Conventional Train Research Articles

An optimisation-based digital twin for automated operation of rail level crossings

Railway level crossings (LCs), as the intersection of road and rail transport, are the weak points in terms of safety, as they are used by different modes of transport. The safety level at LCs can therefore be affected by the behaviour of the users. However, the level of safety can also be affected by failures and errors in the operation of LC equipment. Apart from safety, errors and failures of the LC devices can lead to longer waiting times for road users. As the volume of traffic on rail and road increases, so does the risk that the level of safety will decrease. The increase in traffic volume via LC leads to higher traffic volume on the road and more frequent trains on the rail, which leads to longer waiting times for road users on the LCs. The longer waiting times can disrupt the traffic flow, especially during peak hours when the growing volume of traffic on road and rail increases road user dissatisfaction. Moreover, in the era of Industry 4.0 and Digital Rail, new digital and automated technologies are being introduced to improve rail performance and competitiveness. These technologies are aligned with the LCs and are intended to ensure the efficient operation of LC and the efficient use of LCs by conventional trains as well. To achieve this, a concept is needed that simultaneously monitors and visualises the operation of LC in real time, identifies potential faults and failures of the LC equipment, and updates and monitors the proper operation of LC based on the historical data and information of the operation of LC according to the road traffic volume and the characteristics of the rail traffic and trains. Therefore, in this study, a digital twin system (DT) for rail LC was initiated and built as a concept that can meet the above requirements for proper LC operation in real time. DT of LC includes all components of LC and communication between them to synchronise the operation of LC according to the real-time requirements. The DT system is able to optimise the operation time of LC by monitoring the operation of LC and collecting data to ensure efficient use of LC and reduce unnecessary waiting time for road users. In this paper, the operation time of LCs on Swedish and Taiwanese railways was compared using the developed level crossing optimisation model (OLC). Since the introduction of new signalling concepts requires an improvement of LC operating characteristics and their design, the operating strategies were modelled using the OLC model. The results of the work show that the optimal values of LC operation time are different for the case studies investigated. The replacement of track circuits as detection devices and the introduction of balises can also positively influence the operation time, as well as increasing the speed of trains via LCs. However, due to the formulation of the OLC model, the impact of a longer train length on the operation of LC is not recognised. The OLC model can be used to estimate the real-time operation time of LC under different traffic conditions as well as the impact of different changes and extensions of LC.

Unlocking the potential of ferrate(VI) in water treatment: Toward one-step multifunctional solutions

Ferrate(VI), though well-acknowledged for its multiple treatment functions, has traditionally found application in an auxiliary treatment of conventional water treatment trains, primarily targeting specific contaminants. However, the reactor configurations and system operations developed from this traditional approach are not optimally suited for harnessing its full multifunctionality. In contrast, an alternative process integration approach, such as process intensification, can allow for the tailored development of modular, multifunctional ferrate(VI) reactors capable of achieving various treatment objectives within a single unit. This perspective article critically analyzes and compares the two distinct development approaches for ferrate(VI) technology in water treatment. We argue that the process integration pathway represents a promising approach, given that it facilitates the reactor design to accommodate different ferrate(VI)-driven treatment processes and their interactions, while potentially accomplishing enhanced treatment efficiency, reduced costs and energy consumption, and a smaller physical footprint. The resulting system intensification and adaptability have the potential to drive technological innovation and revolution in water treatment for achieving water security.

Effects of different aerodynamic configurations on crosswind stability of a conventional train

Crosswind stability studies have been multiplied since the 90s due to the increase in speed and the continuous weight reduction of the railway vehicles. At beginning, most of the attention was devoted to high-speed trains but recent studies have shown also conventional trains that runs at considerably lower speeds may also have a high risk of overturning due to crosswind. In this study, a conventional train designed by CAF has been analysed to evaluate the impact that different roof and underbodies have on the aerodynamic performance of the train. In the Wind Tunnel of Politecnico di Milano, a modular scaled model was tested to determine the aerodynamic coefficients of the different train configurations. Moreover, the procedure described in the European Standard EN14067-6 to assess train stability under crosswind was applied to evaluate the Characteristic Wind Curve (CWC) using time-dependent multibody simulations and the ‘Chinese hat’ wind time history for each train composition. Results have shown a significant improvement is obtained for some configurations, especially when the roof is closed covering the roof equipment with an increment of around 4 m/s on characteristic wind speed.

