Convergence Of Broadcasting Research Articles

A Geography-Based P2P Overlay Network for Fast and Robust Blockchain Systems

Numerous blockchain systems with various consensus protocols have emerged to achieve high transaction rates (2<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math></inline-formula>10K tps). However, their underlying P2P network primitives constrain further improvements due to two problems (i) high message redundancy and (ii) long broadcast convergence time. The first problem is caused by the excessive robustness of the dominant broadcast approach Gossip. All state-of-the-art blockchain systems only tolerate 20-50&#x0025; node failure while Gossip can withstand up to 90&#x0025;. The reason for (ii) is that existing broadcast topologies ignore geographical distances among nodes and incur paths with unnecessarily high latency. We present <small>FRing</small>, a geography-based P2P overlay network for fast and robust broadcast in blockchain systems. <small>FRing</small> has three main features: sufficient robustness, low message redundancy, and fast convergence. To reduce convergence time, <small>FRing</small> forms the network topology by considering geographical proximity. A novel broadcast algorithm based on <small>FRing</small> topology is proposed to lower message redundancy while maintaining sufficient robustness. One major challenge is to eliminate the risk of topology inference by traffic pattern analysis. <small>FRing</small> leverages Intel SGX to guarantee nodes&#x2019; behavior integrity and incorporates pattern obfuscation to prevent traffic pattern analysis. The evaluation shows that <small>FRing</small> improved the throughput of EOS by 220&#x0025; and Hyperledger Fabric by 210&#x0025;.

ROPPSA: TV Program Recommendation Based on Personality and Social Awareness

The rapid growth of mobile television (TV), smart TV, and Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) content due to the convergence of broadcasting and the Internet requires effective recommendation methods to select appropriate TV programs/channels. Many previous methods have been proposed to address this issue. However, imperative factors such as the utilization of personality traits and social properties to recommend programs for TV viewers remain a challenge. Consequently, in this paper, we propose a recommender algorithm called Recommendation of Programs via Personality and Social Awareness (ROPPSA) for TV viewers. ROPPSA utilizes normalization and folksonomy procedures to generate group recommendations for TV viewers who have common similarities in terms of personality traits and tie strength with a Target TV Viewer (TTV). Therefore, ROPPSA improves TV viewer cold-start and data sparsity situations by utilizing their personality traits and tie strengths. We conducted extensive experiments on a relevant dataset using standard evaluation metrics to substantiate our ROPPSA recommendation method. Results of our experimentation procedure depict the advantage, recommendation accuracy, and outperformance of ROPPSA in comparison with other contemporary methods in terms of precision, recall, f-measure (F1), and arithmetic mean (AM).

IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting Special Issue on: Convergence of Broadcast and Broadband in the 5G Era

The Fifth generation of mobile broadband (BB) networks, popularly known as 5G, aims to revolutionize different vertical industries, including media broadcasting. Although it remains to be seen the real impact and timescale of the 5G revolution, 5G may represent an opportunity rather than a threat for broadcast (BC), especially when considering new approaches for BC and BB evolving into new converged platforms inter-connecting terrestrial BC and cellular/wired BB systems together [item 1) in the Appendix]. Hybrid BC-BB platforms are already a success in several countries, based, e.g., on HbbTV in EU, hybridcast in Japan and Ginga in Brazil. But the increasing importance of fixed and mobile BB IP delivery for television services, well-illustrated by the new IP-based ATSC 3.0 standard [item 2) in the Appendix] and the on-going DVB-I (Internet) specification, and the fact that the 5G system will support and be interoperable with non-3GPP access technologies, potentially allowing multiple access technologies to be used simultaneously for one or more services, opens the door to new convergence scenarios.

