Control Population Growth Research Articles

The 4 D’s of Pellagra and Progress

Nicotinamide homeostasis is a candidate common denominator to explain smooth transitions, whether demographic, epidemiological or economic. This ‘NAD world’, dependent on hydrogen-based energy, is not widely recognised as it is neither measured nor viewed from a sufficiently multi-genomic or historical perspective. Reviewing the importance of meat and nicotinamide balances during our co-evolution, recent history suggests that populations only modernise and age well with low fertility on a suitably balanced diet. Imbalances on the low meat side lead to an excess of infectious disease, short lives and boom-bust demographics. On the high side, meat has led to an excess of degenerative, allergic and metabolic disease and low fertility. A ‘Goldilocks’ diet derived from mixed and sustainable farming (preserving the topsoil) allows for high intellectual capital, height and good health with controlled population growth resulting in economic growth and prosperity. Implementing meat equity worldwide could lead to progress for future generations on ‘spaceship’ earth by establishing control over population quality, thermostat and biodiversity, if it is not already too late.

Fertility Behaviour among the Bote Women of Chitwan District, Nepal

This paper highlights on fertility behavior of Bote women by calculating the mean children ever born (CEB) focusing the case of Chitawan district. Fertility behavior helps to know about the factors that influence on child birth and indirectly to control population growth. Relevant data were obtained from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected through interview and field observation. For this, a total of 48 newly married women of Bote community between the age of 15 and 49 years were purposefully selected and interviewed. The study showed that the average number of children ever born in the study area is found 2.64. In recent years, mean CEB has been increasing in this community with the increase in age of marriage and education. The CEB also varies by types of occupation. Women involved in diversified occupations have lower fertility rate as compared to women involved in non-diversified traditional occupations. Nowadays, with the increase in level of education, number of women using contraceptive has been increasing. However, still a large section of fertile aged women do not use such birth controlling measures. Awareness programs/campaigns for increasing education and use of contraceptives and income generating activities further help to improve the situation.

Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia.

Background: Uncontrolled population development can prompt an assortment of populace issues and can be one of the reasons for increasing maternal death rates. The utilization of contraceptives in Indonesia was progressively dominated by injectable contraceptives and pill contraceptives in 2015 (52.21% and 24.36%, respectively). However, the rate of termination of the use of short-acting contraceptives by family planning clients was higher than other methods, therefore the use of short-acting contraceptives is less efficient than long acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) for longer term spacing because it is easy to skip a treatment for economic or other reasons, which can result in unintended pregnancy. Therefore, the National Family Planning Program in Indonesia is encouraging the use of LARCs to control population growth. Pameungpeuk is a region which has the second largest population, with the highest total fertility rate in South-West Java. The proportion of active users of LARCs in Pameungpeuk is very low (10.66%). This study aimed to analyze factors associated with the utilization of LARCs among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital. Methods: This study design was cross-sectional with systematic random sampling. The sample group in this study was 84 family planning clients. We performed statistical analyses using chi-square test. Results: We found significant associations between the age of women (p=0.024), the cost of contraception (p=0.022), knowledge (p=0.042), beliefs (p=0.002), skill of health workers (p=0.008) and support from health workers (p=0.014). However, education (p=0.212), family income (p=0.087), attitude (p=0.593), exposure to information on LARCs (p=0.378), support from partners (p=0.094), support from friends (p=0.414) and the support of community leaders (p=0.367) had no significant association with the utilization of LARCs. Conclusions: These findings highlight a critical need for improved education among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk rural hospital regarding the use of LARCs for both medical and elective reasons.

The emergy analysis of southern China agro-ecosystem and its relation with its regional sustainable development

The agricultural economy of Fujian Province has grown rapidly since the 21st century. In order to evaluate the impact of economic growth on the sustainability of agro-ecosystems, emergy analysis was used to study the dynamics of agro-ecosystem and its sustainable development capacity in Fujian Province from 2000 to 2016. The results showed that the total emergy input and output of agro-ecosystem in Fujian Province presented an upward trend from 2000 to 2016. Environmental loading ratio (ELR), emergy investment ratio (EIR) and per capita emergy used (EUPP) all showed a growth trend. The ELR and EIR are significantly positively correlated with GDP per capita. Emergy self-sufficiency ratio (EYR), emergy dollar ratio (EDR), emergy sustainability index (ESI) and emergy index for sustainable development (EISD) showed a downward trend from 2000 to 2016. The results suggested that agro-ecosystem of Fujian Province is a sustainable development system, but the sustainability of system is low and gradually declining. In the future, the sustainable development of agro-ecosystem in Fujian Province can be promoted by replacing traditional fertilizers with organic fertilizers, using clean energy to generate electricity, developing ecological agriculture, increasing investment in science and technology, and controlling population growth.