Magnetic ion exchange resin for reducing disinfection byproducts in drinking water: Pilot-scale study and organic matter characterization

Disinfection is an essential step in drinking water treatment to prevent waterborne illnesses. However, reaction of disinfectants with organic matter in the water can produce carcinogenic disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin has been used as a pretreatment to remove organics and reduce DBPs. In this study, a pilot-scale water treatment plant in Birmingham, AL (USA) that employed MIEX as a pretreatment to the conventional pilot treatment train was compared against an adjacent full-scale train that did not use MIEX. THM and HAA formation was tested via simulated distribution system (SDS) testing, and changes in organic character were assessed using fluorescence spectroscopy. MIEX treatment provided 20 % and 25 % removal of THMs and HAAs, respectively, compared to the full-scale treatment under typical SDS conditions. With higher residence times and incubation temperatures (15 days at 35 °C), MIEX treatment reduced HAAs by 36 %. Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis revealed that MIEX treatment reduced loadings for a terrestrial humic-like component. Additionally, MIEX treatment resulted in secondary benefits, including a reduction in the coagulant feed rate and a more stable pH and chlorine residual in the MIEX-treated water compared to full-scale treatment.

The Cursed Promised Land? Demographic Risk Factors for Homegrown Extremism in the Squatter Enclaves of Mount Elgon Region of Western Kenya

Globally, conflicts are phenomenal and are caused by multivariate risk factors; however, purely land-use-based conflicts are gradually growing and becoming conspicuous. Authoritative studies project that violent conflicts over land and resource distribution are set to be on the upsurge with the African Continent set to bear the greatest brunt. These are set to take homegrown extremist trajectories thereby redefining global, regional, and national counter-violent extremist architecture. This paper sought to investigate demographic risk factors for homegrown extremism in the squatter enclaves of Mount Elgon region. Using a convergent parallel mixed method research design, primary data were collected from 400 households. Study findings on demographic risk factors for homegrown extremism are an antithesis of conventional Euro-American train of thoughts. The results established that that gender (being both male and female), age (being older) and being married posed a high risk factor to homegrown extremism. The paper recommends the need to expedite multi-stakeholder human development needs based approaches in pursuit to reverse the risk of homegrown extremism in the squatter enclaves of Mount Elgon region, Kenya.

PENGENALAN SARANA PERKERETAAPIAN PADA SISWA DAN GURU SMPN 1 NGRAHO BOJONEGORO

At this time, transportation and mobility of people in Indonesia have used many modes of rail transportation. This choice is influenced by the various advantages offered by rail transportation modes such as its large and efficient transport capacity, on time and good accessibility. Railway technology has undergone very significant developments in recent times. Starting from conventional trains, electric trains and even fast trains (High-speed Train). One of the things that influence the development of railways is the application of science and technology, one of which is science and engineering. Therefore, strengthening the basis of science and introducing technology must be carried out, including at the primary and secondary education levels as an effort to prepare quality human resources for the development of railroad technology in the future. The introduction of rolling stock to students and teachers at SMPN 1 Ngraho Bojonegoro aims to enable students and teachers to have a deeper understanding of railway technology, especially the types of railway facilities in the hope that it will become one of the tools in learning science and technology. The method used in this activity is counseling with several stages such as preparation, implementation and evaluation. The core activity is to provide a presentation regarding the development of railway technology in general, followed by an understanding of railway facilities and types of rolling stock. The results of the evaluation showed that there was an increase in knowledge and understanding regarding railways and rolling stock among the participants. The average percentage increase in understanding of grades pre-test and post-test is equal to 76.5%. In addition, 80% of respondents stated that this activity was very useful.

Energy management strategy and simulation analysis of a hybrid train based on a comprehensive efficiency optimization

Since trains usually have long travel mileage requirements, designing an optimal energy management strategy has great potential for reducing energy consumption. First, a hybrid train power component model was developed, and the train operating efficiency, as well as a map of the optimal integrated efficiency of the entire vehicle operation, was derived for each mode from simulation calculations by analyzing the power flows in different operating modes. Next, the overall optimal efficiency of the entire vehicle was used to determine the mode division rules, and proportional integral control was used to ensure that the engine and motor operated at the target speed under the target torque. Finally, with the optimization objectives of reducing the fuel consumption of the entire vehicle and maintaining a balanced battery state of charge, a forward simulation model for the overall efficiency optimization of the entire vehicle was built in the MATLAB/Simulink software. Then, the trajectories of the engine and motor operating points, the fuel consumption, and the battery SOC were obtained for certain operating conditions. The effectiveness of the energy management strategy based on integrated efficiency optimization was verified by comparing the simulation results for the hybrid train with those of a conventional internal combustion engine train.

