising prospects due to their high energy density and cost‐effectiveness. However, the sluggish kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) conversion, particularly the crucial stage from LiPSs to lithium sulfide (Li2S), hampers their development. Herein, a novel strategy for dynamically regulating LiPSs conversion by incorporating 4‐mercaptopyridine (4Mpy), as a LiPSs Redox Regulator (RR) in the electrolyte is introduced. This organic sulfur additive actively interacts with LiPSs during discharge, facilitating rapid conversion and promoting the formation of a three‐dimensional (3D) Li2S structure, thereby enhancing reaction kinetics. Both theoretical and experimental results reveal that the redox conversion mechanism with the 4Mpy additive differs from traditional electrolytes. Upon lithiation, 4Mpy forms lithium‐pyridinethiolate (Li‐pyS), which reversibly engages in the LiPSs conversion during the charging/discharging cycles, significantly improving the redox process. As a result, the Li‐S battery with 4Mpy additive demonstrates superior performances, achieving 10.05 mAh cm−2 under a high sulfur loading of 10.88 mg cm−2, surpassing industrial benchmarks. This study not only presents an approach to mitigating the shuttle effect in Li‐S batteries but also offers valuable insights into electrolyte design for other metal batteries.

Study on the preparation of photothermal catalyst for toluene degradation from spent batteries

This work produced a novel photothermal catalyst TiO2-CeO2@S-AZMB for toluene degradation, based on waste zinc-manganese batteries. Using a direct ball milling technique, the catalyst was created by mixing nanoscale TiO2 and CeO2 with active metals extracted from wasted batteries. The catalyst demonstrated excellent photothermal catalytic performance at a material addition ratio of 3:6:1, with S-AZMB, TiO2, and CeO2 at that ratio. At this point, the reaction temperature was 110 °C, the light intensity in the reaction system was 32 mW/cm2, and the toluene elimination efficiency was high. Toluene elimination effectiveness could be as high as 94.34 %. The catalyst greatly lowered the initiation temperature of catalytic combustion in addition to increasing thermocatalysis and photocatalysis efficiency through the photothermal synergistic effect. A novel theoretical foundation for the recycling of used batteries and the advancement of photothermal catalytic technology was also provided by the investigation of the photo-absorption properties and photothermal conversion mechanism of the catalysts.

Delaying cyclization of polyacrylonitrile by boric acid for sulfurized poly(acrylonitrile) cathode materials

Sulfurized poly(acrylonitrile) (SPAN) has become one of the most promising cathode materials in rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) batteries due to their inhibited polysulfide dissolution, high sulfur utilization and excellent electrochemical performance via unique solid–solid conversion mechanism. However, the sulfur content of SPAN (<50 %) is still one of the significant reasons that restrict the electrochemical performance and practical applicability. In this paper, a small amount of boric acid (HBO) was introduced into the precursor of SPAN cathode materials easily before heat-treating, to increase the sulfur content and improve the electrochemical performance. Meanwhile, the results of first principles calculation suggested that the increase of sulfur content of SPAN was derived from the delayed cyclization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by HBO. We also discovered when the additive amount of HBO was 1.5 % of PAN mass, the SPAN cathode material possessed high sulfur content up to 54.24 wt%, and delivered prominent reversible electrochemical performances of 714 mAh/g at 0.2C and 734 mAh/g at 0.1C with high Coulombic efficiency. In summary, we proposed a simple and easy method to improve sulfur content and introduced a new strategy for the design of high-sulfur content and high-performance SPAN cathode materials.

Structurally-constrained wrinkled NiO nanomembranes for high-performance lithium and sodium storage

In light of its exceptional capacity and safety features, nickel oxide (NiO) has emerged as a highly promising electrode material for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which operate through conversion mechanisms, meeting the growing demand for high-efficiency rechargeable batteries. To address the capacity degradation challenges associated with NiO anodes, we present an innovative approach involving the fabrication of wrinkled NiO nanomembranes through magnetron sputtering deposition followed by thermal treatment. This distinctive three-dimensional, ultra-thin architecture integrates nanostructural and microstructural features that effectively reduce ionic diffusion distances and mitigate dimensional fluctuations during cycling, thereby markedly enhancing the electrochemical performance and reliability. Specifically, for lithium storage, these wrinkled NiO nanomembranes achieve an impressive reversible specific capacity of 773 mA h g−1 at 100 mA g−1, with excellent rate capability of 468 mA h g−1 at 5000 mA g−1 and long-term cycling performance, maintaining 523 mA h g−1 at 500 mA g−1 even after 1000 cycles. Likewise, for sodium storage, they exhibit a substantial reversible capacity of 288 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and retain 202 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. These findings underscore the promising application of wrinkled NiO nanomembranes as robust anodic materials for high-performance LIBs and SIBs.