The quest for some novel antifertility herbals used as male contraceptives in district Shangla, Pakistan

Medicinal plants have been used worldwide for population control since ancient times. Today, population growth is one of the burning issues in the world. The main purpose of this research is to record and investigate contraceptive uses of medicinal plants in order to control population growth in Pakistan and in the world through cheaper and safer methods. Field trips were carried out from November 2015 to March 2017. These data were collected during field surveys and interviews from traditional therapists and from the local of the District Shangla. The information gathered was quantitatively analysed through relative frequency of citation (RFC), disease consensus index (DCI) and Jaccard index (JI). The results showed that a total of 48 plant species belonging to 40 genera and 26 families were used by the local communities of the study area as male contraceptives. A detailed study of these reported plants species was done by investigating local name, part used, family name and habitat, mode of utilization etc. This study documented some important medicinal plants for the use and control of male contraception and will attract the researcher's interest for clinical trials, which could be of great scientific support to the society.

Parasitoid wasps regulate population growth of fungus gnats genus Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in shiitake mushroom cultivation

The fungus gnats genus Neoempheria Osten Sacken (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) are pests of the edible shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Sing. (Agaricales: Omphalotaceae). In mushroom cultivation, there is a need to establish sustainable approaches with low environmental impact for insect pest control. Such practices should integrate cultural, chemical, and biological strategies. We investigated the ability of hymenopteran parasitoids to control population growth of fungus gnats during the growing of shiitake mushrooms. We found that females of two species of Orthocentrinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Orthocentrus sp. and Symplecis bicingulata Gravenhorst, attack larvae of the fungus gnat, Neoempheria spp. We investigated the temporal population changes of fungus gnats and its parasitoids. We counted the numbers of adult Neoempheria spp. and parasitoids by using adhesive sheet traps. We also counted the number of larval Neoempheria spp. on each mycelial culture block, and we collected some of the larvae to investigate parasitism rates within each cultivation facility. Generally, the numbers of adult Neoempheria spp. increased gradually from early cultivation onward. Parasitoid numbers and parasitism rates increased toward the end of cultivation, as fungus gnat larvae populations decreased. Additionally, after the release of Neoempheria spp. larvae with Orthocentrus sp. in the treatment plots of shiitake mushroom cultivation greenhouse, the next generation of Neoempheria spp. was significantly less populous in plots containing parasitoids than in control plots without parasitoids. The parasitoid may be an important natural enemy of fungus gnats in shiitake mushroom-growing ecosystems and possesses great potential for use in biological control.

Future drought risk in Africa: Integrating vulnerability, climate change, and population growth

Drought risk refers to the potential losses from hazard imposed by a drought event, and it is generally characterized as a function of vulnerability, hazard, and exposure. In this study, drought risk is assessed at a national level across Africa, and the impacts of climate change, population growth, and socioeconomic vulnerabilities on drought risk are investigated. A rigorous framework is implemented to quantify drought vulnerability considering various sectors including economy, energy and infrastructure, health, land use, society, and water resources. Multi-model and multi-scenario analyses are employed to quantify drought hazard using an ensemble of 10 regional climate models and a multi-scalar drought index. Drought risk is then assessed in each country for 2 climate emission pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), 3 population scenarios, and 3 vulnerability scenarios during three future periods between 2010 and 2100. Drought risk ratio is quantified, and the role of each component (i.e. hazard, vulnerability, and exposure) is identified, and the associated uncertainties are also characterized. Results show that drought risk is expected to increase in future across Africa with varied rates for different models and scenarios. Although northern African countries indicate aggravating drought hazard, drought risk ratio is found to be highest in central African countries as a consequent of vulnerability and population rise in that region. Results indicate that if no climate change adaptation is implemented, unprecedented drought hazard and risk will occur decades earlier. In addition, controlling population growth is found to be imperative for mitigating drought risk in Africa (even more effective than climate change mitigation), as it improves socioeconomic vulnerability and reduces potential exposure to drought.