Full-scale model tests on ballasted tracks with/without geogrid stabilisation under high-speed train loads

High-speed trains running on ballasted tracks intensify the vibration of ballast layers to a greater extent than conventional passenger trains, with detrimental effects to train operations. The stabilisation effect of the geogrid in real railways under high-speed train moving loads remains unclear. Herein, full-scale model tests on a ballasted trackbed with and without geogrid were conducted, and a novel sequential loading system was adopted to apply the train moving loads. The highest train speeds were 300 km/h for the ballasted track without geogrid, and 360 km/h for the ballasted track with geogrid. To monitor the geogrid tension strain, distributed fibre Bragg grating sensors were mounted on the geogrid ribs. It was found that the maximum geogrid tension strain between neighbouring sleepers was six times larger than that beneath the sleepers. The geogrid influence zone in the ballast layer was identified as being at least 15 cm above the geogrid. The dynamic stress on the subballast surface was decreased by about 49% in the stabilised trackbed. The testing results also showed that geogrid stabilisation could reduce ballast breakage from 14·9% to 2·5% and reduce the permanent settlement of ballast layer by 40%. The experimental results presented in the paper provide a benchmark for geogrid-stabilisation modelling and will be referenced for the optimal design of ballasted tracks.

Modelling the cascading effects of train delay patterns and inter-train control actions with Bayesian networks

ABSTRACT Based on train operation data, Bayesian networks (BN) are used to model the cascading effects of traffic control actions and their influences (such as changes in train delays) for two and three consecutive trains. Influence factors are first determined to describe the interactions between train delays and control actions, i.e. the delay changes due to control actions over time and space. Considering the interdependence of these factors, their causal relationships are obtained, and the BN model’s connection paradigm is determined based on these causal ties. The BN structures are then proposed by combining domain knowledge and a data-driven method. The proposed models are tested on the train operation data from the Chinese high-speed railways. The results show that the proposed method exhibits a good fit for the train operation data and outperforms other conventional train operation models in terms of various evaluation metrics. Besides, the strength of train control actions’ cascading effects is investigated. It shows that section train control actions are stronger than those in stations, and both are considerably correlated with train delays and recovery times in sections and stations. Finally, a macroscopic model for control actions between several trains (more than three) is obtained based on the learned paradigm of the presented models and the cascading effects between two and three trains, demonstrating the model’s extensibility. The proposed models are intended to support traffic controllers with the estimation of future train delay change patterns, the expected control actions, and the cascading effects of control actions, and they are imperative for aiding the decision-making of controllers to manage high-speed railway traffic.

Integrated hydrogen and battery energy systems as emergency backup in electric trains

Moving towards sustainable transport by adopting alternative energy sources to traditional ones is, in these times more than ever, of fundamental importance for humanity. In this paper, the possibility of using fuel cell- and/or battery-based energy systems to replace the Diesel engine of a conventional electric train (the Hitachi Blues), is studied.Four different system configurations are proposed, all satisfying the common characteristic of being perfectly placed in rooms previously occupied by Diesel engines. Their sizing, layout and weight have been thoroughly discussed in the paper.Furthermore, to analyze the application limits of these configurations, their installation on an electric train running along a real railway line in the Calabria region (Italy) was simulated. To size the components and define the layout of the plant, computer-aided design software (CAD 3D) was used, starting from the original construction drawings of the railway carriages. Numerical and dynamic zero-dimensional simulations were implemented to evaluate the performance rating of the systems. Among the tested powertrains, two of the proposed configurations (a full-battery and a hybrid fuel cell-battery systems) have proved to be more than adequate to replace the overhead line, reaching an average driving range of about 100 km. Moreover, two different overhead line malfunction scenarios were assumed to evaluate the train performance. In each case, the innovative powertrains allow the train to travel the entire journey. In detail, the overhead line provides more than half of the energy, while the fuel cell reaches almost 25 % of the overall energy demand, consuming the whole amount of hydrogen stored on board, approximately 24 kg. The battery supplies a maximum of 545 kWh (roughly 40 %), conserving a 45 % State of Charge, and up to 165 kWh (over 10 %) can be recovered through regenerative braking strategies.