Flexible X-ray Imaging and Stable Information Storage of SrF2:Eu Based on Radio-Photoluminescence.

X-ray imaging has garnered widespread interest in biomedical diagnosis and nondestructive detection. The exploration of radio-photoluminescence has hastened the advancement of X-ray information storage. However, significant challenges persist in achieving the prolonged imaging of curved objects without attenuation. Here, europium-doped strontium fluoride (SrF2:Eu) is meticulously created to exhibit a linear response to an extensive range of X-ray doses (maximum dose > 5000 Gy), showcasing excellent X-ray information reading/erasing reusability properties (10 cycles). This is accompanied by a red-to-blue emission transition under UV excitation, sustaining for 150 days without attenuation. To elucidate the phenomena of irradiated photoluminescent discoloration and the reversible X-ray storage of SrF2:Eu, we propose an electron-vacancy trap (valence conversion) mechanism, information stably retained by the SrF2:Eu-based device under ambient conditions due to high energy barriers. The time-lapse readout capability is further demonstrated for three-dimensional imaging of curved objects (10 lp mm-1) based on SrF2:Eu embedded within a polydimethylsiloxane (SrF2:Eu@PDMS). The SrF2:Eu demonstrates time-lapse imaging, reversible radio-photoluminescence, and recoverable X-ray storage, offering a promising avenue for optical information encryption and anticounterfeiting applications.

Biomass derived 3D N, P co-doped porous carbon incorporated with Ni-Cu bimetallic phosphide: Synergistic effect of Ni-Cu boosting Na+ storage performance

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their amazing properties such as high theoretical specific capacity, various bond types and good electrical conductivity. However, TMPs are still facing poor cycling stability and unsatisfactory specific capacity, which restrict their practical application. Herein, NixCu3-xP incorporated in biomass derived 3D N, P co-doped porous carbon (NixCu3-xP-NPC) is constructed as SIB anode and the electrochemical behaviors with various Ni/Cu ratios are explored. The synergistic effect of Ni-Cu in NixCu3-xP is approved by the resulting investigation, and density functional theory (DFT) calculation further confirmed its important influence in enhancing electronic conductivity and boosting Na+ storage. Evidently, the optimum synergistic effect was observed when Ni0.15Cu2.85P/NPC is utilized for SIB anode. It exhibits a reversible specific capacity of 663 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, long cycling stability (467 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1.0 A g−1), and excellent rate capability (432 mAh g−1 at 2.0 A g−1). The ex-situ X-ray diffraction and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verify the combined conversion mechanism of Ni and Cu during sodiation/desodiation processes, which is greatly favorable for high specific capacity and cycling stability.

Self-Powered Flexible Sensors: From Fundamental Mechanisms toward Diverse Applications

Abstract Today, human life is inseparable from energy for clothing, food, housing, use and travelling, however, traditional resources can no longer meet our energy needs today. Self-powered sensing devices that can run consistently and sustainably without a source of power from the outside are top choices for new energy sources with their unique advantages. Based on advances in the field of materials and manufacturing techniques, it is able to autonomously extract energy from different sources. In this review, we focus on reviewing the current state of research on self-powered wearable sensors, providing a concise overview of energy harvesting technologies, energy conversion mechanisms, structural or material innovations, energy storage and processing platforms. Then，experimental advances in different energy sources are presented, showing their underlying mechanisms, and the potential for energy acquisition. In addition, we discuss applications of self-powered flexible sensors in medicine, sports and food. Despite considerable achievements in this field, widespread commercialization will necessitate enhanced sensor detection abilities, improved design factors for adaptable devices, and a harmony between sensitivity and standardisation.