The use of contraceptive techniques in managed wild African lion (Panthera leo) populations to mimic open system cub recruitment

Context Managed wild lions (Panthera leo) are lions found in smaller (<1000 km2), fenced protected areas that hold a substantial portion of South Africa’s wild lion population. Because the natural population control mechanisms are compromised within these properties, managers must actively control population growth rates. Fecundity control is used by wildlife managers, but long-term, empirical data on the impact and consequences of such interventions in lions are lacking. Aims The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of two methods of contraception (deslorelin implant and unilateral hysterectomy) in reducing cub recruitment of managed wild lions. Methods Survey data spanning 14 years from 94 managed wild lions on 19 protected areas were used to evaluate the effectiveness of deslorelin implant treatments and unilateral hysterectomies on population growth rates through mimicking open system cub recruitment. Key results Deslorelin implants were effective at increasing the age of first reproduction and lengthening inter-birth intervals. There was also an unexpected decrease in litter size. Behavioural side-effects were recorded in 40% of individuals: 19% pride fragmentation; 13% lack of receptiveness towards males; 8% other. The more successive deslorelin implants a lioness had, the more likely it was that weight gain was reported. Unilateral hysterectomy resulted in a decrease in litter size post-surgery, but this was not statistically significant. No behavioural or physiological side-effects were noted after unilateral hysterectomy. Conclusions Deslorelin treatment was more effective in reducing the reproductive output of managed wild lionesses than unilateral hysterectomy surgery. While more side-effects were associated with deslorelin implants than unilateral hysterectomies, a single deslorelin treatment is currently a good option for fecundity reduction. More research is required on unilateral hysterectomy surgery. Implications Neither deslorelin implants nor unilateral hysterectomies offer a ‘silver bullet’ solution for reducing rapid population growth in managed wild lions. Reproductive control should be integrated with other best-practice approaches.

Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia

Background: Uncontrolled population development can prompt an assortment of populace issues and can be one of the reasons for increasing maternal death rates. The utilization of contraceptives in Indonesia was progressively dominated by injectable contraceptives and pill contraceptives in 2015 (52.21% and 24.36%, respectively). However, the rate of termination of the use of short-acting contraceptives by family planning clients was higher than other methods, therefore the use of short-acting contraceptives is less efficient than long acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) for longer term spacing because it is easy to skip a treatment for economic or other reasons, which can result in unintended pregnancy. Therefore, the National Family Planning Program in Indonesia is encouraging the use of LARCs to control population growth. Pameungpeuk is a region which has the second largest population, with the highest total fertility rate in South-West Java. The proportion of active users of LARCs in Pameungpeuk is very low (10.66%). This study aimed to analyze factors associated with the utilization of LARCs among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital. Methods: This study design was cross-sectional with systematic random sampling. The sample group in this study was 84 family planning clients. We performed statistical analyses using chi-square test. Results: We found significant associations between the age of women (p=0.024), the cost of contraception (p=0.022), knowledge (p=0.042), beliefs (p=0.002), skill of health workers (p=0.008) and support from health workers (p=0.014). However, education (p=0.212), family income (p=0.087), attitude (p=0.593), exposure to information on LARCs (p=0.378), support from partners (p=0.094), support from friends (p=0.414) and the support of community leaders (p=0.367) had no significant association with the utilization of LARCs. Conclusions: These findings highlight a critical need for improved education among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk rural hospital regarding the use of LARCs for both medical and elective reasons.

Factors associated with the utilization of long-acting reversible contraceptives among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital, Indonesia

Background: Uncontrolled population development can prompt an assortment of populace issues and can be one of the reasons for increasing maternal death rates. The utilization of contraceptives in Indonesia was progressively dominated by injectable contraceptives and pill contraceptives in 2015 (52.21% and 24.36%, respectively). However, the rate of termination of the use of short-acting contraceptives by family planning clients was higher than other methods, therefore the use of short-acting contraceptive is not effective enough for use. In anticipating the decreased use of short-acting contraceptives while also seeking to control population growth, the National Family Planning Program in Indonesia is encouraging the use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). Pameungpeuk is a region which has the second largest population, with the highest total fertility rate in South-West Java. The proportion of active users of LARCs in Pameungpeuk is also very low (10.66%). This study therefore aimed to analyze factors associated with the utilization of LARCs among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk Rural Hospital. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with systematic random sampling. The sample group in this study was 84 family planning clients. We performed statistical analyses using a chi-square test. Results: We found significant associations between the age of women (p=0.024), the cost of contraception (p=0.022), knowledge (p=0.042), beliefs (p=0.002), skill of health workers (p=0.008) and support from health workers (p=0.014). However, education (p=0.212), family income (p=0.087), attitude (p=0.593), exposure to information on LARCs (p=0.378), support from partners (p=0.094), support from friends (p=0.414) and the support of community leaders (p=0.367) had no significant association with the utilization of LARCs. Conclusions: These findings highlight a critical need for improved education among family planning clients at the Pameungpeuk rural hospital regarding the use of LARCs for both medical and elective reasons.