Artificial neural network-based multiple-input multiple-output metamodel for prediction of design parameters for a high-speed rail viaduct

The prediction of the design parameters of short to medium-span supported bridges in critical locations (such as canal/road crossings) under the action of high-speed trains has been investigated in this article. An artificial neural network (ANN)-based MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) metamodels is proposed in conjunction with the semi-analytical framework of simply-supported bridges. Three cases, namely single moving load, series of moving loads at equal spacing (HSLM-B), and as per conventional train configuration (HSLM-A) recommended in Eurocode1: EN 1991-2 (2003), are considered. The prime novelty of the article is to develop a dimensionless semi-analytical framework to train and validate a MIMO metamodel implementing ANN for predicting the multiple dynamic responses of bridges under high-speed loads. The dependency of the maximum dynamic responses, that is, displacement, shear force, and bending moment, on the governing parameters (structural and loading) have been elucidated using Pearson's correlation matrix for the three different train configurations. Further, the robustness and efficiency of the best-fitted metamodels have been compared, and a user interface has been developed for ease of implementation. This platform evaluates the responses such as displacement, shear force, bending moment, and structural safety confirming the standards of Eurocode EN 1990:2002 + A1:2005 (E).

Selection of design parameters of straddle monorail system considering vehicle–bridge interaction

Vehicle–bridge interaction (VBI) is an essential focal point in the design of straddle monorail systems. Existing studies on them primarily use multibody dynamics software, however, it is disadvantageous as several important factors such as nonlinear excitations, structural nonlinearity, and bridge alignment defects cannot be analyzed. Therefore, a co-simulation approach is proposed in this paper to investigate the dynamic responses of the straddle monorail VBI system where various factors can be easily considered. The proposed approach couples bridge and vehicle subsystems through global iterations with the exchange of wheel-rail contact forces and bridge responses calculated using MATLAB and ANSYS, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed approach is validated using numerical and experimental data reported in existing literature. Further, the effect of design parameters on the dynamic responses of the straddle monorail VBI system is analyzed using the proposed approach. The analysis results indicate that a single-axle straddle monorail train outperforms the conventional two-axle train with reduced dynamic responses and lighter mass. Recommendations are provided for the stiffness and damping of the guiding, stabilizing, and riding wheelsets, as well as for the vertical and lateral stiffness and damping of the air springs. The radius of a girder curve should be at least 150 m over regular operation sections to ensure riding safety; it can be less at special entrance and exit sections where the train speed is low. The findings of these parametric analyses provide guidelines to select proper design parameters for straddle monorail systems to mitigate dynamic responses.

Willingness to pay for reduced travel time: Case study of Mumbai - Ahmedabad High Speed Railway

India is constructing its first High Speed Railway (HSR) corridor between Mumbai and Ahmedabad, which is expected to reduce inter-city travel times significantly. However, the affordability of these reductions in travel time is still questionable for a developing country like India. This study analyses the existing conventional train travellers’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) for reduced travel time due to HSR. A questionnaire-based combined RP-SP survey was conducted in Mumbai to capture respondents’ travel details, socioeconomic status and Stated Preference choices. The modified open-ended contingent valuation method and binary logistic regression modelling methods were used for data collection and modelling, respectively. Differential Utility Weighted Mean WTP was calculated for multiple socioeconomic cohorts. It was found that travellers are willing to pay an average INR 300 (as on March 2020) over and above their current travel cost for every hour of travel time saving. The ideal fare range that travellers are willing to pay is between INR 3.25/km to INR 5.25/km. Low-income travellers, occasional travellers, those travelling in a group, and those on social trips had the lowest WTP values in their cohorts. On the contrary, regular business travellers with high incomes had the highest WTP. Analysis showed that the WTP of individuals decreases with the increasing no. of co-passengers and with the increasing comfort of competing modes. The future HSR in India needs a group ticket discount of 10% and an average 25% subsidy on monthly passes to make HSR more attractive for commuters and those travelling with families. This research would help draft the HSR operational policies for subsidies, stronger inter-modal competition, loss minimisation for conventional trains and ridership forecasts.