The pragmatics of black–white conversations: Richard Wright’s representation of the African American experience

Abstract Richard Wright represents the African American experience of white racism in his novel Native Son and autobiography Black Boy. In the two works, Wright delves into the psychic effects of white racism on young African Americans. From a pragmatic perspective, this article analyzes the conversations between whites and young African Americans in the two works, with the aim of exploring how the conversations can impact on how the young African Americans think about reality and about themselves in relation to whites, that is, how whites attempt to form black subjectivity through conversation. The conversational mechanisms of the formation of black subjectivity are investigated by building on research in pragmatics on conversational cooperation and interpersonal pragmatics. The article first examines the structural features of black-white conversations, and explains the conversational norms by using Grice’s theory of conversation as the explanatory framework. The analysis sheds light on the relative nature of Grice’s maxims and the inseparability of the informational and the relational aspects of conversation. The article examines the relationship dynamics of black-white conversations by drawing on studies in interpersonal pragmatics. From the stylistic feature of the use of address terms, the study delves into the interracial pragmatics of black–white conversations.

A composite anode based on intercalation and conversion mechanism for high-rate lithium-ion batteries

To increase the specific capacity and cycle stability of lithium-ion batteries at high current density, we have investigated the anode materials. Among them, black phosphorus has attracted attention because of its large theoretical specific capacity (2596 mA h/g). However, the moderate conductivity of black phosphorus itself makes it less effective. The addition of graphite to form P-C and P-O-C bonds with black phosphorus enhances the performance of the battery cell. Lithium ions are primarily stored in black phosphorus-graphite layered structural materials via an intercalation mechanism, which improves electrochemical performance at tiny current density but is inadequate for charge/discharge cycling at high current density. In addition, lithium ions also can undergo conversion mechanism with metal oxide materials (e.g. Tungsten trioxide). While this conversion mechanism enables more stable battery cycling at high current density, the specific capacity remains insufficiently high. Higher charge/discharge specific capacity and long cycle stability of lithium-ion batteries at high current density can be realized by the joint action of the two mechanisms. In this work, black phosphorus, graphite, and tungsten trioxide (BP/G/WO3) composites are prepared by ball milling method. A comprehensive series of electrochemical analyses reveals that the BP/G/WO3-532 electrode (BP, graphite, and WO3 mass ratio of 5:3:2) exhibits the most substantial enhancement in the cycling stability of lithium-ion batteries. The anode exhibits a high specific capacity of 1463.1 mA h/g at 6 A/g and presents a retention capacity of 1159.8 mA h/g after 300 charge/discharge cycles, indicating a high cycle stability and fast reaction kinetics. This result is mainly attributed to the joint action of two mechanisms of composites.

Research on Large Hybrid Electric Aircraft Based on Battery and Turbine-Electric

Hybrid electric aircraft use traditional engine and electric propulsion combinations to optimize aircraft architecture, improve propulsion efficiency, and reduce fuel consumption. As a new technology, the fuel and energy consumption calculation of hybrid electric aircraft is more complicated than traditional aircraft due to the usage of different energy forms. The purpose of this paper is to develop the analytical method for fuel and energy consumption for hybrid electric aircraft. This paper summarizes the working principle of hybrid electric aircraft, including the system architecture and power conversion mechanism. The calculation of fuel and energy consumption for hybrid electric aircraft is carried out in detail. In order to evaluate large hybrid electric aircraft, the architecture, based on energy flow, is established, and turbofan engine, electrical system, electric duct fan, and aerodynamic model characteristics are established. With a single-aisle aircraft as an example, the fuel and energy consumption under the 800 nautical mile range is performed. It shows that fuel consumption can be reduced by 10% and energy consumption by 4.7% compared with a traditional aircraft. The effects of different range and battery ratios are analyzed. The payload range for the hybrid electric aircraft is analyzed. The results show that even though the hybrid electric aircraft reduces the payload and range, it can significantly reduce fuel and energy consumption.

Iron-catalysed cooperative redox mechanism for the simultaneous conversion of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide

Iron-catalysed cooperative redox mechanism for the simultaneous conversion of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide

Unveiling the Brønsted acid mechanism for Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction in methanol conversion over ZSM-5

The conversion of methanol over zeolites offers a sustainable alternative for fuels and chemicals production. However, a complete understanding of the competing reaction pathways, particularly those leading to C-C bond formation, remains elusive. This work presents a novel mechanism for selective methanol conversion in ZSM-5 zeolites, involving a Brønsted acid site (BAS)-mediated Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reduction pathway. Employing a multidimensional solid-state NMR spectroscopy combined with isotopic labeling and theoretical calculations, we identify this pathway for acetaldehyde reduction with methanol, directly contributing to ethene formation. This mechanism, involving carbenium ion intermediates like 1-hydroxyethane or 1-methoxyethane ions, contrasts with the well-established Lewis acid-catalyzed MPV process. Based on reactant adsorption modes, we propose two distinct reaction routes for BAS-MPV reduction, bridging the gap between direct and hydrocarbon pool mechanisms in methanol conversion. We further demonstrate the applicability of this pathway to acetone, highlighting its broader role in the early stages of the reaction.