IP-Based Cooperative Services Using ATSC 3.0 Broadcast and Broadband

This paper presents Internet protocol (IP)-based convergence of broadcast and broadband networks using Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0–the next generation terrestrial broadcasting standard. In the broadcast network, the combination of Layered Division Multiplexing (LDM) and Scalable High Efficiency Video Codec (SHVC) is used, enabling efficient use of spectrum when mobile and fixed services are intended in a single radio frequency (RF) channel. The proposed use case of IP-based convergence is that a service is largely consumed through the high power high tower (HPHT) based broadcast network, and then alternative streams are requested via unicast for areas where broadcast signals are not receivable. The implementation details of broadcast and broadband convergence include MPEG Media Transport (MMT)/Real-time Objective delivery over Unidirectional Transport (ROUTE) description for broadcast useand Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) for broadband use. To achieve seamless convergence between broadcast and broadband, transmission and reception systems based on ATSC 3.0 are hardware-developed and their implementation details are described. The proposed IP-based convergence use case of ATSC 3.0 broadcast and broadband is verified in a real-field environment using a public cellular network.

Call for Papers IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting Special Issue on Convergence of Broadcast and Broadband in the 5G Era

Call for Papers IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting Special Issue on Convergence of Broadcast and Broadband in the 5G Era

A valuation of viewing public broadcasting with endogeneity: The life satisfaction approach

The evaluation of the amenities and benefits of public broadcasting is crucially important, given the accelerated convergence of broadcasting and telecommunications and the increasing heterogeneity of media use by individuals. We attempted to quantify and monetize the value of viewing public broadcasting by adopting the experienced utility approach and taking advantage of viewers’ subjective well-being. With the help of microdata provided from surveys conducted by a Japanese public broadcaster, the crucial findings of our analysis are that viewing public broadcasting has a considerable monetary value, as well as an endogenous property. We also found a detrimental association between public broadcast viewing and life satisfaction (a subjective well-being indicator), which diminishes among adolescents and early middle-aged people. This implies that a diversified and complex viewing method is emerging that is a particular characteristic of these age groups, and which may mitigate the negative effect of conventional methods of viewing.

Big Data and the Economics of TV Broadcasting. Where is the Public Value?

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht Potenziale und Risiken von Big Data für das Leitmedium Fernsehen. Er nimmt dabei eine betont kritisch-normative Perspektive aus Sicht der Medienökonomie ein und analysiert diese anhand des Beispiels Konvergenzfernsehen. Eine der vielen Dimensionen von Big Data ist nämlich die Analyse des Nutzungsverhaltens einer Vielzahl von Konsumenten. Big Data-Dienste verwenden die Analyseergebnisse nicht nur dazu, individuelle Filmempfehlungen zu geben, sondern entscheiden vielmehr darüber, welche Inhalte überhaupt in das Portfolio eines Anbieters aufgenommen bzw. produziert werden. Auch wenn diese Dienste zu einer Optimierung von TV-Vermarktung führen, ist bis heute umstritten, inwiefern Big Data auch Mehrwert für Nutzer generiert. Auf der Sollseite stehen Überwachung, die Frageder Individualisierung und Rationalisierung des Konsums und generell die Kommodifizierung des Mediums.

An efficient hybrid delivery technology for a broadcast TV service

Increasing popularization of mobile devices has pushed emergence of new services and technologies with convergence of broadcasting and broadband. One of the most striking issues of hybrid broadcasting is synchronization of delivered data over a heterogeneous network. Therefore, we consider a method of synchronization for delivery of hybrid content, as well as between devices using different service platforms. A hybrid delivery architecture and synchronization algorithm for heterogeneous networks in an inter-device environment is developed. In an inter-device system with broadcasting and broadband networks, experimental results verify that the proposed algorithm achieves accurate synchronization performance.

The Changing Face of the German Broadcast Television Industry

This study offers an economic analysis of the television broadcasting industry at the convergence of broadcast and broadband connectivity. It applies the „Structure-Conduct- Performance“(SCP)-paradigm of Industrial Organization theory as framework and investigates how the model can contribute to explaining emergent issues in the economics of Smart TV. It is argued here that SCP model provides a useful heuristic and can fruitfully be applied to various questions surrounding the fundamental transformation of the television broadcasting sector towards Smart TV, notably issues of market structure and competitive behavior. The argument is illustrated by the emerging ecosystem for Smart TV services in Germany. There, the market is still immature and each provider is struggling with the challenge of developing an optimal strategy and organizational form in the Smart TV ecosystem.&#x0D;