Psychophysiological responses to traffic noises in urban green spaces

The present study aims to explore the psychophysiological impact of different traffic sounds in urban green spaces. In the experiment, 30 subjects were recruited and exposed to different traffic sounds in the virtual reality (VR) scene. The road traffic sound and three railway sounds (con-ventional train, high-speed train, and tram) with three sound levels (45, 55, and 65 dB) were used as the acoustic stimuli. Physiological responses, electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR) were monitored throughout the experiment. Psychological evaluations under each acoustic stimuli were also measured using scales within the VR system. The results showed that both the psychological and the physiological responses were significantly affected by the traffic sounds. As for psychological responses, considerable adverse effects of traffic sounds were observed, which constantly increased with the increase of the sound level. The peak sound level was found to have a better performance than the equivalent sound level in the assessment of the psycho-logical impact of traffic sounds. As for the physiological responses, significant effects of both the acoustic factors (sound type and sound level) and the non-acoustic factors (gender and exposure time) were observed. The physiological effect of high-speed train noise was significantly differ-ent from those of the other three traffic noises. The relationship between sound level and physi-ological parameters varied among different sound groups. The variation of sound level could hardly affect the participants' HR and EDA when exposed to the road traffic noise. On the con-trary, the physiological responses were significantly affected by the sound level of rail traffic noise. By a correlation analysis, no linear correlation between the psychological evaluations and HR was found.

Unraveling the supply-service relationship between high-speed railway and conventional railway: A temporal perspective

With the rapid development of high-speed railway (HSR), many scholars have studied the competition between HSR and aviation or inter-city coach, but few studies have discussed the supply-service relationship within the railway system. This paper explores the competition and cooperation between HSR and conventional railway (CR) at the city-pair level of 39 core cities in China from the temporal perspective. Comprehensive considering the departure time and arrival time between city pairs as the representation of train service quality, we find that the proportion of superior quality service of high-speed train (HST) is far higher than that of conventional train (CT). However, the time slots representing the competition degree show that CR with fewer superior quality trains is easier to be replaced than HSR. The supply-service relationships of the railway system indicate that HSR has become the main transportation mode between core cities, and the CR, as an auxiliary transportation, shows a certain complementary effect in the temporal perspective. Spatially, HSR and CR services are more likely to generate temporal competition on the mainline, but temporal complementarity between city pairs on non-arterial lines. This study can provide inspiration for regional spatial planning by better understanding the operation strategy of railway passenger transport system.

INCREASING THE SPEED OF FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION BY MEANS OF OPTIMIZATION

The article considers increasing the speed of freight delivery by rail using the existing capacity, infrastructure and resources. Possible options and technologies to speed up the delivery of freight are analyzed on the basis of experience of other countries. A mathematical solution to the optimization problem is proposed – achieving a certain level of service with minimal costs associated with the downtime of handling facilities. The purpose of the study is to determine to what extent such characteristics as transit time, queueing time for loading of goods, etc., can change during the transition from conventional freight transportation to high-speed one. Mathematical simulation methods were used to estimate the change in the characteristics of freight transportation when the speed increases. Freight transportation was considered as a mathematical queuing system (QS). Accordingly, the characteristics of two QSs with the same intensity of the order workflow and different intensities of the service workflow at a service are compared. That is, the characteristics of movement of freight trains in the transition from regular traffic to high-speed traffic are compared. The formulas proposed in the paper will allow to study the dependence of the number of freight trains and the downtime of handling facilities on the intensity of the service workflow, i.e. on the speed of movement. It will also allow to determine intensity of a service workflow which is necessary to achieve the given average time which an order stays in system, i.e. to find the speed of freight traffic required to achieve the given average trip time. Conducting this research will allow to conclude about advantages or disadvantages of transportation by high-speed freight trains in comparison with conventional freight trains and expediency of their introduction on certain sites.

Optimal sequencing of conventional distillation column train for multicomponent separation system by evolutionary algorithm

Abstract The best structure of multicomponent separation techniques can be obtained using optimal distillation sequencing. Because distillation sequences contribute significantly to the fixed and operational cost of the entire chemical process, developing a systematic approach for choosing the most appropriate and economic distillation sequences becomes an important field of study. Due to its high dimensional space and combinatorial nature, synthesis of the optimal conventional distillation column sequence is a tough problem in the field of process plant development and optimization. A novel method for the synthesis of an optimal conventional distillation column sequence is suggested in this study. Genetic algorithm, an evolutionary algorithm is at the heart of the proposed method. The Total Annual Cost (TAC) is the main basis used to evaluate alternative configurations. To estimate the total cost of each sequence, rigorous methods are used to design all columns in the sequence. The proposed method’s performance and that of the conventional quantitative approach are compared using the results of a five component benchmark test problem used by researchers in this field. According to the comparison results, the suggested algorithm outclasses the other methods and is more adaptable than other existing approaches.