Upcycling of polyethylene waste to biodegradable adhesive and coating via Baeyer-Villiger reaction: A new view on oxidation-fracture mechanism and structure-function relationship

Non-biodegradable polyethylene waste accumulates in large quantities in the environment posing a serious threat to the survival of creatures. Meanwhile, polyethylene suffers from inherent polarity limitations that curtails its application scope. Oxidation is an efficient approach of upcycling waste polyethylene through introduction of hydrophilic functional groups (such as –COOH, –OH), yet often at the expense of their original hydrophobicity. Herein, the hydrophobic ester groups, were introduced via Baeyer-Villiger oxidation to ingeniously balance the contradiction among hydrophobicity, interfacial forces and sustainability of polyethylene oxidation products. A tandem conversion mechanism among the oxidative groups was proposed while the decrease in molecular weight and branching degree was clarified to be a result of β-scissions occurring the branches during the oxidation. Meanwhile, the effect of oxidation degree and molecular weight on interfacial forces was revealed. The excellent hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of the oxidized polyethylene coating can be attributed to the low content of carboxyl/hydroxyl groups, rich hydrophobic ester groups and the retained long carbon chain structure. Besides, the introduced ester groups and lower molecular weight also provided the oxidation products with potential biodegradability. This work provided a new insight on the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of polyethylene and the potential for upcycling of polyethylene waste into sustainable materials.

Kinetics study of pyrolysis of petroleum sludge and characterization of char

Thermochemical conversion (or pyrolysis) has emerged as an effective technique for the disposal of sludge generated in process industries. This paper reports physicochemical characterization and kinetic analysis of pyrolysis of sludge from a petroleum refinery and characterization of resultant char. The sludge had high volatile matter (>70 wt%) and low ash content (15 wt%). Pyrolysis of sludge was studied using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The TGA data was analyzed using two isoconversional models, viz. KAS and Vyazovkin AIC are used for the deduction of kinetic triplets, viz. activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction mechanism. The activation energy (Ea ) of sludge pyrolysis varied in the 64.79–190.37 kJ/mol range. The pre-exponential factor varied from 1.18E + 07 to 4.29E + 12 s−1. The predominant solid-state mechanism of thermal conversion was an order-based reaction (F2/F3). The thermodynamic factors (viz. ΔH, ΔS, ΔG) of sludge pyrolysis were also determined. Relatively small values of (Ea – ΔH) ∼ 5 kJ/mol revealed high susceptibility of sludge for thermal conversion. Residual char after pyrolysis was characterized for physicochemical properties. The char properties were fixed carbon = 54.37%, calorific value = 22.48 MJ/kg, and BET surface area = 18.35 m2/g. These properties make char suitable for numerous applications.

Interfacial energy conversion mechanism between 3003 aluminum alloy and 321 stainless steel in vaporizing foil actuator welding process

Conventional welding methods encounter significant challenges, including poor weldability, low joint strength, and the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds, primarily due to the substantial disparities in the physical and chemical properties of aluminum and iron. To mitigate these issues, the vaporizing foil actuator welding (VFAW) process has emerged as a highly promising solid-phase welding technology, particularly suitable for joining dissimilar metals with pronounced differences in properties, such as aluminum alloys and stainless steels. The present study provides an innovative quantitative analysis of the interfacial impact energy conversion mechanisms within the VFAW process. The analysis reveals that the energy responsible for accelerating the flyer workpiece comprises burst vaporization energy (Ed\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$E_d$$\\end{document}) and continuous vaporization energy (Ep\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$E_p$$\\end{document}), with Ed\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$E_d$$\\end{document} identified as the primary energy source, contributing approximately 65–80% of the total energy required for acceleration. Further examination elucidates the mechanisms underlying heat generation and transfer during the interface collision. The investigation identifies the formation of an overheating zone at the interface, attributed to the combined effects of plastic deformation energy and adiabatic shear energy within the flyer workpiece. Consequently, the interface temperature can rise significantly, reaching up to 1394 K, with impact velocities as high as 925 m/s. The analyses contribute to establishing a theoretical foundation for understanding the interface bonding mechanisms characteristic of the vaporizing foil actuator welding method.