The Changing Face of the German Broadcast Television Industry

This study offers an economic analysis of the television broadcasting industry at the convergence of broadcast and broadband connectivity. It applies the „Structure-Conduct- Performance“(SCP)-paradigm of Industrial Organization theory as framework and investigates how the model can contribute to explaining emergent issues in the economics of Smart TV. It is argued here that SCP model provides a useful heuristic and can fruitfully be applied to various questions surrounding the fundamental transformation of the television broadcasting sector towards Smart TV, notably issues of market structure and competitive behavior. The argument is illustrated by the emerging ecosystem for Smart TV services in Germany. There, the market is still immature and each provider is struggling with the challenge of developing an optimal strategy and organizational form in the Smart TV ecosystem.&#x0D;

通信放送融合時代のテレビをめぐる論点：4K・8K，同時配信を中心に

通信放送融合時代のテレビをめぐる論点：4K・8K，同時配信を中心に

Connected television: Media Convergence, Industry Structure, and Corporate Strategies

This study offers an economic analysis of the television broadcasting industry at the convergence of broadcast and broadband connectivity. It finds that media convergence obscures rather than illuminates the complexity of the current changes in the industry. However, the structure-conduct-performance (SCP) model of industrial organization theory can fruitfully be applied to various questions of the fundamental transformation toward connected TV. Yet, the emerging ecosystem for connected TV in Germany is immature and each provider is struggling to realize an optimal corporate strategy and organizational form in the connected TV domain.

Implementation and Field Test for Smart Hybrid Mobile Broadcasting System

The era of convergence is being applied to all areas of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The convergence of broadcasting service and communication service almost occurs on smart devices including smartphone. The smart hybrid Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) is a typical example of the convergence of broadcasting and wireless communication service. The hybrid mobile broadcasting service can support seamless video, 3D, high quality, and additional data services based on network connection between the broadcasting and wireless network. The gateway and terminal (including apps on the smartphone) take the role of the main components on the hybrid service. This paper presents the service concept, main components structure, the implementation of gateway and terminals, and field test to the urban areas for the mobile hybrid system.

HTML5 기반 장면구성 기술을 통한 멀티스크린 서비스 제공 방법

Multi-screen service is a service that consumes more than one media in a number of terminals simultaneously or discriminately. This multi-screen service has become useful due to distribute of smart TV and terminals. Also, in case of hybrid broadcasting environment that is convergence of broadcasting and communication environment, it is able to provide various user experience through contents consumed by multiple screens. In hybrid broadcasting environment, scene composition technology can be used as an element technology for multi-screen service. Using scene composition technology, multiple media can be consumed complexly through the specified presentation time and space. Thus, multi-screen service based on the scene composition technology can provide spatial and temporal control and consumption of multiple media by linkage between the terminals. However, existing scene composition technologies are not able to use easily in hybrid broadcasting because of applicable environmental constraints, the difficulty in applying the various terminal and complexity. For this problems, HTML5 can be considered. HTML5 is expected to be applied in various smart terminals commonly, and provides consumption of diverse media. So, in this paper, it proposes the scene composition and multi-screen service technology based on HTML5 that is expected be used in various smart terminals providing hybrid broadcasting environment. For this, it includes the introduction in terms of HTML5 and multi-screen service, the method of providing information related with scene composition and multi-screen service through the extention of elements and attributes in HTML5, media signaling between terminals and the method of synchronization. In addition, the proposed scene composition and multi-screen service technology based on HTML5 was verified through the implementation and experiment.