High-Speed Train Positioning Using Deep Kalman Filter With 5G NR Signals

Positioning is the most basic yet important process in a train control system. In practical train systems, the position of a train is determined with a track circuit, a radio frequency (RF) tag called a “balise”, or a tachometer. A train control center gives each train an automatic train protection (ATP) speed profile computed from the positioning information of both the train and the next train in front it. To successfully operate in a conventional train control system such as ATP/ATO, each train derives its own automatic train operation (ATO) speed profile from the ATP speed profile provided by the control center. However, existing train positioning schemes face many difficulties in terms of installation, maintenance, and repair. To address these difficulties, we consider using 5G NR (New Radio) signals which have a high probability for guaranteeing line-of-sight (LOS) as well as a high sampling rate because they do not require the additional installation of any infrastructure for positioning. In this paper, we propose two positioning schemes for high speed trains (HSTs) based on Kalman filters that make use of 5G NR signals. The first is an HST positioning scheme using a modified Kalman filter and the second is an HST positioning scheme using a deep Kalman filter. Simulation results show that the two proposed schemes achieve better performance in nonlinear non-Gaussian systems as well as in nonlinear Gaussian systems in terms of mean and worst 5% position errors when compared to the existing positioning scheme for HSTs that utilize 5G NR signals.

Heavy Multi-Articulated Vehicles with Electric and Hybrid Power Trains for Road Freight Activity: An Australian Context

The electrification of vehicles from the automotive and public transport industries can reduce harmful emissions if implemented correctly, but there is little evidence of whether the electrification of heavy freight transportation vehicles (HFTVs), such as multi-articulated vehicles, used in the freight industry could see the same benefits. This work studied heavy multi-articulated freight vehicles and developed a comparative analysis between electric and conventional diesel power trains to reduce their total emissions. Real-world drive cycle data were obtained from a heavy multi-articulated freight vehicle operating around Melbourne, Australia, with a gross combination mass (GCM) of up to 66,000 kg. Numerical models of the case study freight vehicle were then simulated with diesel, through-the-road parallel (TTRP) hybrid and electric power trains over the five different drive cycles with fuel and energy consumption results quantified. Battery weights were added on top of the real-world operating GCMs to assure the operational payload did not have to be reduced to accommodate the addition of electric power trains. The fuel and energy consumptions were then used to estimate the real-world emissions and compared. The results showed a positive reduction in tailpipe emissions, but total greenhouse emission was worse for operation in Melbourne if batteries were charged off the grid. However, if Melbourne can move towards more renewable energy and change its emission factor for generating electricity down to 0.49 kg CO2-e/kWh, a strong decarbonization could be possible for the Australian road freight industry and could help meet emission reduction targets set out in the 2015 Paris Agreement.

Sizing and Performance Analysis of Hydrogen- and Battery-Based Powertrains, Integrated into a Passenger Train for a Regional Track, Located in Calabria (Italy)

In order to decarbonize the rail industry, the development of innovative locomotives with the ability to use multiple energy sources, constituting hybrid powertrains, plays a central role in transitioning from conventional diesel trains. In this paper, four configurations based on suitable combinations of fuel cells and/or batteries are designed to replace or supplement a diesel/overhead line powertrain on a real passenger train (the Hitachi Blues) tested on an existing regional track, the Catanzaro Lido–Reggio Calabria line (Italy), managed by Trenitalia SpA. (Italy). The configurations (namely battery–electrified line, full-battery, fuel cell–battery–electrified line, and fuel cell–battery) are first sized with the intention of completing a round trip, then integrated on board with diesel engine replacement in mind, and finally occupy a portion of the passenger area within two locomotives. The achieved performance is thoroughly examined in terms of fuel cell efficiency (greater than 47%), hydrogen consumption (less than 72 kg), braking energy recovery (approximately 300 kWh), and battery interval SOC.