Deskripsi Potensi Sumber Daya Manusia dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Capaian Kontrasepsi Mantap di Kota Surabaya Tahun 2014–2016

Population problems are characterized by an increasing rate of rapid population growth (BKKBN, 2012). Family planning program is the government’s spearhead to control population growth. Surabaya City which consist of five regions has diverse characteristics of population, ranging from different levels of Education 2015 (71.95%) and exceeding Surabaya’s achievement target by 70% (Dinkes Surabaya, 2015). However, increased achievements of MOW and MOP acceptors in the following year were not guaranteed. Based on those statements, the identification of resource potency to increase the achievement of permanent contraception method was performed. The resource data was the achievement data of Surabaya in 2014–2016. The objective of this study was to describe resource potency to increase MOP and MOW achievement in Surabaya based on achievement data in 2014–2016. The secondary data, namely permanent contraception data was obtained from KB Sector in Department of Population Control, Women Empowerment and Child Protection of Surabaya City and adjusted with the amounts of available midwives, KB staffs and health care facilities in each district. Based on the data analyzed, it was found that resource potency from available midwives, KB staffs and health care facilities had potential effect on permanent contraception achievement in 5 Surabaya’s regions. It was recommended to give IEC involving religion leader or public figure with high influence on public to perform persuasive effort to other acceptors.

Assessing the Viability of Reintroduction of Locally Extinct Migratory Fish Brycon orbignyanus: Successful Growth, Dispersal and Maturation

The reintroduction of threatened fish species in areas where wild populations have been depleted due to anthropogenic impacts is an increasingly popular conservation tool and mitigation policy. Despite the importance of fish reintroduction for conservation purposes, little is known about its efficiency. Here, we assessed the viability of reintroduction of the endangered migratory fish, Brycon orbignyanus, in an area of the Upper Uruguay River basin where the species has not been reported for more than 30 years. We released 4000 yearling juveniles in the Pelotas River in 2014 and maintained 400 juveniles in captivity as a control population. After three years, a total of 13 individuals was recaptured, of which, 10 were considered sexually mature with first maturation being recorded in animals larger than 42 cm in total body length. The age–length comparison with a control population growth curve showed that recaptured fish were slightly bigger than those in captivity. Furthermore, important ecological attributes as schooling behavior and dispersal capacity were recorded for all recaptured individuals. Combined, our results suggest that the re-establishment of a self-sustained population of locally extinct species B. orbignyanus in the Pelotas River may be successful if sustained over time and supported by conservation policies.

Food Security of Farm Households in Indonesia’s Border Area, Sebatik Island

Food is one of the main parts of Indonesian national interests which can determine national stability and sovereignty. Furthermore, every nation has to ensure that all of its citizens can fulfill their daily diet. Many people living in Indonesia’s border areas face challenges in fulfilling food demand, i.e. accessibility and high cost of farming. This study aimed; (1) to know food security level of farm households, (2) to know determinants of that food security level. This study was conducted in Sebatik Island, North Borneo Province, Indonesia. Purposive sampling was employed to define location of this study, while multi stage simple random sampling was used to define a sample of 81 farmer households who are living and cultivating in Sebatik Island. Data were collected with structured questionnaire. Food security level was identified by combining the amount of food consumption and share of food expenditure as the Johnson and Toole approach. Moreover, Logistic model was employed to define determinants of food security level. The result revealed that only 18.95% of farm households were ‘food secure’. Meanwhile, 24.21% and 21.05% of farm households were categorized as ‘vulnerable’ and ‘food insecure’; respectively. Other 35.79% of farm households were known as ‘questionable’ which were lack of food, but they have the ability to increase food consumption. Other result identified that size of household, consumed calorie, and non-food expenditure determined food security level of those farm households. It was recommended that controlling population growth, increasing access of food, and raising household income may improve food security level of farm households.