Twitter analysis algorithms for Intelligence Circulation System

The convergence of broadcasting and broadband communications network technologies has attracted increasing attention as a means to enrich the television viewing experience of viewers. Toward this end, this study proposes the `Intelligence Circulation System (ICS)', which provides several services, by using newly developed algorithms for analysing Twitter messages. Twitter users often post messages about on-air TV programmes. ICS obtains viewer responses from tweets without requiring any new infrastructure or changes in users' habits or behaviours, and it generates and provides several outputs to heterogeneous devices based on the analysis results. The algorithms--designed by considering the characteristics of Twitter messages about TV programmes--use auxiliary programme information, similarity between messages, and time series of messages. An evaluation of our algorithms using Twitter messages about all programme genres for a month showed that the accuracy of topic extraction was 85 % for an emphasis on quality (with 56 % of messages processed) and 65 % for an emphasis on quantity (with 95 % of messages processed). The accuracy of message sentimental classification was 66 %. We also describe social recommendation services using the analysis result. We have created a Social TV site for a large-scale field trial, and we have analysed users' behaviours by comparing four types of social recommendation services on it. The experimental result shows that active and passive communication users had different needs with regard to the recommendations. ICS can generate recommendations for satisfying the needs of both user types by using the analysis result of Twitter messages.

웹 서비스를 이용한 콘텐츠 원격 관리 시스템 프로토타입 구현

다양한 융합 중, 가장 모범적인 융합은 방송과 통신의 융합인 IPTV라고 볼 수 있다. IPTV에 대한 수요가 급격히 증가하여 근래에는 스마트 TV도 등장하였다. IPTV 사업의 성공 요소 중 가장 중요한 요소 중 하나가 콘텐츠이다. 인기 있는 콘텐츠를 가입자들이 감상하기 쉽게 제공한다면 성공할 가능성이 아주 크다. 그래서 콘텐츠 관리 모듈은 IPTV 시스템을 구성하는 매우 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. 현 IPTV 시스템에서는 콘텐츠 관리 모듈을 사용하려면 반드시 사무실 책상에 앉아서 처리해야만 한다. 본 논문은 운영자가 인터넷에 연결만 되어 있다면 언제 어디에서나 콘텐츠 관리 시스템에 접속할 수 있는 콘텐츠 관리 웹 시스템을 구현한다. One of the most typical examples of convergence is IPTV, a convergence of broadcast and telecommunication. Demand for IPTV has been increased so rapidly that a new TV set, called a smart TV, has appeared. One of the most important factors for IPTV business success is content. If an IPTV station provides popular content and subscribers can conveniently watch it then the station has a good chance of success. Therefore, the content management module is extremely important component of IPTV systems. In the current IPTV systems, operators must be present at the office to access a Content Management System(CMS). We implement a web CMS so that the operators can access the CMS anytime and anywhere as long as they are connected to Internet.

하이브리드 방송 환경 하에서 HTML5 기반 장면구성 기술

하이브리드 방송(Hybrid Broadcasting) 환경은 다수의 전송경로를 통한 방송 통신 융합 환경이다. 이러한 하이브리드 방송 환경은 기존 방송망의 대역폭 제한으로 소수의 미디어만을 전달하던 것과 달리, 타 통신 전송망을 동시에 활용함으로써 다수의 미디어를 전달할 수 있다. 현재, 스마트TV를 필두로 방송망과 IP망을 결합한 하이브리드 방송 환경이 조성되어 다양한 서비스가 나타나고 있으며, 스마트폰 및 태블릿PC와 같은 타 스마트기기에서 또한 머지않아 하이브리드 방송 환경을 통한 서비스가 나타날 것으로 전망된다. 이렇게 다수의 미디어를 동시에 소비할 수 있는 하이브리드 방송 환경을 효과적으로 활용하는 방법의 하나는 장면구성을 이용하는 것이다. 장면구성은 미디어가 소비되는 시간과 화면상의 공간을 특정함으로써 다수의 미디어를 복합적으로 소비하는 방법이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 하이브리드 방송 환경에 적합하고, 스마트기기에 쉽게 적용될 수 있도록 HTML5를 기반으로 한 장면구성 기술을 제안한다. 하지만 HTML5의 스크립트 언어 및 스타일 언어를 활용한 미디어의 공간구성 및 시간구성은 처리의 복잡성을 높이고, 사용 가능한 단말기의 제한을 줄 수 있다. 또한, 하나의 HTML5 문서는 하나의 장면만 표현할 수 있다. 따라서 제안하는 장면구성 기술은 마크업 언어를 통해 미디어의 공간구성 및 시간구성과 다수 장면을 표현할 수 있도록 HTML5를 확장한다. 더불어 하이브리드 방송환경에 적용을 위한 확장을 포함한다. 이를 위해 HTML5 기술 및 제안하는 장면구성 기술을 소개하고, 구현 및 실험을 통해 본 제안을 검증한다. Hybrid broadcasting environment is convergence of broadcasting and communication environment. In hybrid broadcasting environment, a number of media can be delivered using both broadcasting channel and other network unlike traditional broadcast environment that is able to deliver a couple of media by the limited bandwidth. Now, starting with smart TV, hybrid broadcasting environment combining broadcasting channel and IP network is established, and a variety of services are appearing. Moreover, the services using hybrid broadcasting environment are expected to appear soon for the other smart terminals such as smart phone and tablet PC. Scene composition is one of the methods that can consume effectively a number of media delivered from hybrid broadcasting environment. Using scene composition, multiple media can be consumed through the specified presentation time and space. Therefore, in this paper, it proposes the scene composition technology that is suitable for hybrid broadcasting environment and smart terminals. However, the spatial composition and temporal composition of media using script language and style language of HTML5 might increase the complexity of processing, and cause limitation of avaliable terminals. Also, a document of HTML5 can describe only one scene. By these reason, the proposed scene composition technology extends HTML5 in order to provide the spatial and temporal composition of media and description of multiple scene through markup language. In addition, it includes the extension of HTML5 in terms of utilization in hybrid broadcasting environment. For this proposal, this paper describes the technology of HTML5 and proposed scene composition. Also, it verifies the scene composition with both implementations and experiments.