A Mamdani fuzzy inference approach for assessing ecological security in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration, China

In this study, a Mamdani fuzzy inference approach (MFIA) is developed for assessing ecological security of urban agglomeration. MFIA integrates pressure-state-response (PSR) model into a fuzzy logic framework, which can (1) effectively reflect the interrelationship between natural ecosystem and socio-economic systems under complex condition, and (2) capture the knowledge-based experts’ judgments and tackle the imprecise and/or vague information in the urban agglomeration ecosystem. MFIA is then applied to assessing ecological security of the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration. Among all cities, Zhaoqing owns the highest ecological security level due to its low population pressure and rich resources (e.g., forest and arable land). The ecological security level of Foshan is the lowest due to its high population pressure, limited resources, and low response level. In order to facilitate sustainable development of the urban agglomeration, various strategies for improving ecological security level should be implemented. Foshan should both control population growth and adjust industrial structure; Shenzhen and Dongguan should promote their ecological security levels through increasing forest and green areas and controlling population; for three cities of Zhaoqing, Huizhou and Jiangmen, it is essential to enhance their infrastructures for mitigating pollutant discharges and reducing the environmental pressures. The findings could help identify ecological condition of the urban agglomeration and provide useful information for supporting regional ecological planning and management.

Stringent Emission Control Policies Can Provide Large Improvements in Air Quality and Public Health in India.

Exposure to high concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a leading risk factor for public health in India causing a large burden of disease. Business‐as‐usual economic and industrial growth in India is predicted to increase emissions, worsen air quality, and increase the associated disease burden in future decades. Here we use a high‐resolution online‐coupled model to estimate the impacts of different air pollution control pathways on ambient PM2.5 concentrations and human health in India. We find that with no change in emissions, the disease burden from exposure to ambient PM2.5 in 2050 will increase by 75% relative to 2015, due to population aging and growth increasing the number of people susceptible to air pollution. We estimate that the International Energy Agencies New Policy Scenario (NPS) and Clean Air Scenario (CAS) in 2050 can reduce ambient PM2.5 concentrations below 2015 levels by 9% and 68%, respectively, offsetting 61,000 and 610,000 premature mortalities a year, which is 9% and 91% of the projected increase in premature mortalities due to population growth and aging. Throughout India, the CAS stands out as the most effective scenario to reduce ambient PM2.5 concentrations and the associated disease burden, reducing the 2050 mortality rate per 100,000 below 2015 control levels by 15%. However, even under such stringent emission control policies, population growth and aging results in premature mortality estimates from exposure to particulate air pollution to increase by 7% compared to 2015, highlighting the challenge facing efforts to improve public health in India.

A retrospective cohort survey of problems related to second childbirths during the 2-child policy period in Jiangbei District of Ningbo City in China.

From 1979 to 2014 in China, a 1-child policy was imposed to control population growth. During 2014 to 2015, families in which 1 spouse was only 1 child were eligible to apply for planning a second child. To foresee issues affecting obstetrical departments related to the introduction of the universal 2-child policy in 2016, we retrospectively investigated the demographics and health-related outcomes of second pregnancies in families applying for a second child in Jiangbei District of Ningbo City during January 17, 2014, to January 14, 2016.A retrospective cohort survey was conducted for Jiangbei District of Ningbo City from January 17, 2014, to January 14, 2016, with reference to data from 2012 to 2014.Applications for a second birth increased after implementation of the 2-child policy, from 505 in 2012 to 2013, to 1222 in 2014 to 2015. Until the end of this study (December 31, 2016), 739 women gave birth to a second child, among whom 21.38% were aged ≥35 years. Rates of cesarean deliveries (59.68%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (14.21% of women) were each positively associated with the age of the mother. Among women aged ≥35 years, 37.97% refused prenatal screening.Introduction of the 1-child policy encouraged more families to apply for a second child, with many women aged ≥35 years, leading to higher rates of cesarean deliveries and adverse complications. A high percentage of eligible older women refused prenatal screening. Obstetric departments should adjust perinatal health management schemes to prepare for similar probable changes associated with the universal 2-child policy.