디지털방송 데이터 서비스와 방송프로그램 간의 의미적 연동 방법

디지털방송은 기존 영상중심의 방송프로그램 외에 게임, 날씨, 증권, 공공서비스 등의 다양한 데이터 서비스 (응용 소프트웨어)를 시청자에게 제공하는 멀티 서비스 플랫폼으로 발전하고 있다. 하지만 현재까지 데이터 서비스는 인지도를 높일 킬러 서비스의 부재와 방송프로그램 간 연동성의 미흡함으로 인해 시청자로부터 만족할만한 관심을 받지 못하고 있다. 이 에, 본 논문은 데이터 서비스와 방송프로그램 간의 상호 시너지 효과를 높이기 위해선 미들웨어들이 제공하는 데이터 서비스의 생명주기를 방송프로그램 방송시간으로 한정하는 물리적 연동 개념만으론 부족하다고 판단하고 방송프로그램의 내용을 기반으로 데이터 서비스가 방송프로그램과 의미적으로 연동할 수 있는 방법을 소개한다. As a representative of the convergence of broadcasting and communication, the data service provide viewers new services such as games, weather services, and stock trading services on TV. The data service, however, has failed to gain the popularity with the viewers due to the short of killer services and the dominating power of TV programs. The paper introduces an MHP-based method for semantically integrate a data service to a TV program by allowing the data service to utilize the content of the TV program, which changes as time goes on.

스마트 미디어로서의 개인화된 메시지 신디케이션

Since the increasing use of smart devices such as smartphone and tablet PC improves the quality of convergence of broadcasting and telecommunication, many new media have been created. This smart device can provide personal environments based on user`s profile (age, gender, and job) and current location. In addition, it can be regarded as a media platform with two-way communication. This paper proposes personalized message syndication, called PMS, based on smart devices and then analyzes its business and technical issues. The PMS service as a smart media provides consumers customized information and can be used for producer`s marketing tools which can lead consumers` heart and participation.

Content is not King

Historical analogies as well as current expenditure data also suggest that in the digital convergence of broadcasting and point-to-point communications, it is the latter that will dominate in shaping the evolution of the Internet. The current preoccupation with professionally produced content is probably more a distraction than help in planning for the future. Content has never been king, it is not king now, and most likely will not be king in the future. Spending on point-to-point communications has traditionally been much higher than on broadcast media, and all indications are that this will continue. The development of the Internet is likely to be determined by the same growth of the myriad unpredictable commercial and social interactions that have fueled other communication services.