Analisis Penggunaan Metode Kontrasepsi pada Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) di Provinsi Aceh Tahun 2016

Family Planning Program (KB) has several objectives that is, among others, to control population growth rate, raise awareness raising and community participation through maturation of marriage age, control birth rate, develop family resilience, and improve family welfare to accomplish a small, happy and prosperous family. This study aims to determine whether there is a significant difference in the number of significant KB users between each method of contraception used by the Elderly Age Couple (PUS) and to know which contraceptive method is the most widely used in Aceh Province. The approach used in this study was a quantitative approach. The data used were secondary data obtained from BKKBN (National Family Planning Coordinating Board) of Aceh Province. Data analysis method used in this study was Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Anova analysis shows that there is a significant difference in the number of KB users among the six contraceptive methods used in Aceh Province with p-value < 0.001. Furthermore, based on a further test of Tukey, it is known that injectable contraception method is the most widely used method of contraception in Aceh Province in 2016.

Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Vietnam: An exploratory analysis at the national level

Climate change is a pressing global issue and it negatively affects many developing countries, including Vietnam. To help Vietnam effectively respond to this pressing challenge, the country has recently introduced a major program for reducing carbon emissions arising from deforestation and forest degradation, fostering conservation, managing forests sustainably, and enhancing forest carbon stocks (REDD+). Current policies in Vietnam provide a sound platform for the development of REDD+, and REDD+ can potentially greatly contribute to the reduction of deforestation and forest degradation. However, these policies and the REDD+ program are hindered by limited understanding of the extent of deforestation and forest degradation and their underlying causes. This study employed geographic information system (GIS) tools, a structural regression model (structural model), and a regression tree method to quantify the extent as well as the approximate causes of deforestation and forest degradation in Vietnam. Results show that around 1.77 and 0.65 million ha of forests were lost and degraded, respectively, between 2000 and 2010. Deforestation and forest degradation were most notable in the north central, northeast, central highland, and northwest areas of the nation. There were several underlying indicators of deforestation and forest degradation including initial forest cover, per capita income, agricultural production, governance, population growth, food, and poverty. Our results illustrate several important policy implications for forest restoration and the REDD+ program in Vietnam: Vietnam should focus most strongly on reducing poverty, preserving existing forests, improving provincial-level governance, and controlling population growth.

Peranan Dinas Pengendalian Penduduk dan Keluarga Berencana dalam Pengendalian Pertumbuhan Penduduk

This study aims to find out how the role of the Family Planning Population Control Office, the determination of policies and programs in controlling the population growth rate in Medan City, besides that the author also wants to know the factors that prevent the Population and Family Planning Control Office from controlling growth residents in Medan City. The research technique used is a qualitative research method with interviews and observations. The research subject taking technique is using purposive and snowball techniques. From this technique, informants obtained, consisting of the Head of the Population and Family Planning Control Office, Head of the Family Planning Division, Head of Extension and Penggerak, Head of Resilience, Head of Population Control, Family Planning Field Extension, and the community who participated in the Family program. Planning or those who do not take part in the Family Planning program. Based on the research conducted, it was found several findings that the Office of Population and Family Planning Control has a role in suppressing population growth which includes coordination with government, community and private institutions in family planning activities, conducting family planning counseling, installing contraceptives and post-installation contraception. Obstacles in controlling population growth, namely the lack of skilled technical personnel, inadequate infrastructure, the influence of culture and the level of education of the community also become obstacles to DP2KB in carrying out their duties and functions.Â

Ecological risk assessment from the viewpoint of surface water pollution in Xiamen City, China

ABSTRACTThe ecological security of urban surface water is subject to significant risk due to rapid urbanization. Pollutant discharge and accumulation are among the most critical stressors endangering urban surface water and affecting the normal operation of urban aquatic ecosystem services. In this study, we assessed how pollutant accumulation stresses water purification systems, which perform important urban ecosystem services. First, we applied a water environmental capacity model to calculate thresholds of urban surface water environmental capacity under a given water quality target. Second, based on a stepwise regression method, an equation was used to describe the relationship between stressor factors (pollutant accumulation) and measurable socioeconomic indicators. Third, an ecological risk index was used as an assessment endpoint indicator to assess the negative ecological effect of pollutant accumulation. Finally, risk level was classified according to the risk quotient method. Taking Xiamen City as an example, we analyzed the contribution of different sources of pollutants and evaluated the urban ecological risk posed by two major contaminants present in the environment by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N). The results show that the ecological risk indexes of both COD and NH4+-N are expected to decrease from 2020 to 2030; that of COD is expected to fall from medium to low, whereas that of NH4+-N is expected to fall from high to medium. These findings demonstrate that the ecological risk posed to the surface water in Xiamen City can be reduced by controlling population growth, optimizing industrial structure, and promoting economic development.